Environmental racism - Revision history

Mediawiki at 20:21, 1 September 2022

2022-09-01T20:21:07Z

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	~~<br>~~
	== Examples of Environmental Racism in so-called Canada <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref> : ==		== Examples of Environmental Racism in so-called Canada <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref> : ==

Mediawiki: /* Examples of Environmental Racism in so-called Canada https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada# : */

2022-09-01T20:20:52Z

Examples of Environmental Racism in so-called Canada https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada# :

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	*'' Africville descendants have fought back. "Most recently, in November 2016, up to 300 former residents and their descendants joined an application submitted to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. The application was for a class-action lawsuit against Halifax over the loss of their land. In 2018, a judge turned down the application. The judge ruled that the plaintiff had not “satisfied the requirements” to certify the class action, which prevented the case from proceeding."''  ''- Ingrid Waldron '' <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>		*'' Africville descendants have fought back. "Most recently, in November 2016, up to 300 former residents and their descendants joined an application submitted to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. The application was for a class-action lawsuit against Halifax over the loss of their land. In 2018, a judge turned down the application. The judge ruled that the plaintiff had not “satisfied the requirements” to certify the class action, which prevented the case from proceeding."''  ''- Ingrid Waldron '' <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>
	\|}		\|}

	~~=== <br> ===~~

Mediawiki: /* Examples of Environmental Racism in so-called Canada https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#: */

2022-09-01T20:20:44Z

Examples of Environmental Racism in so-called Canada https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#:

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	<br>		<br>
	== Examples of Environmental Racism in so-called Canada <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>: ==		== Examples of Environmental Racism in so-called Canada <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref> : ==



	{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 92px; background-color: #ffffff;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 92px; background-color: #ffffff;"
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	=== Grassy Narrows (Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek) ===		=== Grassy Narrows (Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek) ===
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	*The Ontario provincial government advised the community to stop eating fish and closed their commercial fishery. Within a year of the fishery closing, Grassy Narrows’ unemployment rate jumped from 5 per cent to 95 per cent.		*The Ontario provincial government advised the community to stop eating fish and closed their commercial fishery. Within a year of the fishery closing, Grassy Narrows’ unemployment rate jumped from 5 per cent to 95 per cent.
	*Although Dryden Chemicals Ltd. has closed, the health effects of mercury contamination linger in community members.		*Although Dryden Chemicals Ltd. has closed, the health effects of mercury contamination linger in community members.
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
			=== Aamijiwnaang First Nation ===


	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
	~~\|- style="height: 23px;"~~		*Chemical Valley is Canada’s largest petrochemical complex. Over 60 petrochemical facilities can be found within a 25 km<sup>2</sup> area.
	~~\| style="width: 19~~.~~6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|~~		*High rates of cancer, respiratory illness and reproductive health issues have been linked to living near these facilities.
	~~\| style="width: 80~~.~~3024%; height: 23px;" \|~~		*Members of the community depended on fish from the St. Clair River which flows through Chemical Valley. The river has had hundreds of spills which contributed to approximately 10 tonnes of pollutants in the St. Clair River.
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
			=== Africville ===

	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
			*''In 1965, the City of Halifax undertook actions that took property away from and displaced members of the Africville community. The area became the location of environmental and social hazards. ''
			*''Hazards included "a fertilizer plant, slaughterhouse, tar factory, stone and coal crushing plant, cotton factory, prison, three systems of railway tracks, and an open dump." - Ingrid Waldron '' <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>
			*'' Africville descendants have fought back. "Most recently, in November 2016, up to 300 former residents and their descendants joined an application submitted to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. The application was for a class-action lawsuit against Halifax over the loss of their land. In 2018, a judge turned down the application. The judge ruled that the plaintiff had not “satisfied the requirements” to certify the class action, which prevented the case from proceeding."''  ''- Ingrid Waldron '' <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>
	\|}		\|}

	=== ~~Africville~~ ===		=== <br> ===



	*''In 1965, the City of Halifax undertook actions that took property away from and displaced members of the Africville community. The area became the location of environmental and social hazards. ''
	*''Hazards included "a fertilizer plant, slaughterhouse, tar factory, stone and coal crushing plant, cotton factory, prison, three systems of railway tracks, and an open dump." - Ingrid Waldron ''<ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>
	*'' Africville descendants have fought back. "Most recently, in November 2016, up to 300 former residents and their descendants joined an application submitted to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. The application was for a class-action lawsuit against Halifax over the loss of their land. In 2018, a judge turned down the application. The judge ruled that the plaintiff had not “satisfied the requirements” to certify the class action, which prevented the case from proceeding."''  ''- Ingrid Waldron ''<ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>
	If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.		If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
	<br>[[File:Creative commons.png\|300px\|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/\|center\|frameless]]		<br>[[File:Creative commons.png\|300px\|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/\|center\|frameless]]

Mediawiki: /* Aamijiwnaang First Nation */

2022-09-01T20:20:12Z

Aamijiwnaang First Nation

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	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
	\|}		\|}

	~~=== Aamijiwnaang First Nation ===~~


	*Chemical Valley is Canada’s largest petrochemical complex. Over 60 petrochemical facilities can be found within a 25 km<sup>2</sup> area.
	*High rates of cancer, respiratory illness and reproductive health issues have been linked to living near these facilities.
	*Members of the community depended on fish from the St. Clair River which flows through Chemical Valley. The river has had hundreds of spills which contributed to approximately 10 tonnes of pollutants in the St. Clair River.

	=== Africville ===		=== Africville ===

Mediawiki: /* Examples of Environmental Racism in so-called Canada https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#: */

2022-09-01T20:20:01Z

Examples of Environmental Racism in so-called Canada https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#:

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:20, 1 September 2022
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	~~=== <br> ===~~
	{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 92px; background-color: #ffffff;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 92px; background-color: #ffffff;"
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		\|- style="height: 23px;"

Mediawiki: /* Grassy Narrows (Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek) */

2022-09-01T20:19:47Z

Grassy Narrows (Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek)

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:19, 1 September 2022
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			=== <br> ===
			{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 92px; background-color: #ffffff;"
			\|- style="height: 23px;"
			\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	=== Grassy Narrows (Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek) ===		=== Grassy Narrows (Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek) ===
	~~{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 92px; background-color: #ffffff;"~~
	~~\|- style="height: 23px;"~~
	~~\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|~~
	~~Disposability discourse~~
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
	~~Much discussion around~~ the ~~severity of COVID was lessened by expressing how it mainly sickens and kills elderly~~, ~~chronically ill~~, and ~~disabled people~~. ~~This discourse suggests these groups are seen disposable~~.~~ ~~		*For 8 years, Dryden Chemicals Ltd. dumped mercury into the English-Wabigoon river system, which fed into Grassy Narrows. The mercury poisoned fish in the river, a key food and economic source for the community.
	\|- style="height: 23px;"		*The Ontario provincial government advised the community to stop eating fish and closed their commercial fishery. Within a year of the fishery closing, Grassy Narrows’ unemployment rate jumped from 5 per cent to 95 per cent.
			*Although Dryden Chemicals Ltd. has closed, the health effects of mercury contamination linger in community members.
			\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	~~Loosened restrictions too early~~
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
	When governments loosened COVID restrictions in response to business demands, political pressure, and public impatience, rather than scientific evidence, high risk populations (the chronically ill, disabled and elderly) were subsequently told they are disposable yet again.		\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	~~Working through illness~~
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
	Regulations around how many sick days should be required when someone falls ill with COVID also demonstrated ableism. In relation to these regulations, and in favour of profit above health, many politicians including US President Joe Biden, praised themselves for working through COVID, instead of encouraging people to rest and recover if they'd fallen ill.		\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\|- style="height: 23px;"
	\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|		\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
	~~Individualism~~
	\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|		\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
	~~Individuals have been encouraged to make 'personal' choices on vaccines, masks and gatherings.~~

	"''There is no individual safety without collective safety and collective safety requires that no one is safe unless everyone is safe." - Mia Mingus <ref>https://leavingevidence.wordpress.com/2022/01/16/you-are-not-entitled-to-our-deaths-covid-abled-supremacy-interdependence/</ref> ''

	\|}		\|}


	*For 8 years, Dryden Chemicals Ltd. dumped mercury into the English-Wabigoon river system, which fed into Grassy Narrows. The mercury poisoned fish in the river, a key food and economic source for the community.
	*The Ontario provincial government advised the community to stop eating fish and closed their commercial fishery. Within a year of the fishery closing, Grassy Narrows’ unemployment rate jumped from 5 per cent to 95 per cent.
	*Although Dryden Chemicals Ltd. has closed, the health effects of mercury contamination linger in community members.

	=== Aamijiwnaang First Nation ===		=== Aamijiwnaang First Nation ===

Mediawiki: /* Grassy Narrows (Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek) */

2022-09-01T20:19:12Z

Grassy Narrows (Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek)

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:19, 1 September 2022
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	=== Grassy Narrows (Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek) ===		=== Grassy Narrows (Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek) ===
			{\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 92px; background-color: #ffffff;"
			\|- style="height: 23px;"
			\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
			Disposability discourse
			\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
			Much discussion around the severity of COVID was lessened by expressing how it mainly sickens and kills elderly, chronically ill, and disabled people. This discourse suggests these groups are seen disposable.
			\|- style="height: 23px;"
			\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
			Loosened restrictions too early
			\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
			When governments loosened COVID restrictions in response to business demands, political pressure, and public impatience, rather than scientific evidence, high risk populations (the chronically ill, disabled and elderly) were subsequently told they are disposable yet again.
			\|- style="height: 23px;"
			\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
			Working through illness
			\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
			Regulations around how many sick days should be required when someone falls ill with COVID also demonstrated ableism. In relation to these regulations, and in favour of profit above health, many politicians including US President Joe Biden, praised themselves for working through COVID, instead of encouraging people to rest and recover if they'd fallen ill.
			\|- style="height: 23px;"
			\| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" \|
			Individualism
			\| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" \|
			Individuals have been encouraged to make 'personal' choices on vaccines, masks and gatherings.

			"''There is no individual safety without collective safety and collective safety requires that no one is safe unless everyone is safe." - Mia Mingus <ref>https://leavingevidence.wordpress.com/2022/01/16/you-are-not-entitled-to-our-deaths-covid-abled-supremacy-interdependence/</ref> ''

			\|}

Mediawiki at 22:24, 30 August 2022

2022-08-30T22:24:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:24, 30 August 2022
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	<br>		<br>
			== Examples of Environmental Racism in so-called Canada <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>: ==

	~~==Examples of Environmental Racism in so-called Canada:==~~


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	=== Grassy Narrows (Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek) ===		=== Grassy Narrows (Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek) ===

	~~''"Between 1962 and 1970~~, Dryden Chemicals Ltd. dumped mercury into the English-Wabigoon river system~~. Dryden is located upstream from~~ Grassy Narrows. The mercury poisoned fish in the river ~~system~~, a ~~primary source of~~ food and ~~income~~ for the community. The Ontario provincial government ~~subsequently~~ advised the community to stop eating fish and~~, in 1970,~~ closed their commercial fishery~~. The closure resulted in economic disaster~~. Within a year of the fishery closing, Grassy Narrows’ unemployment rate jumped from 5 per cent to 95 per cent. Although Dryden Chemicals Ltd. closed ~~in 1976~~, ~~concerns about~~ the health effects of mercury contamination ~~remain.''" -Ingrid Waldron <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia~~.~~ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>~~
			*For 8 years, Dryden Chemicals Ltd. dumped mercury into the English-Wabigoon river system, which fed into Grassy Narrows. The mercury poisoned fish in the river, a key food and economic source for the community.
			*The Ontario provincial government advised the community to stop eating fish and closed their commercial fishery. Within a year of the fishery closing, Grassy Narrows’ unemployment rate jumped from 5 per cent to 95 per cent.
			*Although Dryden Chemicals Ltd. has closed, the health effects of mercury contamination linger in community members.

	=== Aamijiwnaang First Nation ===		=== Aamijiwnaang First Nation ===

	~~''"The nation has long dealt with air pollution from industrial facilities in the area, such as oil refineries, power generating stations, and landfills.~~ Chemical Valley is Canada’s largest petrochemical complex~~, grouping over~~ 60 petrochemical facilities within a 25 km<sup>2</sup> area. High rates of cancer, respiratory illness and reproductive health issues have been linked to these facilities. ~~Many members~~ of the community depended on fish from the St. Clair River, which flows through Chemical Valley. The river has ~~been the receptor for 32 major~~ spills ~~and 300 minor ones between 1974 and 1986. These spills have~~ contributed to approximately 10 tonnes of pollutants in the St. Clair River.~~''" -Ingrid Waldron <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>~~
			*Chemical Valley is Canada’s largest petrochemical complex. Over 60 petrochemical facilities can be found within a 25 km<sup>2</sup> area.
			*High rates of cancer, respiratory illness and reproductive health issues have been linked to living near these facilities.
			*Members of the community depended on fish from the St. Clair River which flows through Chemical Valley. The river has had hundreds of spills which contributed to approximately 10 tonnes of pollutants in the St. Clair River.

	=== Africville ===		=== Africville ===
	"''In 1965, the City of Halifax embarked on an urban renewal campaign. The campaign took property away from and displaced members of the Africville community. The area subsequently became the location of several environmental and social hazards. These hazards included a fertilizer plant, slaughterhouse, tar factory, stone and coal crushing plant, cotton factory, prison, three systems of railway tracks, and an open dump. Africville descendants fought back over the years. Most recently, in November 2016, up to 300 former residents and their descendants joined an application submitted to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. The application was for a class-action lawsuit against Halifax over the loss of their land. In 2018, a judge turned down the application. The judge ruled that the plaintiff had not “satisfied the requirements” to certify the class action, which prevented the case from proceeding."'' -Ingrid Waldron <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>

	<br>		*''In 1965, the City of Halifax undertook actions that took property away from and displaced members of the Africville community. The area became the location of environmental and social hazards. ''
			*''Hazards included "a fertilizer plant, slaughterhouse, tar factory, stone and coal crushing plant, cotton factory, prison, three systems of railway tracks, and an open dump." - Ingrid Waldron ''<ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>
			*'' Africville descendants have fought back. "Most recently, in November 2016, up to 300 former residents and their descendants joined an application submitted to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. The application was for a class-action lawsuit against Halifax over the loss of their land. In 2018, a judge turned down the application. The judge ruled that the plaintiff had not “satisfied the requirements” to certify the class action, which prevented the case from proceeding."''  ''- Ingrid Waldron ''<ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>
	If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.		If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
	<br>[[File:Creative commons.png\|300px\|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/\|center\|frameless]]		<br>[[File:Creative commons.png\|300px\|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/\|center\|frameless]]

Mediawiki: /* */

2022-08-25T22:26:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:26, 25 August 2022
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	"''In 1965, the City of Halifax embarked on an urban renewal campaign. The campaign took property away from and displaced members of the Africville community. The area subsequently became the location of several environmental and social hazards. These hazards included a fertilizer plant, slaughterhouse, tar factory, stone and coal crushing plant, cotton factory, prison, three systems of railway tracks, and an open dump. Africville descendants fought back over the years. Most recently, in November 2016, up to 300 former residents and their descendants joined an application submitted to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. The application was for a class-action lawsuit against Halifax over the loss of their land. In 2018, a judge turned down the application. The judge ruled that the plaintiff had not “satisfied the requirements” to certify the class action, which prevented the case from proceeding."'' -Ingrid Waldron <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>		"''In 1965, the City of Halifax embarked on an urban renewal campaign. The campaign took property away from and displaced members of the Africville community. The area subsequently became the location of several environmental and social hazards. These hazards included a fertilizer plant, slaughterhouse, tar factory, stone and coal crushing plant, cotton factory, prison, three systems of railway tracks, and an open dump. Africville descendants fought back over the years. Most recently, in November 2016, up to 300 former residents and their descendants joined an application submitted to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. The application was for a class-action lawsuit against Halifax over the loss of their land. In 2018, a judge turned down the application. The judge ruled that the plaintiff had not “satisfied the requirements” to certify the class action, which prevented the case from proceeding."'' -Ingrid Waldron <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>

	~~===~~ <br> ~~===~~		<br>
	If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.		If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
	<br>[[File:Creative commons.png\|300px\|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/\|center\|frameless]]		<br>[[File:Creative commons.png\|300px\|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/\|center\|frameless]]

Mediawiki: /* Africville */

2022-08-25T22:26:20Z

Africville

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:26, 25 August 2022
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	''"The nation has long dealt with air pollution from industrial facilities in the area, such as oil refineries, power generating stations, and landfills. Chemical Valley is Canada’s largest petrochemical complex, grouping over 60 petrochemical facilities within a 25 km<sup>2</sup> area. High rates of cancer, respiratory illness and reproductive health issues have been linked to these facilities. Many members of the community depended on fish from the St. Clair River, which flows through Chemical Valley. The river has been the receptor for 32 major spills and 300 minor ones between 1974 and 1986. These spills have contributed to approximately 10 tonnes of pollutants in the St. Clair River.''" -Ingrid Waldron <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>		''"The nation has long dealt with air pollution from industrial facilities in the area, such as oil refineries, power generating stations, and landfills. Chemical Valley is Canada’s largest petrochemical complex, grouping over 60 petrochemical facilities within a 25 km<sup>2</sup> area. High rates of cancer, respiratory illness and reproductive health issues have been linked to these facilities. Many members of the community depended on fish from the St. Clair River, which flows through Chemical Valley. The river has been the receptor for 32 major spills and 300 minor ones between 1974 and 1986. These spills have contributed to approximately 10 tonnes of pollutants in the St. Clair River.''" -Ingrid Waldron <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>

	===Africville===		=== Africville ===
	"In 1965, the City of Halifax embarked on an urban renewal campaign. The campaign took property away from and displaced members of the Africville community. The area subsequently became the location of several environmental and social hazards. These hazards included a fertilizer plant, slaughterhouse, tar factory, stone and coal crushing plant, cotton factory, prison, three systems of railway tracks, and an open dump. Africville descendants fought back over the years. Most recently, in November 2016, up to 300 former residents and their descendants joined an application submitted to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. The application was for a class-action lawsuit against Halifax over the loss of their land. In 2018, a judge turned down the application. The judge ruled that the plaintiff had not “satisfied the requirements” to certify the class action, which prevented the case from proceeding." -Ingrid Waldron <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref~~> </p~~>		"''In 1965, the City of Halifax embarked on an urban renewal campaign. The campaign took property away from and displaced members of the Africville community. The area subsequently became the location of several environmental and social hazards. These hazards included a fertilizer plant, slaughterhouse, tar factory, stone and coal crushing plant, cotton factory, prison, three systems of railway tracks, and an open dump. Africville descendants fought back over the years. Most recently, in November 2016, up to 300 former residents and their descendants joined an application submitted to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. The application was for a class-action lawsuit against Halifax over the loss of their land. In 2018, a judge turned down the application. The judge ruled that the plaintiff had not “satisfied the requirements” to certify the class action, which prevented the case from proceeding."'' -Ingrid Waldron <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>

	=== <br> ===		=== <br> ===