Prison industrial complex - Revision history

Mediawiki: /* Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex */

2023-08-02T16:06:56Z

Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:06, 2 August 2023
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	*2 large corporations running US private prisons operate together over 130 prisons and generate $4 billion in annual revenue. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>		*2 large corporations running US private prisons operate together over 130 prisons and generate $4 billion in annual revenue. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>
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Mediawiki: /* Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex */

2023-08-02T16:06:49Z

Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex

Mediawiki: /* Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex */

2023-08-02T16:06:30Z

Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex

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Mediawiki: /* Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex */

2023-08-02T16:06:19Z

Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:06, 2 August 2023
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	*2 large corporations running US private prisons operate together over 130 prisons and generate $4 billion in annual revenue. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>		*2 large corporations running US private prisons operate together over 130 prisons and generate $4 billion in annual revenue. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>
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Mediawiki at 16:06, 2 August 2023

2023-08-02T16:06:04Z

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	The '''prison industrial complex''' describes the ''ways the government and the private sector benefit by using surveillance, policing, and imprisonment as “solutions” to economic, social and political problems; the intertwining of structures that enable profit to be generated from incarceration and, by proxy, continued oppression. -'' Critical Resistance & the work of Angela Davis, adapted by Michelle Xie <ref>https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1HC35f2kDXc8cgLYWc9_oUZmINoTfP3_I</ref>		The '''prison industrial complex''' describes the ''ways the government and the private sector benefit by using surveillance, policing, and imprisonment as “solutions” to economic, social and political problems; the intertwining of structures that enable profit to be generated from incarceration and, by proxy, continued oppression. -'' Critical Resistance & the work of Angela Davis, adapted by Michelle Xie <ref>https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1HC35f2kDXc8cgLYWc9_oUZmINoTfP3_I</ref>

			It is “''the symbiotic relationship between private corporations, correctional and detention facilities, and the government. This symbiotic relationship thrives so long as the government provides a racialized prison population for commercial interests to profit from.''” -Neveen Hammad <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>


	<br>		<br>

	== Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex ==		== Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex ==
	{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: ~~92px~~; background-color: ~~#ffffff~~;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 322px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		\|- style="height: 23px;"
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	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
	*The majority of people incarcerated in Canada, 60%, are denied bail and incarcerated in advance of their trial. This means they are legally innocent. <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>		*The majority of people incarcerated in Canada, 60%, are denied bail and incarcerated in advance of their trial. This means they are legally innocent. <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>
	\|-		*Over 90% of American criminal cases end in plea deals. Vulnerable people are often coerced into signing plea deals because of the threat of high prison sentences if they were to lose at trial. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Over-incarceration of marginalized groups'''		\|- style="height: 173px;"
	\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 173px;" \| '''Over-incarceration of marginalized groups'''
			\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 173px;" \|
	*Indigenous Peoples are incarcerated 10x more often than non-Indigenous citizens; an example of [[systemic racism]] <ref>https://www.oci-bec.gc.ca/cnt/rpt/oth-aut/oth-aut20121022info-eng.aspx</ref>		*Indigenous Peoples are incarcerated 10x more often than non-Indigenous citizens; an example of [[systemic racism]] <ref>https://www.oci-bec.gc.ca/cnt/rpt/oth-aut/oth-aut20121022info-eng.aspx</ref>
	\|-		*People of all races use and sell illegal drugs at remarkably similar rates, yet people of colour are incarcerated at higher rates than their white people. The war on drugs has been the largest contributor to systemic mass incarceration of people of colour in the USA. <ref>Alexander, M. (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindess. The New Press, New York, London. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e0185311e0373308494e5b6/t/5e0833e3afc7590ba079bbb4/1577595881870/the_new_jim_crow.pdf</ref>
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Highly exploited labour'''		\|- style="height: 103px;"
	\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 103px;" \| '''Highly exploited labour'''
	*Federally sentenced inmates are paid a maximum of $6.90 per day for their labour. The average is $3.00 per day for their labour. Most is deducted for their basic living essentials such as cleaning products, food and accomodation, access to phones and also to the crown. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/federal-inmates-go-on-strike-to-protest-pay-cuts-1.1875491</ref>		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 103px;" \|
			*Federally sentenced inmates are paid a maximum of $6.90 per day in Canada for their labour. The average is $3.00 per day for their labour. Most is deducted for their basic living essentials such as cleaning products, food and accomodation, access to phones and also to the crown. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/federal-inmates-go-on-strike-to-protest-pay-cuts-1.1875491</ref>
			*In the US, UNICOR is a government owned corporation that operates prison labor programs. In 2015, the company owned 83 factories employing 12,278 inmates paid $0.23-$1.15/h. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>
			*Following an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, British petroleum hired prisoners to clean parts of the spill. After receiving tax write-offs under the WOTC (Work Opportunity Tax Credit Legislation), the company earned about $2,400 per inmate they hired. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>
			*Prisoners compare prison labor to slave labor because inmates who do refuse to work are penalized. ''“Though I’ve always refused to engage in this modern slavery myself, I’ve witnessed plenty of examples of it. The most extreme were in Texas and Florida, where prisoners are forced to work in the fields for free, entirely unremunerated. They are cajoled into chain gangs and taken out to the fields where they are made to grow all the food that inmates eat: squash, greens, peas, okra. They are given primitive hand-held tools like wooden sticks and hoes and forced to till the soil, plant and harvest cotton. They are watched over all day by guards on horseback carrying shotguns. Elite posses of prisoners are used to keep other prisoners in line, through open coercion and violence. Prisoners who do not agree to such abject slavery are put in solitary confinement. I know from personal experience.''” - Kevin Rashid Johnson <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref> <br>
			\|-
			\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Prisons for profit'''
			\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|
			*Occupancy clauses: in some prisons in the US, the state is obliged to compensate the private owner of the prison if occupancy falls below a certain level (in some cases, clause is 100% occupancy). The goal of these clauses is to ensure that private prison owners have a stable workforce for the factories inside the prison. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>
			*2 large corporations running US private prisons operate together over 130 prisons and generate $4 billion in annual revenue. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>
	\|}		\|}
			'''A special thanks to Gabrielle Bourbeau for their tremendous support compiling content for this page.'''
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Mediawiki: /* Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex */

2022-11-25T18:25:50Z

Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex

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	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Highly exploited labour'''		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Highly exploited labour'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|
	*Federally sentenced inmates are paid a maximum of $6.90 per day for their labour. ~~'''~~The average is $3.00 per day for their labour~~'''~~. Most is deducted for their basic living essentials such as cleaning products, food and accomodation, access to phones and also to the crown. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/federal-inmates-go-on-strike-to-protest-pay-cuts-1.1875491</ref>		*Federally sentenced inmates are paid a maximum of $6.90 per day for their labour. The average is $3.00 per day for their labour. Most is deducted for their basic living essentials such as cleaning products, food and accomodation, access to phones and also to the crown. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/federal-inmates-go-on-strike-to-protest-pay-cuts-1.1875491</ref>
	\|}		\|}

Mediawiki: /* Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex */

2022-11-25T18:25:40Z

Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex

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	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	Incarceration rates		'''Incarceration rates'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
			*In 2016, Canada’s crime rates hit a 45-year low. Yet, incarceration rates hit an all time high. <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>
	*In 2016, Canada’s crime rates hit a 45-year low. Yet,~~'''~~ incarceration rates hit an all time high~~'''~~. <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	Incarceration of the legally innocent		'''Incarceration of the legally innocent'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
			*The majority of people incarcerated in Canada, 60%, are denied bail and incarcerated in advance of their trial. This means they are legally innocent. <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>
	*The ~~'''~~majority of people~~'''~~ incarcerated in Canada, 60%, are denied bail and incarcerated in advance of their trial. This means~~''' '''~~they are ~~'''~~legally innocent.~~'''~~ <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| Over-incarceration of marginalized groups		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Over-incarceration of marginalized groups'''
			\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|
			*Indigenous Peoples are incarcerated 10x more often than non-Indigenous citizens; an example of [[systemic racism]] <ref>https://www.oci-bec.gc.ca/cnt/rpt/oth-aut/oth-aut20121022info-eng.aspx</ref>
			\|-
			\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Highly exploited labour'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|
	*Indigenous Peoples are incarcerated '''10x more often than non-Indigenous citizens'''; an example of [[systemic racism]] <ref>https://www.oci-bec.gc.ca/cnt/rpt/oth-aut/oth-aut20121022info-eng.aspx</ref>		*Federally sentenced inmates are paid a maximum of $6.90 per day for their labour. '''The average is $3.00 per day for their labour'''. Most is deducted for their basic living essentials such as cleaning products, food and accomodation, access to phones and also to the crown. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/federal-inmates-go-on-strike-to-protest-pay-cuts-1.1875491</ref>
	\|-
	~~\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| Highly exploited labour~~
	~~\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|~~ *Federally sentenced inmates are paid a maximum of $6.90 per day for their labour. '''The average is $3.00 per day for their labour'''. Most is deducted for their basic living essentials such as cleaning products, food and accomodation, access to phones and also to the crown. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/federal-inmates-go-on-strike-to-protest-pay-cuts-1.1875491</ref>
	\|}		\|}

Mediawiki: /* Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex */

2022-10-19T21:00:23Z

Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex

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	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	~~Adrienne Maree Brown <ref>https://transformharm.org/the-fictions-and-futures-of-transformative-justice/#:~:text=adrienne%20maree%20brown.,think%20that%20can%20be%20tricky.</ref>~~		Incarceration rates
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
	''~~"I tend to think of abolition as one result of transformative justice~~: ~~abolition is the end of prisons; transformative justice is the methods people use to uproot injustice patterns in communities~~. ~~I tend to think of abolition as a totality, and I think that can be tricky~~. ~~People set out to abolish slavery and we ended up with the prison industrial complex because while there~~ were surface and policy level shifts, the culture did not shift. That deep underlying racism and classism remains and is now roaring to the surface as we write this. So, while I identify as an abolitionist, I find speaking about ~~the iterative tangible work of transformative justice makes more sense to me now–I don’t simply want the prisons gone, I want a radically different way of interacting with each other to grow."''~~
			*In 2016, Canada’s crime rates hit a 45-year low. Yet,''' incarceration rates hit an all time high'''. <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	~~Mia Mingus <ref>https://transformharm.org/~~the~~-fictions-and-futures-of-transformative-justice/#:~:text=adrienne%20maree%20brown.,think%20that%20can%20be%20tricky.</ref>~~		Incarceration of the legally innocent
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
	''"I understand abolition to be a necessary part of transformative justice because prisons, and the PIC, are major sites of individual and collective violence, abuse, and trauma. However, transformative justice is and must also be a critical part of abolition work because we will need to build alternatives to how we respond to harm, violence, and abuse. Just because we shut down prisons, does not mean that these will stop. Transformative justice has roots in abolition work and is an abolitionist framework, but goes beyond abolishing prisons (and slavery) and asks us to end–and transform the conditions that perpetuate–generational cycles of violence such as rape, sexual assault, child abuse, child sexual abuse, domestic violence, intimate partner abuse, war, genocide, poverty, human trafficking, police brutality, murder, stalking, sexual harassment, all systems of oppression, dangerous societal norms, and trauma."''
	\|-
	~~\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| Amanda Aguilar Shank <ref>https://brownstargirl.org/beyond-survival/</ref>~~
	\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \| Interpersonal harm is inevitable. Abolition imagines that ''"each moment where harm happens is an opportunity to transform relationships and communities, build trust and safety, and grow slowly toward the beautiful people we are meant to be, in the world we deserve." ''<br>
	\|}




	*In 2016, Canada’s crime rates hit a 45-year low. Yet,''' incarceration rates hit an all time high'''. <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>
	*The '''majority of people''' incarcerated in Canada, 60%, are denied bail and incarcerated in advance of their trial. This means''' '''they are '''legally innocent.''' <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>		*The '''majority of people''' incarcerated in Canada, 60%, are denied bail and incarcerated in advance of their trial. This means''' '''they are '''legally innocent.''' <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>
			\|-
			\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| Over-incarceration of marginalized groups
			\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|
	*Indigenous Peoples are incarcerated '''10x more often than non-Indigenous citizens'''; an example of [[systemic racism]] <ref>https://www.oci-bec.gc.ca/cnt/rpt/oth-aut/oth-aut20121022info-eng.aspx</ref>		*Indigenous Peoples are incarcerated '''10x more often than non-Indigenous citizens'''; an example of [[systemic racism]] <ref>https://www.oci-bec.gc.ca/cnt/rpt/oth-aut/oth-aut20121022info-eng.aspx</ref>
	*Federally sentenced inmates are paid a maximum of $6.90 per day for their labour. '''The average is $3.00 per day for their labour'''. Most is deducted for their basic living essentials such as cleaning products, food and accomodation, access to phones and also to the crown. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/federal-inmates-go-on-strike-to-protest-pay-cuts-1.1875491</ref>		\|-
			\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| Highly exploited labour
			\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \| *Federally sentenced inmates are paid a maximum of $6.90 per day for their labour. '''The average is $3.00 per day for their labour'''. Most is deducted for their basic living essentials such as cleaning products, food and accomodation, access to phones and also to the crown. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/federal-inmates-go-on-strike-to-protest-pay-cuts-1.1875491</ref>
			\|}

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Mediawiki: /* Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex */

2022-10-19T20:57:55Z

Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:57, 19 October 2022
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	== Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex ==		== Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex ==
			{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 92px; background-color: #ffffff;"
			\|- style="height: 23px;"
			\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
			Adrienne Maree Brown <ref>https://transformharm.org/the-fictions-and-futures-of-transformative-justice/#:~:text=adrienne%20maree%20brown.,think%20that%20can%20be%20tricky.</ref>
			\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
			''"I tend to think of abolition as one result of transformative justice: abolition is the end of prisons; transformative justice is the methods people use to uproot injustice patterns in communities. I tend to think of abolition as a totality, and I think that can be tricky. People set out to abolish slavery and we ended up with the prison industrial complex because while there were surface and policy level shifts, the culture did not shift. That deep underlying racism and classism remains and is now roaring to the surface as we write this. So, while I identify as an abolitionist, I find speaking about the iterative tangible work of transformative justice makes more sense to me now–I don’t simply want the prisons gone, I want a radically different way of interacting with each other to grow."''
			\|- style="height: 23px;"
			\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
			Mia Mingus <ref>https://transformharm.org/the-fictions-and-futures-of-transformative-justice/#:~:text=adrienne%20maree%20brown.,think%20that%20can%20be%20tricky.</ref>
			\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
			''"I understand abolition to be a necessary part of transformative justice because prisons, and the PIC, are major sites of individual and collective violence, abuse, and trauma. However, transformative justice is and must also be a critical part of abolition work because we will need to build alternatives to how we respond to harm, violence, and abuse. Just because we shut down prisons, does not mean that these will stop. Transformative justice has roots in abolition work and is an abolitionist framework, but goes beyond abolishing prisons (and slavery) and asks us to end–and transform the conditions that perpetuate–generational cycles of violence such as rape, sexual assault, child abuse, child sexual abuse, domestic violence, intimate partner abuse, war, genocide, poverty, human trafficking, police brutality, murder, stalking, sexual harassment, all systems of oppression, dangerous societal norms, and trauma."''
			\|-
			\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| Amanda Aguilar Shank <ref>https://brownstargirl.org/beyond-survival/</ref>
			\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \| Interpersonal harm is inevitable. Abolition imagines that ''"each moment where harm happens is an opportunity to transform relationships and communities, build trust and safety, and grow slowly toward the beautiful people we are meant to be, in the world we deserve." ''<br>
			\|}

Mediawiki: /* Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex */

2022-09-26T21:26:31Z

Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:26, 26 September 2022
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	*In 2016, Canada’s crime rates hit a 45-year low. Yet,''' incarceration rates hit an all time high'''. <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>		*In 2016, Canada’s crime rates hit a 45-year low. Yet,''' incarceration rates hit an all time high'''. <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>
	*The majority of people incarcerated in Canada, 60%, are denied bail and incarcerated in advance of their trial. This means''' they are legally innocent.''' <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>		*The '''majority of people''' incarcerated in Canada, 60%, are denied bail and incarcerated in advance of their trial. This means''' '''they are '''legally innocent.''' <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>
	*Indigenous Peoples are incarcerated '''10x more often than non-Indigenous citizens'''; an example of [[systemic racism]] <ref>https://www.oci-bec.gc.ca/cnt/rpt/oth-aut/oth-aut20121022info-eng.aspx</ref>		*Indigenous Peoples are incarcerated '''10x more often than non-Indigenous citizens'''; an example of [[systemic racism]] <ref>https://www.oci-bec.gc.ca/cnt/rpt/oth-aut/oth-aut20121022info-eng.aspx</ref>
	*Federally sentenced inmates are paid a maximum of $6.90 per day for their labour. '''The average is $3.00 per day for their labour'''. Most is deducted for their basic living essentials such as cleaning products, food and accomodation, access to phones and also to the crown. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/federal-inmates-go-on-strike-to-protest-pay-cuts-1.1875491</ref>		*Federally sentenced inmates are paid a maximum of $6.90 per day for their labour. '''The average is $3.00 per day for their labour'''. Most is deducted for their basic living essentials such as cleaning products, food and accomodation, access to phones and also to the crown. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/federal-inmates-go-on-strike-to-protest-pay-cuts-1.1875491</ref>

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	== Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex ==		== Examples of the Prison Industrial Complex ==
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	*The majority of people incarcerated in Canada, 60%, are denied bail and incarcerated in advance of their trial. This means they are legally innocent. <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>		*The majority of people incarcerated in Canada, 60%, are denied bail and incarcerated in advance of their trial. This means they are legally innocent. <ref>http://www.intersectionalanalyst.com/intersectional-analyst/2017/7/20/everything-you-were-never-taught-about-canadas-prison-systems</ref>
	*Over 90% of American criminal cases end in plea deals. Vulnerable people are often coerced into signing plea deals because of the threat of high prison sentences if they were to lose at trial. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>		*Over 90% of American criminal cases end in plea deals. Vulnerable people are often coerced into signing plea deals because of the threat of high prison sentences if they were to lose at trial. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>
	\|- style="height: ~~173px~~;"		\|- style="height: 82px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: ~~173px~~;" \| '''Over-incarceration of marginalized groups'''		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 82px;" \| '''Over-incarceration of marginalized groups'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: ~~173px~~;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 82px;" \|
	*Indigenous Peoples are incarcerated 10x more often than non-Indigenous citizens; an example of [[systemic racism]] <ref>https://www.oci-bec.gc.ca/cnt/rpt/oth-aut/oth-aut20121022info-eng.aspx</ref>		*Indigenous Peoples are incarcerated 10x more often than non-Indigenous citizens; an example of [[systemic racism]] <ref>https://www.oci-bec.gc.ca/cnt/rpt/oth-aut/oth-aut20121022info-eng.aspx</ref>
	*People of all races use and sell illegal drugs at remarkably similar rates, yet people of colour are incarcerated at higher rates than their white people. The war on drugs has been the largest contributor to systemic mass incarceration of people of colour in the USA. <ref>Alexander, M. (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindess. The New Press, New York, London. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e0185311e0373308494e5b6/t/5e0833e3afc7590ba079bbb4/1577595881870/the_new_jim_crow.pdf</ref>		*People of all races use and sell illegal drugs at remarkably similar rates, yet people of colour are incarcerated at higher rates than their white people. The war on drugs has been the largest contributor to systemic mass incarceration of people of colour in the USA. <ref>Alexander, M. (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindess. The New Press, New York, London. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e0185311e0373308494e5b6/t/5e0833e3afc7590ba079bbb4/1577595881870/the_new_jim_crow.pdf</ref>
	\|- style="height: 103px;"		\|- style="height: 103px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 103px;" \| '''Highly exploited labour'''		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 103px;" \| '''Highly exploited labour'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 103px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 103px;" \|
	*Federally sentenced inmates are paid a maximum of $6.90 per day in Canada for their labour. The average is $3.00 per day for their labour. Most is deducted for their basic living essentials such as cleaning products, food and accomodation, access to phones and also to the crown. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/federal-inmates-go-on-strike-to-protest-pay-cuts-1.1875491</ref>		*Federally sentenced inmates are paid a maximum of $6.90 per day in Canada for their labour. The average is $3.00 per day for their labour. Most is deducted for their basic living essentials such as cleaning products, food and accomodation, access to phones and also to the crown. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/federal-inmates-go-on-strike-to-protest-pay-cuts-1.1875491</ref>
	*In the US, UNICOR is a government owned corporation that operates prison labor programs. In 2015, the company owned 83 factories employing 12,278 inmates paid $0.23-$1.15/h. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>		*In the US, UNICOR is a government owned corporation that operates prison labor programs. In 2015, the company owned 83 factories employing 12,278 inmates paid $0.23-$1.15/h. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>
	*Following an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, British petroleum hired prisoners to clean parts of the spill. After receiving tax write-offs under the WOTC (Work Opportunity Tax Credit Legislation), the company earned about $2,400 per inmate they hired. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>		*Following an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, British petroleum hired prisoners to clean parts of the spill. After receiving tax write-offs under the WOTC (Work Opportunity Tax Credit Legislation), the company earned about $2,400 per inmate they hired. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>
	*Prisoners compare prison labor to slave labor because inmates who do refuse to work are penalized. ''“Though I’ve always refused to engage in this modern slavery myself, I’ve witnessed plenty of examples of it. The most extreme were in Texas and Florida, where prisoners are forced to work in the fields for free, entirely unremunerated. They are cajoled into chain gangs and taken out to the fields where they are made to grow all the food that inmates eat: squash, greens, peas, okra. They are given primitive hand-held tools like wooden sticks and hoes and forced to till the soil, plant and harvest cotton. They are watched over all day by guards on horseback carrying shotguns. Elite posses of prisoners are used to keep other prisoners in line, through open coercion and violence. Prisoners who do not agree to such abject slavery are put in solitary confinement. I know from personal experience.''” - Kevin Rashid Johnson <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref> <br>		*Prisoners compare prison labor to slave labor because inmates who do refuse to work are penalized. ''“Though I’ve always refused to engage in this modern slavery myself, I’ve witnessed plenty of examples of it. The most extreme were in Texas and Florida, where prisoners are forced to work in the fields for free, entirely unremunerated. They are cajoled into chain gangs and taken out to the fields where they are made to grow all the food that inmates eat: squash, greens, peas, okra. They are given primitive hand-held tools like wooden sticks and hoes and forced to till the soil, plant and harvest cotton. They are watched over all day by guards on horseback carrying shotguns. Elite posses of prisoners are used to keep other prisoners in line, through open coercion and violence. Prisoners who do not agree to such abject slavery are put in solitary confinement. I know from personal experience.''” - Kevin Rashid Johnson <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref> <br>
	\|-		\|- style="height: 83px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Prisons for profit'''		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 83px;" \| '''Prisons for profit'''
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	*Occupancy clauses: in some prisons in the US, the state is obliged to compensate the private owner of the prison if occupancy falls below a certain level (in some cases, clause is 100% occupancy). The goal of these clauses is to ensure that private prison owners have a stable workforce for the factories inside the prison. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>		*Occupancy clauses: in some prisons in the US, the state is obliged to compensate the private owner of the prison if occupancy falls below a certain level (in some cases, clause is 100% occupancy). The goal of these clauses is to ensure that private prison owners have a stable workforce for the factories inside the prison. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>
	*2 large corporations running US private prisons operate together over 130 prisons and generate $4 billion in annual revenue. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>		*2 large corporations running US private prisons operate together over 130 prisons and generate $4 billion in annual revenue. <ref>Hammad, N. (2019). Shackled to economic appeal: how prison labor facilitates modern slavery while perpetuating poverty in black communities. American University Washington College of Law. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vajsplw26&div=9&id=&page=</ref>
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	'''A special thanks to Gabrielle Bourbeau for their tremendous support compiling content for this page.'''		'''A special thanks to Gabrielle Bourbeau for their tremendous support compiling content for this page.'''
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