Judicial system (judiciary) - Revision history

Mediawiki: /* How the judicial system upholds climate injustice */

2023-08-29T20:02:41Z

How the judicial system upholds climate injustice

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 29 August 2023
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	*The refugee convention has two core requirements; the first is a “well-founded fear of being persecuted” and the second is that the reasons for persecution are limited to<br>“race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.” These well defined requirements have made it impossible to use to attribute the refugee convention to climate refugees. <ref>Williams, A. (2008). Turning the tide: Recognizing climate change refugees in international law. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008. 00290.x</ref>		*The refugee convention has two core requirements; the first is a “well-founded fear of being persecuted” and the second is that the reasons for persecution are limited to<br>“race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.” These well defined requirements have made it impossible to use to attribute the refugee convention to climate refugees. <ref>Williams, A. (2008). Turning the tide: Recognizing climate change refugees in international law. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008. 00290.x</ref>
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	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| Uneasiness of judges to taken on climate cases		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Uneasiness of judges to taken on climate cases'''
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	*As more court cases are brought involving climate-related claims, there is a trend for judges to refuse to take on <span style="font-size: 14.4px;">these cases, typically stating the same argument for their refusal; climate change policies </span>are the jurisdiction of the politicians and policy makers, not judges. <ref>Kuh, K. F. (2019). The Legitimacy of Judicial Climate Engagement. Pace University, School of Law Faculty Publications. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2150& context=lawfaculty</ref>		*As more court cases are brought involving climate-related claims, there is a trend for judges to refuse to take on <span style="font-size: 14.4px;">these cases, typically stating the same argument for their refusal; climate change policies </span>are the jurisdiction of the politicians and policy makers, not judges. <ref>Kuh, K. F. (2019). The Legitimacy of Judicial Climate Engagement. Pace University, School of Law Faculty Publications. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2150& context=lawfaculty</ref>

Mediawiki: /* How the judicial system upholds climate injustice */

2023-08-29T20:02:35Z

How the judicial system upholds climate injustice

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 29 August 2023
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	*The refugee convention has two core requirements; the first is a “well-founded fear of being persecuted” and the second is that the reasons for persecution are limited to<br>“race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.” These well defined requirements have made it impossible to use to attribute the refugee convention to climate refugees. <ref>Williams, A. (2008). Turning the tide: Recognizing climate change refugees in international law. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008. 00290.x</ref>		*The refugee convention has two core requirements; the first is a “well-founded fear of being persecuted” and the second is that the reasons for persecution are limited to<br>“race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.” These well defined requirements have made it impossible to use to attribute the refugee convention to climate refugees. <ref>Williams, A. (2008). Turning the tide: Recognizing climate change refugees in international law. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008. 00290.x</ref>
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	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| ~~'''~~Uneasiness of judges to taken on climate cases~~''''''<br>'''~~		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| Uneasiness of judges to taken on climate cases
	\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|
	*As more court cases are brought involving climate-related claims, there is a trend for judges to refuse to take on <span style="font-size: 14.4px;">these cases, typically stating the same argument for their refusal; climate change policies </span>are the jurisdiction of the politicians and policy makers, not judges. <ref>Kuh, K. F. (2019). The Legitimacy of Judicial Climate Engagement. Pace University, School of Law Faculty Publications. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2150& context=lawfaculty</ref>		*As more court cases are brought involving climate-related claims, there is a trend for judges to refuse to take on <span style="font-size: 14.4px;">these cases, typically stating the same argument for their refusal; climate change policies </span>are the jurisdiction of the politicians and policy makers, not judges. <ref>Kuh, K. F. (2019). The Legitimacy of Judicial Climate Engagement. Pace University, School of Law Faculty Publications. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2150& context=lawfaculty</ref>

Mediawiki: /* How the judicial system upholds climate injustice */

2023-08-29T20:02:17Z

How the judicial system upholds climate injustice

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 29 August 2023
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	*In addition to funding the industry, the government protects it with injunctions, which are court orders preventing protesters from interfering with, and often going near, work sites. These work sites are typically pipelines, company headquarters, or tree logging sites. When an injunction is breached, fines and jail time may be given out. The right to protest and conduct picket activities is protected by the right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly; court ordered injunctions go against this right. <ref><span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;">Stop TMX. (2022). Protests </span>&<span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;"> arrests. https://www.stoptmx.ca/protests- arrests/</span></ref>		*In addition to funding the industry, the government protects it with injunctions, which are court orders preventing protesters from interfering with, and often going near, work sites. These work sites are typically pipelines, company headquarters, or tree logging sites. When an injunction is breached, fines and jail time may be given out. The right to protest and conduct picket activities is protected by the right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly; court ordered injunctions go against this right. <ref><span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;">Stop TMX. (2022). Protests </span>&<span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;"> arrests. https://www.stoptmx.ca/protests- arrests/</span></ref>
	*The TMX pipeline injunction, financed by the Trudeau government, had led to 48 arrests for breaching the injunction line as of February 8th, 2022 <ref><span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;">Gamage, M. (2022). Meet the protesters going to jail to fight climate change. The Tyee. Retrieved from https://thetyee.ca/News/2022/04/27/Meet-Protesters-Fighting-Climate-Change/</span></ref>		*The TMX pipeline injunction, financed by the Trudeau government, had led to 48 arrests for breaching the injunction line as of February 8th, 2022 <ref><span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;">Gamage, M. (2022). Meet the protesters going to jail to fight climate change. The Tyee. Retrieved from https://thetyee.ca/News/2022/04/27/Meet-Protesters-Fighting-Climate-Change/</span></ref>
	*The injunction granted to Coastal GasLink to build a pipeline through Wet’suwet’en territory without the consent of the hereditary chiefs led to the arrests of 74 people and enforcement costs of over 13<br>million for the period of January 2019 - March 2020 <ref><span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;">Stop TMX. (2022). Protests </span>&<span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;"> arrests. https://www.stoptmx.ca/protests- arrests/</span></ref>		*The injunction granted to Coastal GasLink to build a pipeline through Wet’suwet’en territory without the consent of the hereditary chiefs led to the arrests of 74 people and enforcement costs of over 13<br>million for the period of January 2019 - March 2020 <ref><span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;">Stop TMX. (2022). Protests </span>&<span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;"> arrests. https://www.stoptmx.ca/protests- arrests/</span></ref>
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		\|- style="height: 23px;"
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	*Current estimates suggest that 50 to 200 million people will be displaced due to the direct impacts of climate change. These displaced people are sometimes called “climate refugees”, but they do not meet the refugee convention requirements. <ref>Williams, A. (2008). Turning the tide: Recognizing climate change refugees in international law. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008. 00290.x</ref>		*Current estimates suggest that 50 to 200 million people will be displaced due to the direct impacts of climate change. These displaced people are sometimes called “climate refugees”, but they do not meet the refugee convention requirements. <ref>Williams, A. (2008). Turning the tide: Recognizing climate change refugees in international law. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008. 00290.x</ref>
	*The refugee convention has two core requirements; the first is a “well-founded fear of being persecuted” and the second is that the reasons for persecution are limited to<br>“race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.” These well defined requirements have made it impossible to use to attribute the refugee convention to climate refugees. <ref>Williams, A. (2008). Turning the tide: Recognizing climate change refugees in international law. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008. 00290.x</ref>		*The refugee convention has two core requirements; the first is a “well-founded fear of being persecuted” and the second is that the reasons for persecution are limited to<br>“race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.” These well defined requirements have made it impossible to use to attribute the refugee convention to climate refugees. <ref>Williams, A. (2008). Turning the tide: Recognizing climate change refugees in international law. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008. 00290.x</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Uneasiness of judges to taken on climate cases''''''<br>'''		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Uneasiness of judges to taken on climate cases''''''<br>'''

Mediawiki: /* Using the judicial system for climate justice */

2023-08-29T20:02:04Z

Using the judicial system for climate justice

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 29 August 2023
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	'''Litigation cases against governments to hold them accountable for climate'''		'''Litigation cases against governments to hold them accountable for climate'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
			*For example, a group of youth went after the Ontario government. <ref>https://theconversation.com/court-decision-in-youth-climate-lawsuit-against-ontario-government-ignites-hope-206275</ref>
	*For example, a group of youth went after the Ontario government. <ref>https://theconversation.com/court-decision-in-youth-climate-lawsuit-against-ontario-government-ignites-hope-206275</ref>		*A litigation case against the government of Montana was successful. <ref>https://www.npr.org/2023/08/23/1194710955/montana-youth-climate-ruling-could-set-precedent-for-future-climate-litigation</ref>
	*A litigation case against the government of Montana was successful. <ref>https://www.npr.org/2023/08/23/1194710955/montana-youth-climate-ruling-could-set-precedent-for-future-climate-litigation</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Litigation against corporate actors'''		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Litigation against corporate actors'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|
			*For example, groups have gone after Shell for failing to move away from funding fossil fuels fast enough. <ref>https://www.clientearth.org/latest/latest-updates/news/we-re-taking-legal-action-against-shell-s-board-for-mismanaging-climate-risk/</ref>
	*For example, groups have gone after Shell for failing to move away from funding fossil fuels fast enough. <ref>https://www.clientearth.org/latest/latest-updates/news/we-re-taking-legal-action-against-shell-s-board-for-mismanaging-climate-risk/</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Litigation for greenwashing or misleading green promises'''		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Litigation for greenwashing or misleading green promises'''
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	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	'''Rights of Nation (RoN) ~~legal~~ cases for ~~climate justice~~ <ref>https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6014527b90b10920133c710b/t/626aa1cb534e5c386d985dae/1651155404253/KOW+Personhood+Report+-+Jan+2022.pdf</ref> '''		'''Rights of Nation (RoN) cases for environmental protection <ref>https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6014527b90b10920133c710b/t/626aa1cb534e5c386d985dae/1651155404253/KOW+Personhood+Report+-+Jan+2022.pdf</ref> '''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
	*In New Zealand (2017), the Whanganui River was recognized as a “legal entity” as part of a negotiated settlement between the government and the Māori people (Kestler-D-Amours, 2021)		*In New Zealand (2017), the Whanganui River was recognized as a “legal entity” as part of a negotiated settlement between the government and the Māori people (Kestler-D-Amours, 2021)

Mediawiki: /* Using the judicial system for climate justice */

2023-08-29T20:01:36Z

Using the judicial system for climate justice

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:01, 29 August 2023
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	'''Litigation cases against governments to hold them accountable for climate'''		'''Litigation cases against governments to hold them accountable for climate'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
	<br>
			*For example, a group of youth went after the Ontario government. <ref>https://theconversation.com/court-decision-in-youth-climate-lawsuit-against-ontario-government-ignites-hope-206275</ref>
			*A litigation case against the government of Montana was successful. <ref>https://www.npr.org/2023/08/23/1194710955/montana-youth-climate-ruling-could-set-precedent-for-future-climate-litigation</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Litigation against corporate actors'''		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Litigation against corporate actors'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|
	<br>
			*For example, groups have gone after Shell for failing to move away from funding fossil fuels fast enough. <ref>https://www.clientearth.org/latest/latest-updates/news/we-re-taking-legal-action-against-shell-s-board-for-mismanaging-climate-risk/</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Litigation for greenwashing or misleading green promises'''		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Litigation for greenwashing or misleading green promises'''

Mediawiki at 19:57, 29 August 2023

2023-08-29T19:57:23Z

Mediawiki: /* Using the judicial system for climate justice */

2023-08-29T19:55:01Z

Using the judicial system for climate justice

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:55, 29 August 2023
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	== Using the judicial system for climate justice ==		== Using the judicial system for climate justice ==
	{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 46px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"		{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 46px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	~~<br>~~		'''Litigation cases against governments to hold them accountable for climate'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
			\|-
			\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Litigation against corporate actors'''
			\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|

	<br>		<br>
			\|-
			\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Litigation for greenwashing or misleading green promises'''
			\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|
			*6 individuals are going after RBC for their misleading advertising on climate action. <ref>https://ecojustice.ca/news/canadas-competition-bureau-opens-investigation-into-rbcs-alleged-misleading-advertising-on-climate-action/</ref>
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	<br>		'''Rights of Nation (RoN) legal cases for climate justice <ref>https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6014527b90b10920133c710b/t/626aa1cb534e5c386d985dae/1651155404253/KOW+Personhood+Report+-+Jan+2022.pdf</ref> '''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
	~~<br>~~
			*In New Zealand (2017), the Whanganui River was recognized as a “legal entity” as part of a negotiated settlement between the government and the Māori people (Kestler-D-Amours, 2021)
			*In 2017, a court in India ruled that the Ganges and Yamuna rivers should be granted the same legal rights as people.
			*In 2016, Colombia’s Constitutional Court declared that the Atrato River in the country’s northwest had a “subject of rights.”
			*In 2008, Ecuador adopted a new constitution which included a similar concept of rights for nature protecting the Vilcabamba River.
	\|}		\|}

Mediawiki: /* How the judicial system upholds climate injustice */

2023-08-29T19:45:45Z

How the judicial system upholds climate injustice

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:45, 29 August 2023
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	== How the judicial system upholds climate injustice ==		== How the judicial system upholds climate injustice ==
	{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 46px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"		{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 46px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	~~<br>~~		'''Funding and protecting the oil and gas industry while jailing protesters'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
	<br>
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		*In addition to funding the industry, the government protects it with injunctions, which are court orders preventing protesters from interfering with, and often going near, work sites. These work sites are typically pipelines, company headquarters, or tree logging sites. When an injunction is breached, fines and jail time may be given out. The right to protest and conduct picket activities is protected by the right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly; court ordered injunctions go against this right. <ref><span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;" >Stop TMX. (2022). Protests </span>&<span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;" > arrests. https://www.stoptmx.ca/protests- arrests/</span></ref>
			*The TMX pipeline injunction, financed by the Trudeau government, had led to 48 arrests for breaching the injunction line as of February 8th, 2022 <ref><span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;" >Gamage, M. (2022). Meet the protesters going to jail to fight climate change. The Tyee. Retrieved from https://thetyee.ca/News/2022/04/27/Meet-Protesters-Fighting-Climate-Change/</span></ref>
			*The injunction granted to Coastal GasLink to build a pipeline through Wet’suwet’en territory without the consent of the hereditary chiefs led to the arrests of 74 people and enforcement costs of over 13<br>million for the period of January 2019 - March 2020<ref><span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;" >Stop TMX. (2022). Protests </span>&<span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;" > arrests. https://www.stoptmx.ca/protests- arrests/</span></ref>
			\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	~~<br>~~		'''Climate refugees’ legal status'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
	<br>
			*Current estimates suggest that 50 to 200 million people will be displaced due to the direct impacts of climate change. These displaced people are sometimes called “climate refugees”, but they do not meet the refugee convention requirements. <ref>Williams, A. (2008). Turning the tide: Recognizing climate change refugees in international law. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008. 00290.x</ref>
			*The refugee convention has two core requirements; the first is a “well-founded fear of being persecuted” and the second is that the reasons for persecution are limited to<br>“race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.” These well defined requirements have made it impossible to use to attribute the refugee convention to climate refugees.<ref>Williams, A. (2008). Turning the tide: Recognizing climate change refugees in international law. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008. 00290.x</ref>
			\|-
			\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Uneasiness of judges to taken on climate cases''''''<br>'''
			\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|
			*As more court cases are brought involving climate-related claims, there is a trend for judges to refuse to take on <span style="font-size: 14.4px;">these cases, typically stating the same argument for their refusal; climate change policies </span>are the jurisdiction of the politicians and policy makers, not judges. <ref>Kuh, K. F. (2019). The Legitimacy of Judicial Climate Engagement. Pace University, School of Law Faculty Publications. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2150& context=lawfaculty</ref>
	\|}		\|}

Mediawiki at 17:32, 29 August 2023

2023-08-29T17:32:02Z

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	~~Judicial justice~~ refers to justice sought via ''the system of courts or judges, through the interpretations, defence and application of law. -''Cambridge dictionary <ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/judicial</ref>		The judicial system (or judiciary) refers to


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	<br>
	'''A special thanks to Gabrielle Bourbeau for their tremendous support compiling content for this page.'''		<br>'''A special thanks to Gabrielle Bourbeau for their tremendous support compiling content for this page.'''

	<br>		<br>

Mediawiki: Mediawiki moved page Judicial system to Judicial system (judiciary)

2023-08-29T17:30:50Z

Mediawiki moved page Judicial system to Judicial system (judiciary)

← Older revision	Revision as of 17:30, 29 August 2023
(No difference)

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:57, 29 August 2023
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	The judicial system (or judiciary) refers to		The judicial system (or judiciary) refers to a branch of government whose task is the<span> authoritative</span> adjudication of controversies over the application of laws in specific situations.-Britannica <ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/judiciary</ref>


	== How the judicial system upholds climate injustice ==		== How the judicial system upholds climate injustice ==
	{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 46px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"		{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 46px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	'''Funding and protecting the oil and gas industry while jailing protesters'''		'''Funding and protecting the oil and gas industry while jailing protesters'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
			*In addition to funding the industry, the government protects it with injunctions, which are court orders preventing protesters from interfering with, and often going near, work sites. These work sites are typically pipelines, company headquarters, or tree logging sites. When an injunction is breached, fines and jail time may be given out. The right to protest and conduct picket activities is protected by the right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly; court ordered injunctions go against this right. <ref><span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;">Stop TMX. (2022). Protests </span>&<span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;"> arrests. https://www.stoptmx.ca/protests- arrests/</span></ref>
	*In addition to funding the industry, the government protects it with injunctions, which are court orders preventing protesters from interfering with, and often going near, work sites. These work sites are typically pipelines, company headquarters, or tree logging sites. When an injunction is breached, fines and jail time may be given out. The right to protest and conduct picket activities is protected by the right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly; court ordered injunctions go against this right. <ref><span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;" >Stop TMX. (2022). Protests </span>&<span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;" > arrests. https://www.stoptmx.ca/protests- arrests/</span></ref>		*The TMX pipeline injunction, financed by the Trudeau government, had led to 48 arrests for breaching the injunction line as of February 8th, 2022 <ref><span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;">Gamage, M. (2022). Meet the protesters going to jail to fight climate change. The Tyee. Retrieved from https://thetyee.ca/News/2022/04/27/Meet-Protesters-Fighting-Climate-Change/</span></ref>
	*The TMX pipeline injunction, financed by the Trudeau government, had led to 48 arrests for breaching the injunction line as of February 8th, 2022 <ref><span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;" >Gamage, M. (2022). Meet the protesters going to jail to fight climate change. The Tyee. Retrieved from https://thetyee.ca/News/2022/04/27/Meet-Protesters-Fighting-Climate-Change/</span></ref>		*The injunction granted to Coastal GasLink to build a pipeline through Wet’suwet’en territory without the consent of the hereditary chiefs led to the arrests of 74 people and enforcement costs of over 13<br>million for the period of January 2019 - March 2020 <ref><span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;">Stop TMX. (2022). Protests </span>&<span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;"> arrests. https://www.stoptmx.ca/protests- arrests/</span></ref>
	*The injunction granted to Coastal GasLink to build a pipeline through Wet’suwet’en territory without the consent of the hereditary chiefs led to the arrests of 74 people and enforcement costs of over 13<br>million for the period of January 2019 - March 2020<ref><span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;" >Stop TMX. (2022). Protests </span>&<span style="white-space-collapse: collapse;" > arrests. https://www.stoptmx.ca/protests- arrests/</span></ref>		\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	'''Climate refugees’ legal status'''		'''Climate refugees’ legal status'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
			*Current estimates suggest that 50 to 200 million people will be displaced due to the direct impacts of climate change. These displaced people are sometimes called “climate refugees”, but they do not meet the refugee convention requirements. <ref>Williams, A. (2008). Turning the tide: Recognizing climate change refugees in international law. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008. 00290.x</ref>
	*Current estimates suggest that 50 to 200 million people will be displaced due to the direct impacts of climate change. These displaced people are sometimes called “climate refugees”, but they do not meet the refugee convention requirements. <ref>Williams, A. (2008). Turning the tide: Recognizing climate change refugees in international law. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008. 00290.x</ref>		*The refugee convention has two core requirements; the first is a “well-founded fear of being persecuted” and the second is that the reasons for persecution are limited to<br>“race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.” These well defined requirements have made it impossible to use to attribute the refugee convention to climate refugees. <ref>Williams, A. (2008). Turning the tide: Recognizing climate change refugees in international law. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008. 00290.x</ref>
	*The refugee convention has two core requirements; the first is a “well-founded fear of being persecuted” and the second is that the reasons for persecution are limited to<br>“race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.” These well defined requirements have made it impossible to use to attribute the refugee convention to climate refugees.<ref>Williams, A. (2008). Turning the tide: Recognizing climate change refugees in international law. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008. 00290.x</ref>		\|-
	\|-
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Uneasiness of judges to taken on climate cases''''''<br>'''		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Uneasiness of judges to taken on climate cases''''''<br>'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|
	*As more court cases are brought involving climate-related claims, there is a trend for judges to refuse to take on <span style="font-size: 14.4px;">these cases, typically stating the same argument for their refusal; climate change policies </span>are the jurisdiction of the politicians and policy makers, not judges. <ref>Kuh, K. F. (2019). The Legitimacy of Judicial Climate Engagement. Pace University, School of Law Faculty Publications. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2150& context=lawfaculty</ref>		*As more court cases are brought involving climate-related claims, there is a trend for judges to refuse to take on <span style="font-size: 14.4px;">these cases, typically stating the same argument for their refusal; climate change policies </span>are the jurisdiction of the politicians and policy makers, not judges. <ref>Kuh, K. F. (2019). The Legitimacy of Judicial Climate Engagement. Pace University, School of Law Faculty Publications. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2150& context=lawfaculty</ref>
	\|}		\|}

	== Using the judicial system for climate justice ==		== Using the judicial system for climate justice ==
	{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 46px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"		{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 46px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	'''Litigation cases against governments to hold them accountable for climate'''		'''Litigation cases against governments to hold them accountable for climate'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
	\|-		<br>
			\|-
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Litigation against corporate actors'''		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Litigation against corporate actors'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|

	<br>		<br>
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	\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Litigation for greenwashing or misleading green promises'''		\| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" \| '''Litigation for greenwashing or misleading green promises'''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%;" \|
	*6 individuals are going after RBC for their misleading advertising on climate action. <ref>https://ecojustice.ca/news/canadas-competition-bureau-opens-investigation-into-rbcs-alleged-misleading-advertising-on-climate-action/</ref>		*6 individuals are going after RBC for their misleading advertising on climate action. <ref>https://ecojustice.ca/news/canadas-competition-bureau-opens-investigation-into-rbcs-alleged-misleading-advertising-on-climate-action/</ref>
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	'''Rights of Nation (RoN) legal cases for climate justice <ref>https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6014527b90b10920133c710b/t/626aa1cb534e5c386d985dae/1651155404253/KOW+Personhood+Report+-+Jan+2022.pdf</ref> '''		'''Rights of Nation (RoN) legal cases for climate justice <ref>https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6014527b90b10920133c710b/t/626aa1cb534e5c386d985dae/1651155404253/KOW+Personhood+Report+-+Jan+2022.pdf</ref> '''
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|

	*In New Zealand (2017), the Whanganui River was recognized as a “legal entity” as part of a negotiated settlement between the government and the Māori people (Kestler-D-Amours, 2021)		*In New Zealand (2017), the Whanganui River was recognized as a “legal entity” as part of a negotiated settlement between the government and the Māori people (Kestler-D-Amours, 2021)
	*In 2017, a court in India ruled that the Ganges and Yamuna rivers should be granted the same legal rights as people.		*In 2017, a court in India ruled that the Ganges and Yamuna rivers should be granted the same legal rights as people.