How we Win! Summary of findings on successful climate justice campaigns in North America: Difference between revisions
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| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''People Not Pozos' (People not wells) campaign''' | | style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''People Not Pozos' (People not wells) campaign''' | ||
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 57px;" | | | style="width: 55.8815%; height: 57px;" | | ||
Targeted AllenCo drilling site was polluting a low-income, minority community. This had negative health impacts on residents < | Targeted AllenCo drilling site was polluting a low-income, minority community. This had negative health impacts on residents. <ref>Cavallaro, Mara Marques. 2022. “The Deadly Consequences of Urban Oil Drilling,” October 19, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/los-angeles-oil-drilling-nalleli-cobo/</ref> | ||
'''Organizing tactics:''' | '''Organizing tactics:''' | ||
*'''Door-knocking''' to gather data on the various symptoms experienced by residents, followed by making a health report | *'''Door-knocking''' to gather data on the various symptoms experienced by residents, followed by making a health report <ref>Andrade, Anakaren, Tony Carrera, Francisca Martinez, Lizet Pantoja, Margaret Rubens, and Erick Zerecero. 2016. “Assessing the Health and Community Impacts of Oil Drilling Near Homes in South Los Angeles,” October. https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/project/stand-la/</ref> | ||
*Making an '''art piece''' of eight styrofoam heads, each suffering from one of the symptoms caused by the drill site pollution. | *Making an '''art piece''' of eight styrofoam heads, each suffering from one of the symptoms caused by the drill site pollution. | ||
*Organizing a '''community call-in campaign''' to the Air Quality Management District (AQMD) to bombard phone lines | *Organizing a '''community call-in campaign''' to the Air Quality Management District (AQMD) to bombard phone lines | ||
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| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" | | | style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" | | ||
'''Organizing tactics:''' | '''Organizing tactics:''' | ||
*'''Coalition building and community engagement:''' Extensive outreach efforts increased participation. These efforts also strengthened the influence of residents (Liberty Hill Foundation 2023). | *'''Coalition building and community engagement:''' Extensive outreach efforts increased participation. These efforts also strengthened the influence of residents <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref> | ||
*'''Science-based evidence: '''In 2015, AQMD modified the law. It mandated fossil fuel extraction sites to disclose their chemicals. Activists found that each chemical caused the symptoms they identified in their door-knocking. This strengthened their arguments when communicating the problem | *'''Science-based evidence: '''In 2015, AQMD modified the law. It mandated fossil fuel extraction sites to disclose their chemicals. Activists found that each chemical caused the symptoms they identified in their door-knocking. This strengthened their arguments when communicating the problem. | ||
<p data-block-id="4955d209-cd0e-4128-851e-1cf1a3f7b858">'''SUCCESSES:'''</p> | <p data-block-id="4955d209-cd0e-4128-851e-1cf1a3f7b858">'''SUCCESSES:'''</p> | ||
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">E&B Natural Resources electrified and enclosed the Murphy drill site to keep toxic fumes out of nearby homes and reduce pollution.</li> | <li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">E&B Natural Resources electrified and enclosed the Murphy drill site to keep toxic fumes out of nearby homes and reduce pollution.</li> | ||
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Won a resolution''' prohibiting new oil drilling in the Inglewood oil field (Liberty Hill Foundation | <li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Won a resolution''' prohibiting new oil drilling in the Inglewood oil field <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref> </li> | ||
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Influenced legislative changes'''. For example, Senate Bill 1137 bans new oil and gas wells within 3,200 feet of sensitive areas. It has contributed to significant oil phaseout resolutions in Los Angeles, both at the city and county levels | <li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Influenced legislative changes'''. For example, Senate Bill 1137 bans new oil and gas wells within 3,200 feet of sensitive areas. It has contributed to significant oil phaseout resolutions in Los Angeles, both at the city and county levels <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li> | ||
|- style="height: 23px;" | |- style="height: 23px;" | ||
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Major challenges faced by STAND-LA ''' | | style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Major challenges faced by STAND-LA ''' | ||
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" | <li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Oil lobbying to oppose legislative measures</li> | | style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" | <li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Oil lobbying to oppose legislative measures</li> | ||
<li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Reports the oil industry is employing canvassers to use misleading tactics when gathering signatures to qualify the referendum for ballots | <li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Reports the oil industry is employing canvassers to use misleading tactics when gathering signatures to qualify the referendum for ballots <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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<p class="p1">[https://www.instagram.com/stopcopcity/?hl=en Stop Cop City] began in 2017 in response to the city of Atlanta's plan to build the biggest police and firefighter training facility in the country. </p> | <p class="p1">[https://www.instagram.com/stopcopcity/?hl=en Stop Cop City] began in 2017 in response to the city of Atlanta's plan to build the biggest police and firefighter training facility in the country. </p> | ||
<li class="p1">'''Economic: '''The majority of the funding is expected to come from taxpayers, despite no public consultation on the project.</li> | <li class="p1">'''Economic: '''The majority of the funding is expected to come from taxpayers, despite no public consultation on the project.</li> | ||
*'''Environment: '''The proposed site is the Weelanee forest | *'''Environment: '''The proposed site is the Weelanee forest. It comprises the South River, one of the most endangered rivers in the United States due to sewage pollution. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref> | ||
*'''Indigenous sovereignty''': The land belonged to the Muscogee Creek Nation before they were displaced | *'''Indigenous sovereignty''': The land belonged to the Muscogee Creek Nation before they were displaced. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref> | ||
*'''Racism:''' The land was the site of a low-security prison farm. Accounts of torture and violence against black inmates were recorded | *'''Racism:''' The land was the site of a low-security prison farm. Accounts of torture and violence against black inmates were recorded. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref> | ||
***Today, the forest serves as an important green space for the residents of the predominantly Black surrounding neighborhoods | ***Today, the forest serves as an important green space for the residents of the predominantly Black surrounding neighborhoods. <ref>Mock, Brentin. 2023. “Atlanta’s ‘Cop City’ Neighbors Have No Voting Rights to Stop It,” Bloomberg. October 4, 2023 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-10-04/-cop-city-referendum-aims-to-repeal-planned-atlanta-police-training-center</ref> | ||
*'''Settler colonialism: '''Officers trained at the facility will not only target predominantly BIPOC communities in the USA; their exchange program will also train members of the Israeli Defense Forces <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CytGWtyOr0M/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==</ref> | *'''Settler colonialism: '''Officers trained at the facility will not only target predominantly BIPOC communities in the USA; their exchange program will also train members of the Israeli Defense Forces <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CytGWtyOr0M/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==</ref> | ||
|- style="height: 57px;" | |- style="height: 57px;" | ||
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance''' | | style="width: 151.703px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance''' | ||
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 57px;" | | | style="width: 967.297px; height: 57px;" | | ||
<p class="p1">After the project was announced, the Atlanta City Council solicited a session of public feedback. Over 1000 people attended and it lasted over 17 hours. The majority of people were against the project. | <p class="p1">After the project was announced, the Atlanta City Council solicited a session of public feedback. Over 1000 people attended and it lasted over 17 hours. The majority of people were against the project. <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref> </p> | ||
'''Organizing tactics:''' | '''Organizing tactics:''' | ||
*'''Weekly safe space events '''by community members in the Welanee forest, such as '''potlucks, reading groups, and teach-ins.''' The goal was for people across Atlanta to learn about the issue, and connect with the forest.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> | *'''Weekly safe space events '''by community members in the Welanee forest, such as '''potlucks, reading groups, and teach-ins.''' The goal was for people across Atlanta to learn about the issue, and connect with the forest.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> | ||
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*<span style="font-size: 14.4px;">'''Door-knocking/canvassing '''in various neighborhoods to educate on the issue and collect signatures.</span><span style="font-size: 14.4px;"></span> | *<span style="font-size: 14.4px;">'''Door-knocking/canvassing '''in various neighborhoods to educate on the issue and collect signatures.</span><span style="font-size: 14.4px;"></span> | ||
*<span style="font-size: 14.4px;">'''Community outreach '''via postering, zines</span> | *<span style="font-size: 14.4px;">'''Community outreach '''via postering, zines</span> | ||
*'''<span style="font-size: 14.4px;" >Media engagement | *'''<span style="font-size: 14.4px;">Media engagement </span>'''<span style="font-size: 14.4px;">i.e. press conferences, alternative media coverage.</span> | ||
<span style="font-size: 14.4px;"></span> | <span style="font-size: 14.4px;"></span> | ||
'''<span style="font-size: 14.4px;">SUCCESS:</span>'''<span style="font-size: 14.4px;"></span> | '''<span style="font-size: 14.4px;">SUCCESS:</span>'''<span style="font-size: 14.4px;"></span> | ||
*<span style="font-size: 14.4px;">DeKalb County, being an unincorporated borough of Atlanta, barred its residents from participating in the voting or signature collection process for the referendum. </span>Four county residents took legal action with a lawsuit against the City of Atlanta. They won the right for DeKalb residents to both collect signatures and initiate a new 60-day countdown | *<span style="font-size: 14.4px;">DeKalb County, being an unincorporated borough of Atlanta, barred its residents from participating in the voting or signature collection process for the referendum. </span>Four county residents took legal action with a lawsuit against the City of Atlanta. They won the right for DeKalb residents to both collect signatures and initiate a new 60-day countdown <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref> | ||
*Activists needed 58,000 signatures from registered voters in 60-day timeframe. They gathered over 116,000 signatures | *Activists needed 58,000 signatures from registered voters in 60-day timeframe. They gathered over 116,000 signatures. <ref>Franzen, Timothy. 2023. “Stop Cop City Ballot Initiative Has over 116,000 Signatures.” American Friends Service Committee. September 14, 2023. https://afsc.org/news/stop-cop-city-ballot-initiative-has-over-116000-signatures</ref> | ||
|- style="height: 23px;" | |- style="height: 23px;" | ||
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 23px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Major challenges faced by Stop Cop City''' | | style="width: 151.703px; height: 23px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Major challenges faced by Stop Cop City''' | ||
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 23px;" | | | style="width: 967.297px; height: 23px;" | | ||
*Police violence has been a major challenge throughout the campaign. During a protest, activist Manuel Terán (“Tortuguita”) was shot fourteen times by Georgia state troopers | *Police violence has been a major challenge throughout the campaign. During a protest, activist Manuel Terán (“Tortuguita”) was shot fourteen times by Georgia state troopers <ref>Goldberg, Shoshana K. 2023. “Remembering Tortuguita.” Human Rights Campaign. March 21, 2023. https://www.hrc.org/news/remembering-tortuguita-indigenous-queer-and-non-binary-environmental-activist-and-forest-defender</ref> | ||
*Many protesters have been arrested and charged for racketeering and domestic terrorism | *Many protesters have been arrested and charged for racketeering and domestic terrorism <ref>Rico, R.J. 2023. “61 Indicted in Georgia on Racketeering Charges Connected to ‘Stop Cop City’ Movement.” AP News. September 5, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/atlanta-cop-city-protests-rico-charges-3177a63ac1bd31a1594bed6584e9f330</ref> | ||
*Most recently in November 2023, the coalition planned a peaceful protest and tree planting in the forest, but they were met with physical resistance and tear gassed by the police. | *Most recently in November 2023, the coalition planned a peaceful protest and tree planting in the forest, but they were met with physical resistance and tear gassed by the police. | ||
*At the time of writing the report, the government was delaying the signature approval process. Cop City may not be included on the ballot. <br> | *At the time of writing the report, the government was delaying the signature approval process. Cop City may not be included on the ballot. <br> | ||
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| style="width: 157.484px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project''' | | style="width: 157.484px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project''' | ||
| style="width: 949.516px; height: 16px;" | | | style="width: 949.516px; height: 16px;" | | ||
*Proposed in 2008 by TC Energy, the Keystone XL pipeline extension was designed to increase the transport of crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands to refineries on the Gulf Coast of Texas | *Proposed in 2008 by TC Energy, the Keystone XL pipeline extension was designed to increase the transport of crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands to refineries on the Gulf Coast of Texas. The pipeline extension project would transport crude oil per day across the Canada-U.S. border. <ref>Denchak, Melissa and Lindwall, Courtney. 2022. “The Keystone XL Pipeline: Everything You Need To Know.” March 15, 2022. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref> | ||
*<p class="p1">The pipeline would have affected '''Indigenous communities''' in Montana and South Dakota | *<p class="p1">The pipeline would have affected '''Indigenous communities''' in Montana and South Dakota. <ref>Lindwall, Courtney. 2021. “The Unlikely Takedown of Keystone XL.” 2021. June 29, 2021. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/unlikely-takedown-keystone-xl</ref> <span class="s1">The </span>proposed path was altered to not cross Indigenous reservations but still risked multiple Indigenous lands and important sources for drinking water. E.g. the Ogallala Aquifer serves as the main '''water source''' for millions of people<br></p> | ||
|- style="height: 57px;" | |- style="height: 57px;" | ||
| style="width: 157.484px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance''' | | style="width: 157.484px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance''' | ||
| style="width: 949.516px; height: 57px;" | | | style="width: 949.516px; height: 57px;" | | ||
'''Organizing tactics:''' | '''Organizing tactics:''' | ||
*'''Coalition building''': Many grassroots activists, including Indigenous communities and environmentalists, were involved before larger organizers, such as 350.org | *'''Coalition building''': Many grassroots activists, including Indigenous communities and environmentalists, were involved before larger organizers, such as 350.org. They aided in the organizing of the initial coalition, consisting of national environmental organizations including the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), the Sierra Club, and First Nations and Native American activist groups such as Idle No More and local landowners. <ref>Adler, Ben. 2015. “The inside Story of the Campaign That Killed Keystone XL.” Vox. November 7, 2015. https://www.vox.com/2015/11/7/9684012/keystone-pipeline-won</ref> | ||
*'''Legal petitions''' | *'''Legal petitions''' | ||
*'''Civil resistance and protest''' along the construction route/in Washington | *'''Civil resistance and protest''' along the construction route/in Washington | ||
'''SUCCESS:''' | '''SUCCESS:''' | ||
*An initial win for campaigners came in 2015: President Obama rejected a cross-border permit for Keystone XL after years of large acts of civil disobedience and protest | *An initial win for campaigners came in 2015: President Obama rejected a cross-border permit for Keystone XL after years of large acts of civil disobedience and protest. <ref>Henn, Jamie. 2021.“Here’s How We Defeated the Keystone XL Pipeline | Sierra Club.” n.d. Accessed October 28, 2023. https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/here-s-how-we-defeated-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref> | ||
*NRDC and their partners legal petitions effectively delayed the completion of the project | *NRDC and their partners legal petitions effectively delayed the completion of the project. <ref>National Defense Resource Council. 2021. “Keystone XL Pipeline Lawsuits.” NRDC. Accessed November 5, 2023. https://www.nrdc.org/court-battles/keystone-xl-pipeline</ref> | ||
*Finally, the project was '''fully put to an end in 2021''', as the newly elected Biden administration rescinded a permit for the KXL pipeline, effectively killing it | *Finally, the project was '''fully put to an end in 2021''', as the newly elected Biden administration rescinded a permit for the KXL pipeline, effectively killing it <ref>Engelfried, Nick. 2021. “How Defeating Keystone XL Built a Bolder, Savvier Climate Movement.” The Commons. February 10, 2021. https://commonslibrary.org/how-defeating-keystone-xl-built-a-bolder-savvier-climate-movement/</ref> <br> | ||
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*Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek community members of the Ojibwe First Nations Reserve in Grassy Narrows have faced unregulated<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>mercury pollution in the Wabigoon River. | *Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek community members of the Ojibwe First Nations Reserve in Grassy Narrows have faced unregulated<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>mercury pollution in the Wabigoon River. | ||
*'''Environmental racism:''' In the 1960s, Dryden Paper Company Ltd. dumped 9,000 kg of untreated mercury into the English-Wabigoon river system, upstream from Grassy Narrows and Whitedog First Nations. | *'''Environmental racism:''' In the 1960s, Dryden Paper Company Ltd. dumped 9,000 kg of untreated mercury into the English-Wabigoon river system, upstream from Grassy Narrows and Whitedog First Nations. | ||
*'''Food sovereignty: '''The Canadian Government banned the consumption of fish from the local river system. Community members still remained reliant on the fish as a diet staple, and the resulting mercury poisoning has devastated the health of the community | *'''Food sovereignty: '''The Canadian Government banned the consumption of fish from the local river system. Community members still remained reliant on the fish as a diet staple, and the resulting mercury poisoning has devastated the health of the community. <ref>Anderson, Charnel. 2020. “Grassy Narrows.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Accessed November 11, 2023. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/grassy-narrows</ref> | ||
*'''Poverty:''' 60% of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog’s inhabitants had lost their jobs from the fish ban and were placed on welfare | *'''Poverty:''' 60% of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog’s inhabitants had lost their jobs from the fish ban and were placed on welfare. <ref>Charlebois, Clarence T. 1978. High Mercury Levels in Indians and Inuits (Eskimos) in Canada. Ambio 7, no. 5/6: 204–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4312386</ref> | ||
*'''Health:''' Many community members were diagnosed with Minamata Disease. The most common symptoms are sensory disturbances, poor muscle control (ataxia) and tunnel vision. Researchers also found evidence of Congenital Minamata Disease, which has resulted in cerebral palsy and intellectual development delays. | *'''Health:''' Many community members were diagnosed with Minamata Disease. The most common symptoms are sensory disturbances, poor muscle control (ataxia) and tunnel vision. Researchers also found evidence of Congenital Minamata Disease, which has resulted in cerebral palsy and intellectual development delays. | ||
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*'''Blockades''' | *'''Blockades''' | ||
*'''Yearly protests and marches '''(Saku 2021; Gilson 2019) | *'''Yearly protests and marches '''(Saku 2021; Gilson 2019) | ||
*'''Formation of alliances''' with environmental NGOs like Rainforest Action Network (RAN) and other grassroots organizers | *'''Formation of alliances''' with environmental NGOs like Rainforest Action Network (RAN) and other grassroots organizers <ref>Saku, James C. 2021. Environmental Activism on the Ground: Small Green and Indigenous Organizing. American Review of Canadian Studies 51 (2): 355–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2021.1914997</ref> | ||
***Solidarity and support of non-Indigenous grassroots organizers can be crucial when it comes to funding, direct action, media relations and legal advocacy, evident through RAN’s support during the 2004 blockade.<br> | ***Solidarity and support of non-Indigenous grassroots organizers can be crucial when it comes to funding, direct action, media relations and legal advocacy, evident through RAN’s support during the 2004 blockade.<br> | ||
'''SUCCESS:''' | '''SUCCESS:''' | ||
*In 2017, the Ontario government '''pledged $85 million '''towards cleaning up the industrial mercury contamination in the Wabigoon River almost 50 years after the pollution had been identified | *In 2017, the Ontario government '''pledged $85 million '''towards cleaning up the industrial mercury contamination in the Wabigoon River almost 50 years after the pollution had been identified <ref>Porter, Jody. 2021. “Grassy Narrows to Get $68.9M More from Ottawa for Centre to Care for People with Mercury Poisoning.” CBC News. Accessed October 20, 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/grassy-narrows-mercury-care-facility-ottawa-funding-1.6117975</ref> | ||
*By 2021, the Liberal Government agreed to spend $90 million to build and operate the much needed public infrastructure to support those suffering from Minamata Disease. | *By 2021, the Liberal Government agreed to spend $90 million to build and operate the much needed public infrastructure to support those suffering from Minamata Disease. | ||
Note: In 2023, the specialized infrastructure project failed to be granted any funding by the Government, citing soaring costs. | Note: In 2023, the specialized infrastructure project failed to be granted any funding by the Government, citing soaring costs. | ||
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| style="width: 126.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project''' | | style="width: 126.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project''' | ||
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 16px;" | | | style="width: 927.688px; height: 16px;" | | ||
*The 2016 Southport Campaign set out to stop Philadelphia Energy Solutions (PES) oil refinery expansion | *The 2016 Southport Campaign set out to stop Philadelphia Energy Solutions (PES) oil refinery expansion. PES was the second largest oil refinery in the United States. <ref>Xiao, Yin. 2017. “Environmentalist groups stop construction of oil export terminal in Philadelphia, 2016”.https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/environmentalist-groups-stop-construction-oil-export-terminal-philadelphia-2016</ref> | ||
*The PES refinery was responsible for over 50% of Philadelphia’s toxic air emissions | *The PES refinery was responsible for over 50% of Philadelphia’s toxic air emissions. This is one of the main reasons for the high rates of asthma, cancer, and other respiratory problems amongst Philadelphians. <ref>Philly Thrive. 2017. “Philly Thrive Review”. Accessed November 20, 2023. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/phillythrive/pages/111/attachments/original/1486401882/Philly_Thrive_Review.pdf?1486401882</ref> | ||
*The residents who were at higher exposure from the pollution were low-income people of colour | *The residents who were at higher exposure from the pollution were low-income people of colour <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref> <br> | ||
|- style="height: 57px;" | |- style="height: 57px;" | ||
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance''' | | style="width: 126.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance''' | ||
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 57px;" | | | style="width: 927.688px; height: 57px;" | | ||
*Philly Thrive, an organization led by Black, disabled, and chronically ill activists was a main organizer for the #RightToBreathe campaign | *Philly Thrive, an organization led by Black, disabled, and chronically ill activists was a main organizer for the #RightToBreathe campaign <ref>Brockmeier, Erica K. 2022. “After the shutdown, what comes next for the former Philadelphia Energy Solutions refinery?”. Accessed October 15, 2023 https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/after-shutdown-what-comes-next-former-philadelphia-energy-solutions-refinery</ref> | ||
'''Organizing tactics:''' | '''Organizing tactics:''' | ||
*'''Teach-ins and community outreach;''' Philly Thrive collaborated with ACTION united to mobilize community members to demand their “Right to Breathe” | *'''Teach-ins and community outreach;''' Philly Thrive collaborated with ACTION united to mobilize community members to demand their “Right to Breathe” in 2016. <span class="Apple-converted-space"></span>This coincided with “Break Free 2016,” a wave of resistance to fossil fuels infrastructure by activists across the globe. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref> | ||
*'''Social media and hopeful imagery: '''Throughout the campaign the hashtag #RightToBreathe was used across social media channels, and the image of sunflowers, symbolizing the belief in “a better future for Philadelphia with clean air, healthy families and a green economy,” were seen during protests | *'''Social media and hopeful imagery: '''Throughout the campaign the hashtag #RightToBreathe was used across social media channels, and the image of sunflowers, symbolizing the belief in “a better future for Philadelphia with clean air, healthy families and a green economy,” were seen during protests <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref> | ||
*'''Working groups: '''Momentum was maintained throughout the campaign due to the organization of small working groups | *'''Working groups: '''Momentum was maintained throughout the campaign due to the organization of small working groups. | ||
*'''Direct actions and storytelling: '''More protests and take-overs were planned, including a “Toxic Tour” of the oil refinery on July 26th led by Philly Thrive,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>ACTION United, LeftRoots, and Global Grassroots Justice Alliance | *'''Direct actions and storytelling: '''More protests and take-overs were planned, including a “Toxic Tour” of the oil refinery on July 26th led by Philly Thrive,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>ACTION United, LeftRoots, and Global Grassroots Justice Alliance. At this event, frontline activists shared global and local personal stories of how they have been impacted by the fossil fuel economies. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref> | ||
'''SUCCESS:''' | '''SUCCESS:''' | ||
*Victory was declared in December when the '''expansion plans were officially canceled ''' | *Victory was declared in December when the '''expansion plans were officially canceled <ref>Thompson, Zalaka. “Our Victory”. Accessed November 18, 2023. https://www.phillythrive.org/our_victory</ref> ''' | ||
*Despite the cancellations, Philly Thrive continued with advocacy and mobilization of more campaigns until '''PES refinery went bankrupt in 2018 and finally shut down in 2019''' after a series of explosions | *Despite the cancellations, Philly Thrive continued with advocacy and mobilization of more campaigns until '''PES refinery went bankrupt in 2018 and finally shut down in 2019''' after a series of explosions. <ref>Hanley, Steve. 2020. “Biggest Oil Refinery Cleanup In US History Begins In Philadelphia”. Accessed October 12, 2023.https://cleantechnica.com/2021/02/22/biggest-oil-refinery-clean-up-in-us-history-begins-in-philadelphia</ref> | ||
Philly Thrive continues to organize for environmental justice with their campaigns. They are now advocating for their “RightToThrive”, to repair and clean up 154 years of violence and pollution in their communities | Philly Thrive continues to organize for environmental justice with their campaigns. They are now advocating for their “RightToThrive”, to repair and clean up 154 years of violence and pollution in their communities. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref> | ||
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=== HUB | === HUB takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns === | ||
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=== HUB | === HUB observations: additional lessons === | ||
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*'''Let the grassroots lead'''! Listen to what support they say they need; media? Funding? Training? They will tell you. | *'''Let the grassroots lead'''! Listen to what support they say they need; media? Funding? Training? They will tell you. | ||
*'''Don't '''craft the message: uplift the voices of grassroots organizers.<br> | *'''Don't '''craft the message: uplift the voices of grassroots organizers (co-created ''may'' be more possible if a coalition is formed).<br> | ||
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Revision as of 21:00, 25 April 2024
This page is a work in progress! Stay tuned for more information :)
To read the full report, see the following: How We Win! A Qualitative Review of Successful Climate Justice Campaigns in North America in the Last 20 Years
Defining 'success' and study parameters
'Success’ was defined as having achieved material gains, or advancements in physical, financial, legal, or electoral conditions.
- 14 successful intersectional climate justice campaigns from Mexico, the so-called United States and so-called Canada were explored to respond to the research question.
- 12 directly addressed racial justice, 11 addressed Indigenous rights, 8 tackled health and/or water justice, 3 addressed housing justice, 2 tackled disability justice and 1 addressed food justice.
- Almost all of those explored were started by local, directly impacted Indigenous communities. The majority set to stop activities before they began (when projects were first proposed).
- Length of campaign activities ranged from 6 months to over 50 years (Global Nonviolent Action Database, 2023). Half of the campaigns explored are still ongoing.
The successes of the campaigns included in the study included:
|
How the Research Team Defined This Success |
Campaigns Associated with this Success |
Cancellation of Projects or Practices; material success |
The temporary or permanent cancellation of projects or practices. |
10/14 |
Legislation and/or Policy Change; material success | The enactment of policy or laws that align with the campaign’s goals. |
3/14 +2/14 partially |
Recognition of Indigenous rights/sovereignty; material success |
Formal recognition that Indigenous rights or sovereignty were/would have been violated by a project or practice. |
3/14 |
Building new and diverse coalitions; immaterial success |
Building new alliances and partnerships with other individuals, organizations, or movements that did not exist before the campaign. |
4/14
|
Community engagement; immaterial success | A strategy that puts marginalized communities at the forefront of the movement to raise awareness, mobilize support, and foster a sense of collective agency. |
5/14 |
Climate justice campaigns
Stand LA (US)
“For us [...] it's a justice issue. And it's also an equity issue. If there is a universal good, we have to start with the most vulnerable, because equity never ever trickles down. It has to start from the bottom”.
Summary of group |
Founded in 2013, Stand-LA formed to halt oil drilling in residential areas in Los Angeles. Their campaigns address environmentally and health hazardous projects that impact marginalized communities. [1] |
'People Not Pozos' (People not wells) campaign |
Targeted AllenCo drilling site was polluting a low-income, minority community. This had negative health impacts on residents. [2] Organizing tactics:
SUCCESS: Senator Boxer called on the Environmental Protection Agency to perform an investigation, and the AllenCo site shut down. Following their success, the STAND-L.A. coalition formalized. |
'No Drilling Where We Are Living' campaign |
Organizing tactics:
SUCCESSES: |
Major challenges faced by STAND-LA |
Stop Cop City (US)
“Whether the win comes through the ballot, in the courts or in the streets, Cop City must never be built”
Summary of campaign and project |
Stop Cop City began in 2017 in response to the city of Atlanta's plan to build the biggest police and firefighter training facility in the country.
|
Summary of resistance |
After the project was announced, the Atlanta City Council solicited a session of public feedback. Over 1000 people attended and it lasted over 17 hours. The majority of people were against the project. [13] Organizing tactics:
SUCCESS:
|
Major challenges faced by Stop Cop City |
|
Keystone XL Pipeline (US/CAN)
Summary of project |
|
Summary of resistance |
Organizing tactics:
SUCCESS:
|
Grassy Narrows (CAN)
Summary of project |
|
Summary of resistance |
Organizing tactics:
SUCCESS:
Note: In 2023, the specialized infrastructure project failed to be granted any funding by the Government, citing soaring costs. |
#RightToBreathe/PES (US)
Photo from: Philly Thrive
Summary of project |
|
Summary of resistance |
Organizing tactics:
SUCCESS:
Philly Thrive continues to organize for environmental justice with their campaigns. They are now advocating for their “RightToThrive”, to repair and clean up 154 years of violence and pollution in their communities. [37] |
13 Pueblos (Mexico)
Summary of project |
|
Summary of resistance |
Organizing tactics:
SUCCESS:
|
Major challenges faced |
|
Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline (CAN)
Summary of project |
|
Summary of resistance |
Organizing tactics:
|
Major challenges faced |
|
Atlantic Coast Pipeline (US)
Summary of project |
|
Summary of resistance |
Organizing tactics:
SUCCESS:
|
Public Power New York (US)
Summary of project and campaign |
|
Summary of resistance |
Organizing tactics:
SUCCESS:
|
Mi’kmaq Resistance (CAN)
Summary of project |
|
Summary of resistance |
Organizing tactics:
|
Challenges faces |
|
GNL Quebec (CAN)
Summary of project |
|
Summary of resistance |
The movement against GNL used multi-level approach, engaging local, national, and international spheres, and created a united front. Organizing Tactics:
SUCCESS:
|
Standing Rock (US)
Summary of project |
|
Summary of resistance |
Organizing tactics:
SUCCESS:
|
Challenges faced |
|
Athabasca Tar Sands Resistance (CAN)
Summary of project |
|
Summary of resistance |
Organizing tactics:
On coalition building, Lubicon Cree activist Melina Laboucan-Massimo said, “‘When we work in coalitions – the environmental movement, First Nations and the labor movement – there’s such a convergence of diverse voices…we’re really starting to see growing public accountability and public opposition being seen and taken seriously'’” (Rose 2014). SUCCESS:
|
Nitaskinan60 (CAN)
Summary of project |
Nitaskinan – Atikamekw territory – has been threatened by the destruction of logging companies. |
Summary of resistance |
Organizing tactics:
SUCCESS (this campaign is ongoing):
|
Challenges faced |
|
Strategy and tactics used
Direct action (14/14) |
|
Community engagement (9/14) |
|
Mass engagement (9/14) |
|
Coalition building (7/14) |
|
Legal action and political pressure (7/14) |
|
Mass communication (5/14) |
|
Independent research (3/14) |
|
Participating actors
Diversity of locally impacted community members/land defenders, grassroots activists and NGOs = success |
|
Unions |
|
Industry professionals and student groups |
|
Challenges faced
Government opposition (7/14) |
|
Police repression (4/14) |
|
Coalition challenges (4/14) |
E.g. “There has been a lack of structure in the coalition when it comes to making decisions when it comes to allocation of resources…the lack of structure has meant that we are being pulled in like 25 directions all at once. We need to unravel this notion that structure is our enemy. And if we refuse to define what leadership looks like, on the basis that leadership is hierarchical. It just means that leadership goes, unaccounted [for], and it goes unchecked.” -Activist against TMX pipeline
|
Legal challenges (3/14) |
|
Health challenges (3/14) |
|
Misinformation (2/14) |
|
Results and key research findings
Researcher takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns
Direct action |
|
Legal action and political pressure |
|
Coalition building |
|
Community engagement |
|
Communication and raising public awareness |
|
Diversity of actors, strategies and tactics |
|
Direct action, community engagement and building strong, large, and diverse coalitions seem to be the most effective strategies, and the best strategies for overcoming challenges.
HUB takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns
To mobilize deeper (increase commitment and engagement)... |
"Why in the world would I go to a public park next to a police training facility like I wasn't going to do that. I wasn't going. But when I went back, what I saw was that the community had come in and began to use the land, the community had really started to make it our park. And people were doing teachings there about how to live off of the land, showing you what mushrooms were growing that you could eat, what type of moss you could use to make a poultice for cuts or to any types of wounds, you know, then there was like a weekly potluck that was happening. And people were talking to us about that area of land and what the South River Forest meant to this community." -Organizer for Stop Cop City
"When we went door to door talking to people, what we found was that for a lot of people, the people who live farther away from the forest, the mayor's narrative was winning in so many ways, because people were like, 'Oh, it's just a training facility like what are you mad about?'... But when you began to talk to people about the nuts and bolts of it, when you began to tell people 'what do you think about a Blackhawk helicopter landing pad?' People like we're like, 'what do we need that for?'...Yeah, well, what do you think about the firing range?" -Organizer for Stop Cop City
"We kept having events in the forest for as long as we could. We kept up our potluck. We started doing distribution with that. So we had food distribution... clothing that people wanted to bring, hygiene kits... whatever you don't need, pretty much just became like the community swap meet and potluck on every Wednesday... we continue to have skill shares in the forest and we continued to do things like the music festival, where a bunch of people got arrested for just being at a music festival. We kept doing those things so that people could see, like, this is where we are, this is what we're doing this is, this is where we congregate as a community. This is where we come together and do things. You know, this is what we are fighting so hard for not only for this land, we're fighting for our community, we're fighting for our bond, we're fighting for this thing that brings us together, but also keeps us alive, keeps us going gives us a greater quality of life." -Organizer for Stop Cop City "We're on Tongva Land. The community has been traditionally black... one of the few neighborhoods that black communities could live in, and rapidly converting to large Latino populations. So very much a mixed population on unceded Tongva territory, we refer to it as South Central Los Angeles. Our original offices were on land that was owned by Edward Doheny... the big North American granddaddy oil baron from back in the day... Mount St. Mary's College is built on his former estate. His estate had a petting zoo and all these beautiful Victorian buildings. And that is the neighborhood that our organization started in." -Organizer for Stand L.A. |
To mobilize widely... |
"We have to work hard for alternative media to get things out. So we have a number of different news crews that work with us; independent journalists, local magazines and newspapers. And then we were able to get NBC to come here to do a short documentary about cop city... and also the documentary done by Al Jazeera. Those have been like the mainstream media documentaries that have really opened people's eyes." -Organizer for Stop Cop City |
To get your message across... |
"At the time, I was working for voting rights organization, and I was the lead childcare organizer. And one of the things that I started to do was talk to people about how cop city affected the state of childcare... when you're talking about childcare, you are talking about health care. And when you're talking about health care, you have to talk about economic justice and environmental justice together. And you cannot have a conversation about childcare without talking about reproductive justice. Because according to the pillars of reproductive justice, I am supposed to be able to raise the children that I choose to have in a clean, safe environment that is free of state sanctioned interpersonal violence... So when when you looked at... what that intersectionality was, and how we could get people to understand.. everybody has a stake in this." -Organizer for Stop Cop City
"There was, at one point it was really like a back and forth of, we're sending a press release, and then a company has to answer that we're sending a press release under industry, and they have to answer, so we kind of we became master the narrative where they had to always answer our communication." -Organizer for GNL Quebec
"[We used] genderless, ageless wig stands, and assaulted each one of them with one symptom... a nosebleed... asthma [with a] puffer, [an inflamed] thyroid, a congested nose with a clothespin. We had several others. My self portrait was a headache that I described by putting two barbecue skewers from the nape of my neck through my forehead... And we set that up on a table with a big boombox with a black tablecloth... just as kids and parents were walking home from school, and they would walk by and say, "hey, hey, hey, what's that with the nosebleed? I had to take my kid three times to the emergency room last week with nosebleeds"... All of these symptoms began to come together and we use that event and events like it to tell people, we want to talk more with you." -Organizer for Stand LA
"I think [uplifting the] community's voice and just speaking the truth, and providing as many people the opportunity to tell their story... storytelling, personal testimony, community based research, all of those things are very critical." -Organizer for Stand LA
"The elders are also important, because they will be the quickest ones to notice that the air has changed... What's making that happen... being privileged to share the community with people who've lived there for a very long time. I think that's really the greatest asset for change, just listening to community." -Organizer for Stand LA |
To build a stronger force... |
"Knock on all these doors and find out key organizational and individual levers that the can help you. I think it's critical to find a way to get the big green NGOs on board. They have a lot of mobilization power, and when they actually show up, they can be instrumental, and then you need to find political allies as well... all the opposition parties were with us... and the mobilization needs to be grassroots-led... that is a prime example of how local grassroots organizing, amplified by others, can become the most powerful tool in the world." -Organizer for GNL Quebec
"I think that the one of the biggest challenges that I've noticed, is the lack of defining our goals in a meaningful and practical way. There has been a lack of, or an unwillingness, to get specific enough with our goals and what it means to, in my opinion, actually be able to accomplish them. Because... when I talked about the campaign, or the movement or whatever, it's basically a coalition of dozens of organizations that are all united under this banner called protect the planet. And there's very diverse organizations involved in that coalition...There's a lot of overlap between the groups... everyone is united and agrees that our goal is to stop TMX... But that's not enough... it doesn't tell you how we're going to get there. And there's still a distinction between tactics, like tactics, and specific goals are two different things as well. But... what does that actually mean, to stop TMX? What does that look like? Because if we don't get more specific about what that means, we aren't able to tailor our actions in a way that is effective... You know, it ends up with people like, let's hold a rally at City Hall to stop TMX. And it's like, what is that doing? Why are we targeting City Hall? That makes no sense, like City Hall has no power to do anything here? I think there's this kind of something you hear a lot is 'Oh, well, we're raising awareness.' I think something that has become really clear in this campaign, and that I've heard other people say in other campaigns is that if your campaigns goal is just to raise awareness, you've already failed. Like, that's not enough. Yes, it's a component of any sort of social movement or campaign. But if that's where the goal ends, it's not, it's just not going to do anything. It's just not enough." -TMX Organizer
"Without defining what needs to happen for the project to be stopped, we can't tailor our actions to target the right people. And I think that's been a challenge, is figuring out who is an effective target... We need to actually target the people and the the entities that have the power to change what we're trying to change." -TMX Organizer
"You need to analyze where your allies are, active allies, passive allies, who are your active enemies, and really focus on bringing more passive allies to the active side... when this all started, there was a lot of passive allies. The students were concerned with climate, but they weren't specifically involved in the project. At first, the only active allies there was a tiny bit of people from First Nations [communities], and then citizen groups... when you're in that moment, where you're trying to develop a campaign against a big struggle, or a big project like this one, you really need to find, who are those people in society that agree with me, but aren't doing shit about it. And that's a tough part. That's a long process. But you really have to do it." -Organizer for GNL Quebec
"We constantly do teachings with each other. You know, this Friday, we have a teaching with the Palestinian youth movement to help people understand how cop city connects to the struggle for freedom in Palestine. We constantly educate ourselves so that we educate the community. So, we do that by canvassing, we do that by public facing events like movie screenings and townhall meetings, community talkbacks where the community will come and just tell us, hey, this is my concern." -Organizer for Stop Cop City
"The mass education campaigns on hydraulic fracturing that had been ongoing since 2011 were not Indigenous-led. Numerous action and advocacy groups across the province were also not Indigenous-led. The frontlines certainly were Indigenous-led. So, in support of frontline activities, allies were very supportive, financially and materially." -Journalist for Mi'kmaq resistance |
To conserve energy/resources... |
"There has been, in my experience, a refusal... to even discuss what it might mean to have some sort of structure for the coalition... there's this really problematic assumption that... organizing non hierarchically means that... structure is an enemy because structure is hierarchical. And that has been such a problem because it just means that nothing gets done... if we refuse to define what leadership looks like... it just means that leadership goes, unaccounted, and it goes unchecked. And no one knows what's going on... people are still assuming positions of leadership, but they're not accountable to people for that, and it's not clear, who is responsible for what. And I would actually argue that that ends up resulting in a more hierarchical structure than if the leadership had been defined clearly... One of the one of the teachings from my people that we were using in this context that I think explains it really well, is geese. So when you see Canada geese fly, they fly in a V shape, right. And there's a leader at the point of the V, that goose is the one that is setting the direction of where the flock is going. But they get tired, and they swap out. So when the when the lead goose gets tired, they swap positions with another goose that's in the V, and they just swap over like that. [Otherwise,] no one is responsible for anything, and everyone is responsible for everything at the same time. And it's so cumbersome. It's restrictive in terms of using our time and our energy and resources in an effective way. And that leads to burnout." -TMX Organizer |
To maintain momentum... |
"The biggest victory in this fight against cop city, is that people understand what it is that we do need to be safe and community because this has really opened up a huge conversation about community safety." -Organizer for Stop Cop City
"At the time of the shutdown Canada movement... when the entire world was watching what was going on in the West... [there were great narratives] built between what was going on out west and what was going on here, tying it to basically being the same colonial projects that were that were being forced down the throat of Indigenous communities." -Organizer for GNL Quebec |
To strengthen relationships... |
"We started to choir... there are a lot of people who are very good singers, there are people who are instrumentalists. There are people who just want to have good vibes and chill out with each other. So we started singing together, we started doing that. And we've performed in a couple of places, it's been a lot of fun. People are carrying it on, you know, make sure that you definitely do that make time for joy and make space for healing." -Organizer for Stop Cop City |
To address problematic behaviour internally... |
"It's always these men that have like, this poorly defined power and are operating within this like, very hierarchical system, but because we've refused to define [a clear structure], [abuse/harassment] doesn't get called out." -TMX Organizer "Part of what I've learned here is that just defining ourselves as [anti-oppressive] doesn't make it so... 'We will not cancel us' by Adrienne Marie Brown, explains... when we are so quick to cancel each other, and she's not talking about abusers here, there's a difference there. If someone is abusive, that requires... a different conversation, though, when it comes to just transgressions and mistakes that people make saying the wrong thing, doing the wrong thing, like that is going to happen because... every single person that is involved in these movements has grown up in a world that has these... systems of oppression that have been built into our lives in all of these ways. And a lot of the work that we have to do is unlearning all of those systems because we can't see how they have impacted us... we need to be able to have the room to make mistakes... we need those skills to be able to negotiate where that line is with what is unacceptable transgression. And how do we handle those mistakes in a way that actually allows people to correct those mistakes and learn from them and grow and do better next time? Without destroying the movement and like pushing people out?" -TMX Organizer |
HUB observations: additional lessons
For environmentalists that do not understand how Indigenous sovereignty and police violence relate to the climate crisis... |
There are 2 critical points to emphasize: 1) How structural racism and ongoing settler colonialism impact historic and ongoing climate justice campaigns, specifically on Indigenous Land defenders. Schneidel et al. (2020) showed that the degree of criminalization, physical violence, and assassinations during environmental campaigns significantly increases when Indigenous people are involved. 2) Most climate justice campaigns that have had success in the last 20 years across Turtle Island have been initiated and led by impacted Indigenous communities. |
For NGOs that want to support grassroots organizers |
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More to come! |
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If you have corrections or additional resources to share with us related to this content, you can contact kenzie@lehub.ca.
- ↑ http://www.stand.la/
- ↑ Cavallaro, Mara Marques. 2022. “The Deadly Consequences of Urban Oil Drilling,” October 19, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/los-angeles-oil-drilling-nalleli-cobo/
- ↑ Andrade, Anakaren, Tony Carrera, Francisca Martinez, Lizet Pantoja, Margaret Rubens, and Erick Zerecero. 2016. “Assessing the Health and Community Impacts of Oil Drilling Near Homes in South Los Angeles,” October. https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/project/stand-la/
- ↑ Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop
- ↑ Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop
- ↑ Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/
- ↑ Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/
- ↑ Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta
- ↑ Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta
- ↑ Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta
- ↑ Mock, Brentin. 2023. “Atlanta’s ‘Cop City’ Neighbors Have No Voting Rights to Stop It,” Bloomberg. October 4, 2023 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-10-04/-cop-city-referendum-aims-to-repeal-planned-atlanta-police-training-center
- ↑ https://www.instagram.com/p/CytGWtyOr0M/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==
- ↑ Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/
- ↑ Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/
- ↑ Franzen, Timothy. 2023. “Stop Cop City Ballot Initiative Has over 116,000 Signatures.” American Friends Service Committee. September 14, 2023. https://afsc.org/news/stop-cop-city-ballot-initiative-has-over-116000-signatures
- ↑ Goldberg, Shoshana K. 2023. “Remembering Tortuguita.” Human Rights Campaign. March 21, 2023. https://www.hrc.org/news/remembering-tortuguita-indigenous-queer-and-non-binary-environmental-activist-and-forest-defender
- ↑ Rico, R.J. 2023. “61 Indicted in Georgia on Racketeering Charges Connected to ‘Stop Cop City’ Movement.” AP News. September 5, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/atlanta-cop-city-protests-rico-charges-3177a63ac1bd31a1594bed6584e9f330
- ↑ Denchak, Melissa and Lindwall, Courtney. 2022. “The Keystone XL Pipeline: Everything You Need To Know.” March 15, 2022. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-keystone-xl-pipeline
- ↑ Lindwall, Courtney. 2021. “The Unlikely Takedown of Keystone XL.” 2021. June 29, 2021. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/unlikely-takedown-keystone-xl
- ↑ Adler, Ben. 2015. “The inside Story of the Campaign That Killed Keystone XL.” Vox. November 7, 2015. https://www.vox.com/2015/11/7/9684012/keystone-pipeline-won
- ↑ Henn, Jamie. 2021.“Here’s How We Defeated the Keystone XL Pipeline | Sierra Club.” n.d. Accessed October 28, 2023. https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/here-s-how-we-defeated-keystone-xl-pipeline
- ↑ National Defense Resource Council. 2021. “Keystone XL Pipeline Lawsuits.” NRDC. Accessed November 5, 2023. https://www.nrdc.org/court-battles/keystone-xl-pipeline
- ↑ Engelfried, Nick. 2021. “How Defeating Keystone XL Built a Bolder, Savvier Climate Movement.” The Commons. February 10, 2021. https://commonslibrary.org/how-defeating-keystone-xl-built-a-bolder-savvier-climate-movement/
- ↑ Anderson, Charnel. 2020. “Grassy Narrows.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Accessed November 11, 2023. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/grassy-narrows
- ↑ Charlebois, Clarence T. 1978. High Mercury Levels in Indians and Inuits (Eskimos) in Canada. Ambio 7, no. 5/6: 204–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4312386
- ↑ Saku, James C. 2021. Environmental Activism on the Ground: Small Green and Indigenous Organizing. American Review of Canadian Studies 51 (2): 355–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2021.1914997
- ↑ Porter, Jody. 2021. “Grassy Narrows to Get $68.9M More from Ottawa for Centre to Care for People with Mercury Poisoning.” CBC News. Accessed October 20, 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/grassy-narrows-mercury-care-facility-ottawa-funding-1.6117975
- ↑ Xiao, Yin. 2017. “Environmentalist groups stop construction of oil export terminal in Philadelphia, 2016”.https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/environmentalist-groups-stop-construction-oil-export-terminal-philadelphia-2016
- ↑ Philly Thrive. 2017. “Philly Thrive Review”. Accessed November 20, 2023. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/phillythrive/pages/111/attachments/original/1486401882/Philly_Thrive_Review.pdf?1486401882
- ↑ https://www.phillythrive.org/
- ↑ Brockmeier, Erica K. 2022. “After the shutdown, what comes next for the former Philadelphia Energy Solutions refinery?”. Accessed October 15, 2023 https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/after-shutdown-what-comes-next-former-philadelphia-energy-solutions-refinery
- ↑ https://www.phillythrive.org/
- ↑ https://www.phillythrive.org/
- ↑ https://www.phillythrive.org/
- ↑ Thompson, Zalaka. “Our Victory”. Accessed November 18, 2023. https://www.phillythrive.org/our_victory
- ↑ Hanley, Steve. 2020. “Biggest Oil Refinery Cleanup In US History Begins In Philadelphia”. Accessed October 12, 2023.https://cleantechnica.com/2021/02/22/biggest-oil-refinery-clean-up-in-us-history-begins-in-philadelphia
- ↑ https://www.phillythrive.org/