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<p>The following text comes from a summary of a literature review on food sovereignty by&nbsp;Marie-Camille Théorêt. You can read their full literature review [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FbgQOAXw4Hc6WBUTAQjMtXV3XMYory9r/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104999225508815189487&rtpof=true&sd=true HERE].</p>
[https://www.agrowingculture.org/vision/ A Growing Culture] describes '''food sovereignty''' in their organization's vision, as the following: ''"Healthy, accessible, and culturally appropriate food is a human right. Living wages, living environments, living traditions are human rights. Dignity. Diversity. Culture. All human rights. These are the bedrock of the food sovereignty movement."''
 
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=== What is food sovereignty? ===
<p>The basic accepted definition is found in the 2007 Nyéléni Declaration produced by La Via Campesina. This definition focuses on the rights of farmers/consumers and local communities to determine their food systems and control the resources needed to produce (like land, water and seeds). <ref>Desmarais, A. A., Claeys, P., &amp; Trauger, A. (Eds.). (2017).&nbsp;Public policies for food sovereignty : social movements and the state&nbsp;(Ser. Routledge studies in food, society and the environment). Routledge, an imprint of the Taylor &amp; Francis Group.</ref> The Nyéléni Declaration was based on 6 pillars: valuing food providers; localizing food systems; making decisions locally; building knowledge and skills; working with nature. Then, Indigenous peoples added a seventh pillar, which is that food is sacred. <ref>Desmarais, A. A., Claeys, P., &amp; Trauger, A. (Eds.). (2017).&nbsp;Public policies for food sovereignty : social movements and the state&nbsp;(Ser. Routledge studies in food, society and the environment). Routledge, an imprint of the Taylor &amp; Francis Group.</ref> </p>
 
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<p>Within food sovereignty are the concepts of “agroecology” and “food democracy”. Agroecology means practicing agriculture in harmony with the environment and the community. <ref>https://www.nfu.ca/campaigns/agroecology/</ref>  Food democracy refers to the inclusion of public and local participation in food sovereignty projects. An example of food democracy is how actors of the movement use categories (e.g. Indigenous people, fishers, women) and quotas to ensure diversity in the conversations and debates.</p>
<p>The knowledge that follows on this page comes from:</p>
<p> <ref>Claeys &amp; Duncan, 2019.</ref> Because food sovereignty now includes a high number of intersections, it sometimes mixes experiences together to join forces. Specific issues, such as issues related to gender, are sometimes forgotten in the movement and how it's defined. <ref>Fradejas, A., Borras, S. M., Holmes, T., Holt-Giménez Eric, &amp; Robbins, M. J. (2015). Food sovereignty: convergence and contradictions, conditions and challenges.&nbsp;Third World Quarterly,&nbsp;36(3), 431–448. From https://www-tandfonline-com.proxy.ubishops.ca:2443/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2015.1023567</ref> </p>
<li>A webinar on Indigenous [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItV7gDbQkQQ food sovereignty and community led research] hosted by '''[https://researchforthefrontlines.ca/ Research for the Frontlines], '''featuring '''Tiffany Traverse and Waba Moko'''.</li>
<li>An [https://www.instagram.com/p/C48PmJRgKjr/?img_index=2 instagram post on abolition and food justice] by '''Rania El Mugammar''', artist, abolitionist, social justice educator and consultant.</li>
<li>A summary of a literature review on food sovereignty by''' Marie-Camille Théorêt'''. You can read their full literature review [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FbgQOAXw4Hc6WBUTAQjMtXV3XMYory9r/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104999225508815189487&rtpof=true&sd=true HERE].</li>
<li>There are also several additional resources cited throughout.</li>
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=== Origin ===
<p>[https://viacampesina.org/en/food-sovereignty/ La Via Campesina] definition of food sovereignty focuses on the rights of farmers/consumers and local communities to determine their food systems and control the resources needed to produce (like land, water and seeds).  <ref>Desmarais, A. A., Claeys, P., &amp; Trauger, A. (Eds.). (2017).&nbsp;Public policies for food sovereignty : social movements and the state&nbsp;(Ser. Routledge studies in food, society and the environment). Routledge, an imprint of the Taylor &amp; Francis Group.</ref>  The definition is based on 6 pillars: valuing food providers; localizing food systems; making decisions locally; building knowledge and skills; working with nature. Indigenous peoples added a seventh pillar, which is that food is sacred.  <ref>Desmarais, A. A., Claeys, P., &amp; Trauger, A. (Eds.). (2017).&nbsp;Public policies for food sovereignty : social movements and the state&nbsp;(Ser. Routledge studies in food, society and the environment). Routledge, an imprint of the Taylor &amp; Francis Group.</ref> </p>
<p>Food sovereignty originated in the 1990s from the international agrarian movement called La Via Campesina (LVC). It emerged in reaction to the negative impacts of the global agricultural system such as rural poverty, hunger, displacement, and damage to the environment.  <ref>Claeys, P., &amp; Duncan, J. (2019). Food sovereignty and convergence spaces. Political Geography, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.102045</ref>  Global agriculture is shaped by “neoliberalism”. The economic system of neoliberalism refers to low governmental control on industries (like agriculture), tax cuts, reduction of public spending and inclusion in the international system. A consequence of this is that farmers and consumers have fewer options over what is produced, how it produced.  <ref>Andrée Peter, Ayres, J. M. K., Bosia, M. J., &amp; Mássicotte Marie-Josée (Eds.). (2014). Globalization and food sovereignty : global and local change in the new politics of food (Ser. Studies in comparative political economy and public policy, 42). University of Toronto Press.</ref> &nbsp;</p>


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===Current Status===
<p>Within food sovereignty are the concepts of “agroecology” and “food democracy”. Agroecology means practicing agriculture in harmony with the environment and the community. Food democracy refers to the inclusion of public and local participation in food sovereignty projects.  <ref>https://www.nfu.ca/campaigns/agroecology/</ref> </p>
<p>Originally, food sovereignty was in opposition to national powers because of their alliance with the global food system. Yet, governments have a lot of control over agricultural regulations. So, their role in food sovereignty should be analyzed.</p>
 
<p> <ref>Clark, P. (2016). Can the state foster food sovereignty? Insights from the case of Ecuador. Journal of Agrarian Change, 16(2).</ref>  Current agriculture under neoliberalism damages the environment and creates about 1/3 of global greenhouse emissions. It pushes for a monoculture-farming model that results in a loss of biodiversity. In other words, the current food system only centers around a few crops instead of using all of the food diversity on this planet. The negative impacts of the global food system tend to impact more directly countries hit the hardest by injustices and the climate crisis.  <ref>Climate False Solutions. (2021). Hoodwinked in the hothouse: Resist false solutions to climate change. https://moodle.ubishops.ca/pluginfile.php/285048/mod_resource/content/1/HOODWINKED_ThirdEdition_On-Screen_version.pdf</ref> Also, current agriculture adds to the already-existing exploitation. A lot of farm workers are working in difficult conditions, and the land they are using is tired. It is this mix of bad working conditions and abuse of lands that drives the food sovereignty movement.  <ref>Eliason, A. (2021, December 21). Building local food pathways: Fodd sovereignty and climate justice Law &amp; Political Economy. https://lpeproject.org/</ref> </p>
<li></li>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
 
<p>Over the past centuries, Indigenous traditional food systems have been almost erased through government policies. An example of this is how the Canadian and American governments put in place projects to assimilate and disrupt their traditional ways of life.</p>
== Food sovereignty is climate justice ==
<p> <ref>LaDuke, W. Hoover, E. (2019).&nbsp;Indigenous food sovereignty in the united states : restoring cultural knowledge, protecting environments, and regaining health. (D. A. Mihesuah &amp; E. Hoover, Eds.) (Ser. New directions in native american studies, volume 18). University of Oklahoma Press.</ref>  On top of this, climate change impacts Indigenous food systems. The decline of sea ice in the Arctic and the change in plant and animal populations are part of these impacts.9 So, Indigenous communities believe in food sovereignty projects that have the goal of building stronger communities and are respectful of the environment. Food is seen as a social factor instead of only a source of money. <ref>LaDuke, W. Hoover, E. (2019).&nbsp;Indigenous food sovereignty in the united states : restoring cultural knowledge, protecting environments, and regaining health. (D. A. Mihesuah &amp; E. Hoover, Eds.) (Ser. New directions in native american studies, volume 18). University of Oklahoma Press.</ref> </p>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 302px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 21.6646%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 10px;" |
<span style="color: #ffffff;">'''Abuse of workers&nbsp;'''</span>
| style="height: 10px; width: 78.2986%;" |
*Migrants, including climate migrants, often end up in agriculture jobs plagued with poor working conditions. Migrants are surveilled, criminalized, detained and conditions of their stay are often tied to work permits in these exploitative jobs.-Migrant Workers Rights Canada  <ref>https://migrantrights.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/MigrantWorkers_Backgrounder.pdf</ref>  &nbsp;<br>
|- style="height: 32px;"
| style="width: 21.6646%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 32px;" | <span style="color: #ffffff;">'''Abuse of the land'''</span>
| style="width: 78.2986%; height: 32px;" |
*Current agricultural practices contribute to 1/3 of global greenhouse emissions.  <ref>Climate False Solutions. (2021). Hoodwinked in the hothouse: Resist false solutions to climate change. https://moodle.ubishops.ca/pluginfile.php/285048/mod_resource/content/1/HOODWINKED_ThirdEdition_On-Screen_version.pdf</ref>  
*Land around the world has been exhausted by monoculture growing methods which result in a loss of biodiversity. Monocultural methods use tillage to plant crops more frequently, and apply one crop for mass production. Using only one crop increases the need for pesticides. Alternative agro-ecological growing methods do not aggravate the soil and plant several crop varieties to enrich the soil, produce crops with higher nutritional values and reduces the need for pesticides.  <ref>Ralph C Martin (2019), Food Security-From Excess to Enough. Dundurn Press.</ref>
*Land is abused for control and power. For example, Israel’s military prevents Palestinians from using the 20% of Gaza's arable land next to Israel’s militarized fence, and targets Gaza’s farmland with herbicides. A study by Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network explained in 2014 when Israel dropped 21,000 tonnes of explosives on the Gaza strip, it resulted in extensive soil damage and reduced agricultural productivity. <ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/11/28/palestine-is-a-climate-justice-issue</ref>  
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 21.6646%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 46px;" | <span style="color: #ffffff;">'''Colonialism's erasure of Indigenous food systems (and language and cultural practices)'''</span>
| style="width: 78.2986%; height: 46px;" |
*Indigenous traditional food systems have been almost erased through government policies. <ref>LaDuke, W. Hoover, E. (2019).&nbsp;Indigenous food sovereignty in the united states : restoring cultural knowledge, protecting environments, and regaining health. (D. A. Mihesuah &amp; E. Hoover, Eds.) (Ser. New directions in native american studies, volume 18). University of Oklahoma Press.</ref>  Land theft and displacement paved the way for industrial farming, fishing and food production.  <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/C48PmJRgKjr/?img_index=1</ref>
*Ecocide and food system destruction has been used for power and control (e.g. burning Palestine's Olive tree, extermination of wild buffalo population on Turtle Island)  <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/C48PmJRgKjr/?img_index=1</ref>  &nbsp;<br>
*"''With our limitations in the English language, trying to explain how our [Indigenous] language is important to [food sovereignty] work is very difficult... it's because when our ancestors were learning about life around them, that was the language they were speaking, and so their connections between like water and the different ways that water presents itself whether it's melting or over land running... there's all these different words for what that means, and what it means related to the seasons, and related to our overarching calendar''." -Tiffany Traverse
|- style="height: 204px;"
| style="width: 21.6646%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 204px;" |
'''<span style="color: #ffffff;">Access to food became a privilege, rather than a right, thanks to capitalism and racism (which also created the climate crisis!)</span>'''
| style="width: 78.2986%; height: 204px;" |
*Foraging laws exist because of racism. Foraging for food was integral to black people, free or enslaved. Foraging filled out small meals given to slaves, and finds could be sold as income. When slaves were freed, laws were put in place to curb foraging; thus, people were no longer able to gather food on land they didn't own (including Indigenous Peoples who were removed from their own lands). Hands off conservation was applied to parks as well, further preventing the collection of free food. -Alexis Nikole ('Black Forager')  <ref>https://vm.tiktok.com/ZMMPr16jL/</ref>
*Surveillance technologies are used in food retail to prevent theft.  <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/C48PmJRgKjr/?img_index=1</ref>  Theft and inflation take the blame for rising food prices, rather than the true culprit; corporate greed.
*Mutual aid food redistribution is criminalized (e.g. unsold food is thrown away, and those who redistribute it are punished. Giving water to undocumented migrants crossing borders is also criminalized).  <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/C48PmJRgKjr/?img_index=1</ref>  <br>
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 21.6646%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 10px;" | <span style="color: #ffffff;">'''The direct impact of climate change and colonization on Indigenous food systems'''</span>
| style="width: 78.2986%; height: 10px;" |
<div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer" role="button" aria-label="17 minutes, 40 seconds really changing my thoughts on kind of on what that word really truly means but it's always evolving I think kind of"><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer" role="button" aria-label="27 minutes, 28 seconds yeah I I mean I have to agree with Shannon it's it's one of those things it's like a again like with our"><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer" role="button" aria-label="55 minutes, 16 seconds right now so because of those things that's caused"><span style="font-size: 14.4px;"></span><div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer" role="button" aria-label="56 minutes, 54 seconds animals the lands and the waters it's still removing us from our traditional practices on the land like"><br></div>
<div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer" role="button" aria-label="56 minutes, 54 seconds animals the lands and the waters it's still removing us from our traditional practices on the land like">
 
*''"We didn't have enough snow this year, so if we didn't have enough snow, we can't go out in the ice and we can't go hunting the Moose... climate change you know... the more warmth we have the more horrible it's going to be for the Moose because <span style="font-size: 14.4px;" >we need that coldness for the Moose... </span>''<span style="font-size: 14.4px;">''the warmer it is the harder it's going to be on the moose for the ticks [problem]... as far as we know."'' -</span><strong style="font-size: 14.4px;">Waba Moko  <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItV7gDbQkQQ</ref>  </strong>
<strong style="font-size: 14.4px;"></strong>
*''"Here in so-called British Columbia, just because of the amount of land that's here that is considered "Crown Land"... there's huge amounts of our traditional territories that have now b<span style="font-size: 14.4px;" >een deemed Crown Land, meaning in theory, the work that we're doing on the land, whether we want to do our traditional burning practices... medicine collecting, hunting, fishing, gathering, seed collecting... it's really fractured on the landscape. So you've got... the reserve, then you've got Crown Land then you've got private land, then you've got another reserve. There's no one government or organization that's managing that </span><span style="font-size: 14.4px;" >land, so... you've got to deal with so many different </span><span style="font-size: 14.4px;" >organizations and government bodies to get anything done and I think </span>''<span style="font-size: 14.4px;">''that's what's really caused this disruption in our food ways."'' -'''Tiffany Traverse  <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItV7gDbQkQQ</ref>  '''</span>
*''"The park system in so-called Canada and in particular in BC has also caused those issues of fracturing of the landscape, you know albeit with good intentions to protect the biodiversity and to protect the <span style="font-size: 14.4px;" >animals, the lands, and the waters, it's still removing us from our traditional practices on the land... </span><span style="font-size: 14.4px;" >we're not allowed to hunt there, we're not allowed to fish there... I know there's </span><span style="font-size: 14.4px;" >people that are working together with certain governments to change that... </span><span style="font-size: 14.4px;" >meanwhile in the background the climate and everything else that's happening, the drought, the incredible wildfires that we're having here which is disrupting um plant and animal life on our territories... it's compounding... my main concern and challenge with working on the land is knowing that a </span><span style="font-size: 14.4px;" >large portion of our traditional territory being mismanaged."</span>''<span style="font-size: 14.4px;">-'''Tiffany Traverse  <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItV7gDbQkQQ</ref>  '''&nbsp;</span>
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<p><br></p>


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== Further resources ==
<br>
 
<br>
*A Growing Culture offers several written and visual resources related to food justice and sovereignty. See [https://www.agrowingculture.org/  https://www.agrowingculture.org/ ] for more.
*Black Forager, on instagram and tiktok, shares videos related to foraging practices.




Latest revision as of 21:05, 9 May 2024

A Growing Culture describes food sovereignty in their organization's vision, as the following: "Healthy, accessible, and culturally appropriate food is a human right. Living wages, living environments, living traditions are human rights. Dignity. Diversity. Culture. All human rights. These are the bedrock of the food sovereignty movement."


The knowledge that follows on this page comes from:

  • A webinar on Indigenous food sovereignty and community led research hosted by Research for the Frontlines, featuring Tiffany Traverse and Waba Moko.
  • An instagram post on abolition and food justice by Rania El Mugammar, artist, abolitionist, social justice educator and consultant.
  • A summary of a literature review on food sovereignty by Marie-Camille Théorêt. You can read their full literature review HERE.
  • There are also several additional resources cited throughout.



    • La Via Campesina definition of food sovereignty focuses on the rights of farmers/consumers and local communities to determine their food systems and control the resources needed to produce (like land, water and seeds). [1] The definition is based on 6 pillars: valuing food providers; localizing food systems; making decisions locally; building knowledge and skills; working with nature. Indigenous peoples added a seventh pillar, which is that food is sacred. [2]


    Within food sovereignty are the concepts of “agroecology” and “food democracy”. Agroecology means practicing agriculture in harmony with the environment and the community. Food democracy refers to the inclusion of public and local participation in food sovereignty projects. [3]

  • Food sovereignty is climate justice

    Abuse of workers 

    • Migrants, including climate migrants, often end up in agriculture jobs plagued with poor working conditions. Migrants are surveilled, criminalized, detained and conditions of their stay are often tied to work permits in these exploitative jobs.-Migrant Workers Rights Canada [4]  
    Abuse of the land
    • Current agricultural practices contribute to 1/3 of global greenhouse emissions. [5]
    • Land around the world has been exhausted by monoculture growing methods which result in a loss of biodiversity. Monocultural methods use tillage to plant crops more frequently, and apply one crop for mass production. Using only one crop increases the need for pesticides. Alternative agro-ecological growing methods do not aggravate the soil and plant several crop varieties to enrich the soil, produce crops with higher nutritional values and reduces the need for pesticides. [6]
    • Land is abused for control and power. For example, Israel’s military prevents Palestinians from using the 20% of Gaza's arable land next to Israel’s militarized fence, and targets Gaza’s farmland with herbicides. A study by Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network explained in 2014 when Israel dropped 21,000 tonnes of explosives on the Gaza strip, it resulted in extensive soil damage and reduced agricultural productivity. [7]
    Colonialism's erasure of Indigenous food systems (and language and cultural practices)
    • Indigenous traditional food systems have been almost erased through government policies. [8] Land theft and displacement paved the way for industrial farming, fishing and food production. [9]
    • Ecocide and food system destruction has been used for power and control (e.g. burning Palestine's Olive tree, extermination of wild buffalo population on Turtle Island) [10]  
    • "With our limitations in the English language, trying to explain how our [Indigenous] language is important to [food sovereignty] work is very difficult... it's because when our ancestors were learning about life around them, that was the language they were speaking, and so their connections between like water and the different ways that water presents itself whether it's melting or over land running... there's all these different words for what that means, and what it means related to the seasons, and related to our overarching calendar." -Tiffany Traverse

    Access to food became a privilege, rather than a right, thanks to capitalism and racism (which also created the climate crisis!)

    • Foraging laws exist because of racism. Foraging for food was integral to black people, free or enslaved. Foraging filled out small meals given to slaves, and finds could be sold as income. When slaves were freed, laws were put in place to curb foraging; thus, people were no longer able to gather food on land they didn't own (including Indigenous Peoples who were removed from their own lands). Hands off conservation was applied to parks as well, further preventing the collection of free food. -Alexis Nikole ('Black Forager') [11]
    • Surveillance technologies are used in food retail to prevent theft. [12] Theft and inflation take the blame for rising food prices, rather than the true culprit; corporate greed.
    • Mutual aid food redistribution is criminalized (e.g. unsold food is thrown away, and those who redistribute it are punished. Giving water to undocumented migrants crossing borders is also criminalized). [13]
    The direct impact of climate change and colonization on Indigenous food systems

    • "We didn't have enough snow this year, so if we didn't have enough snow, we can't go out in the ice and we can't go hunting the Moose... climate change you know... the more warmth we have the more horrible it's going to be for the Moose because we need that coldness for the Moose... the warmer it is the harder it's going to be on the moose for the ticks [problem]... as far as we know." -Waba Moko [14]

    • "Here in so-called British Columbia, just because of the amount of land that's here that is considered "Crown Land"... there's huge amounts of our traditional territories that have now been deemed Crown Land, meaning in theory, the work that we're doing on the land, whether we want to do our traditional burning practices... medicine collecting, hunting, fishing, gathering, seed collecting... it's really fractured on the landscape. So you've got... the reserve, then you've got Crown Land then you've got private land, then you've got another reserve. There's no one government or organization that's managing that land, so... you've got to deal with so many different organizations and government bodies to get anything done and I think that's what's really caused this disruption in our food ways." -Tiffany Traverse [15]
    • "The park system in so-called Canada and in particular in BC has also caused those issues of fracturing of the landscape, you know albeit with good intentions to protect the biodiversity and to protect the animals, the lands, and the waters, it's still removing us from our traditional practices on the land... we're not allowed to hunt there, we're not allowed to fish there... I know there's people that are working together with certain governments to change that... meanwhile in the background the climate and everything else that's happening, the drought, the incredible wildfires that we're having here which is disrupting um plant and animal life on our territories... it's compounding... my main concern and challenge with working on the land is knowing that a large portion of our traditional territory being mismanaged."-Tiffany Traverse [16]  


    Further resources

    • A Growing Culture offers several written and visual resources related to food justice and sovereignty. See https://www.agrowingculture.org/ for more.
    • Black Forager, on instagram and tiktok, shares videos related to foraging practices.


    If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.


    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.


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    1. ↑ Desmarais, A. A., Claeys, P., & Trauger, A. (Eds.). (2017). Public policies for food sovereignty : social movements and the state (Ser. Routledge studies in food, society and the environment). Routledge, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group.
    2. ↑ Desmarais, A. A., Claeys, P., & Trauger, A. (Eds.). (2017). Public policies for food sovereignty : social movements and the state (Ser. Routledge studies in food, society and the environment). Routledge, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group.
    3. ↑ https://www.nfu.ca/campaigns/agroecology/
    4. ↑ https://migrantrights.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/MigrantWorkers_Backgrounder.pdf
    5. ↑ Climate False Solutions. (2021). Hoodwinked in the hothouse: Resist false solutions to climate change. https://moodle.ubishops.ca/pluginfile.php/285048/mod_resource/content/1/HOODWINKED_ThirdEdition_On-Screen_version.pdf
    6. ↑ Ralph C Martin (2019), Food Security-From Excess to Enough. Dundurn Press.
    7. ↑ https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/11/28/palestine-is-a-climate-justice-issue
    8. ↑ LaDuke, W. Hoover, E. (2019). Indigenous food sovereignty in the united states : restoring cultural knowledge, protecting environments, and regaining health. (D. A. Mihesuah & E. Hoover, Eds.) (Ser. New directions in native american studies, volume 18). University of Oklahoma Press.
    9. ↑ https://www.instagram.com/p/C48PmJRgKjr/?img_index=1
    10. ↑ https://www.instagram.com/p/C48PmJRgKjr/?img_index=1
    11. ↑ https://vm.tiktok.com/ZMMPr16jL/
    12. ↑ https://www.instagram.com/p/C48PmJRgKjr/?img_index=1
    13. ↑ https://www.instagram.com/p/C48PmJRgKjr/?img_index=1
    14. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItV7gDbQkQQ
    15. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItV7gDbQkQQ
    16. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItV7gDbQkQQ
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