Data Sovereignty in Chemical Valley: Aamjiwnaang First Nation and the Pollution Reporter App

From Le Hub/The Climate Justice Organizing HUB
Jump to navigation Jump to search

This article was written by Madison Mueller, and is the product of a collaboration between the HUB Librarian (Anglophone) and students in Professor Bonnie McElhinny's fall 2025 course "ANT364: Advocating Climate and Environmental Justice" at the University of Toronto. Many thanks to Madison and Bonnie for their collaboration on this project.

Residents of Aamjiwnaang stand next to a sign in front of a Shell oil refinery.

Introduction

This article provides an analysis of Indigenous resistance in the ‘Chemical Valley’ of Sarnia, Ontario, focusing on the disproportionate impacts on the Aamjiwnaang First Nation (AFN; pronounced am-JIN-nun, meaning "at the spawning stream"). It explores how First Nation-led initiatives like the Pollution Reporter app challenge the intertwined crises of environmental racism and data colonialism. In doing so, this article aims to provide insights into how data can be refashioned from a weapon of colonial control into a tool for Indigenous self-determination.

This article is divided into two main sections. The first section, “Introduction to Chemical Valley,” establishes the historical, geographical, and colonial context of the ongoing environmental crisis in Sarnia, Ontario and its impacts on the nearby Aamjiwnaang First Nation. It details the profound health and livelihood impacts of industrial pollution, a situation exacerbated by corporate power and insufficient government intervention.

The second section, “Aamjiwnaang Activism and Resistance,” explores strategies of the Aamjiwnaang First Nation to defend themselves. It first sets out the different forms of political activism, community education, and institutional collaboration that AFN members have engaged in in the last two decades, before focusing on the Pollution Reporter app.

The Pollution Reporter is a project designed for the Aamjiwnaang First Nation and other people living near Chemical Valley. It helps Aamjiwnaang First Nation members understand how pollution from companies can harm their health, and enables them to report pollution incidents themselves. With this tool, community members can report pollution faster and more accurately than the polluting companies would, since these companies often report in bad faith. Having their own tools also lets the Aamjiwnaang First Nation understand what’s happening to them without relying on outside institutions, supporting their self-determination.

Introduction to Chemical Valley

Aamjiwnaang First Nation Treaty Territory and current reserves.

Chemical Valley is the informal name given to one of Canada’s major industrial hotspots. Located on Anishinaabek, Mississauga, and Attiwonderonk traditional territories, otherwise known as Sarnia, Ontario, Chemical Valley is infamous for its concentration of petrochemical, chemical, and energy factories. [1] The cumulative emissions from these plants have consistently made the Chemical Valley area an air pollution hotspot.

The Aamjiwnaang First Nation is the only First Nation currently situated on this land. Directly south of Sarnia, Ontario, in a community of roughly 2,500 people, about 900 members live on-reserve. [2] [3] Due to colonial dispossession and industrialization, the Aamjiwnaang now occupy a small fraction of their historical territory.

Major industrial companies in Chemical Valley include Imperial Oil, Shell, and NOVA Chemicals. Within 25 km of the Aamjiwnaang First Nation, they are responsible for emitting large amounts of Criteria Air Contaminants (CACs) that cause poor air quality and poor health outcomes. [4] Among many pollutants, some examples of the chemicals released into the air are carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. While these represent the air pollutants, the accumulation of pollution over the years in the land and water, and its impact on other living things have not been reported and are largely ignored by pollutant reporters. Because the industries in Chemical Valley report only an estimate of their air pollution, other forms of pollution are harder to track.

Colonial dispossession and Aamjiwnaang history

Colonial dispossession profoundly reshaped the history, land, and population of the Aamjiwnaang First Nation. Once occupying a large territory between Lake Huron and Lake Erie, the community experienced dramatic losses through war, disease, and a series of land-cession treaties following European arrival.

1700s

The Aamjiwnaang First Nation, members of the Anishnaabek people, lived on a large area of land between Lake Huron and Lake Erie. This territory had about nine villages supporting a population of about 15,000 people. [5]

1750s

The Aamjiwnaang faced major challenges with the arrival of French and British colonists. They allied with the French and later the British, which pulled them into several wars and caused many deaths.

The arrival of European settlers also brought deadly new diseases such as cholera and smallpox.

These forces, along with land-ceding treaties, greatly reduced Aamjiwnaang’s population and territory. [6]

1807 The Aamjiwnaang signed the Treaty of Detroit, which gave up all of their territory in so-called Michigan. This treaty created two reserves: one at Swan Creek and another at the mouth of the Black River. [7]
1827

The Aamjiwnaang signed Treaty 29, which ceded the remainder of their lands in Ontario to the British Colonial Government. The treaty created four reserves: one along the southern boundary of St. Clair Township, one in Sarnia, and two on Lake Huron at Kettle Point and the mouth of the Au Sauble River. [8]

Aamjiwnaang’s population had fallen to 440 people on the Ontario side of the border and 275 in Michigan. [9]

1850s - 1950s Industrial growth in Sarnia led to rapid growth in the settler community. During this period, additional treaties further reduced Aamjiwnaang’s land in Sarnia from over 10,000 acres to about 3,100 acres. [10]

Industrial context

Map showing pollution exposure distribution across the Chemical Valley region.

Sarnia was established as a centre for petrochemical factories largely because of its access to abundant water sources, local salt mines, and convenient shipping routes. Its proximity to the Great Lakes provided the vast amounts of fresh water needed for cooling and processing in industrial production. [11] The city’s location also made transportation efficient, with easy access to shipping by water, rail, highway, and air. [12] These factors allowed materials and products to move quickly across national and global markets, making Sarnia an attractive site for large-scale industrial development. By the 1960s, Sarnia’s Chemical Valley was firmly established as the heart of Canada’s petrochemical industry. [13]

Before the rise of petrochemicals, Sarnia was a centre for oil refining because of easy access to a nearby oil well. [14] The first major refinery, Imperial Oil, opened in the late 19th century. [15] During the mid-20th century, World War II increased the demand for materials such as synthetic rubber, which marked the beginning of the petrochemical industry in Sarnia. Polymer Corporation was the first petrochemical facility to open in the area. [16] Today, about 40% of Canada’s chemical production facilities operate within a 25-kilometre radius of the city. [17] The area has faced ongoing social and environmental criticism for its heavy pollution and impact on nearby communities.

It took decades of industrial activity and health concerns before the region's pollution was formally documented in the first comprehensive analysis, published by Ecojustice in collaboration with the Aamjiwnaang First Nation in 2007. The study revealed that Sarnia had the most polluted air of anywhere in Canada, making up 16% of Ontario's total air pollution in 2005. This massive output of over 131,000 tonnes is equivalent to the total industrial air pollution from the province of New Brunswick. [18]

Ecojustice followed up with a second report on the progress made over the last decade in 2019. While the closure of certain plants reduced overall emissions, many problems remained unaddressed. The report identified three key failures:

  1. The government is lacking cumulative pollution assessments to understand the total impact.
  2. Regulations are failing due to poor monitoring and enforcement.
  3. Companies are not providing transparent, accessible pollution data to the public.

It concluded that health risks for Aamjiwnaang would continue without systemic regulatory reform and major emission reductions. [19]

Environmental racism and community health impacts

Environmental racism is the act of imposing toxic waste facilities and life-threatening pollutants disproportionately on racialized communities. [20]

The Aamjiwnaang First Nation faces a wide range of serious health problems as a result of this consistent close-range pollution from the Chemical Valley petrochemical factories, as explained below.

Cancer

Benzene is a chemical associated with causing a variety of cancers and is frequently released by industrial activity in Chemical Valley. 

In the northern part of the Aamjiwnaang First Nation, benzene levels are up to 44 times higher than the normal annual limit. [21]

This unequal exposure to pollutants, including harmful chemicals such as benzene and other carcinogens, puts residents at greater risk of developing cancer over their lifetime. [22] The ongoing pollution and combined chemical exposures highlight the serious health impacts and environmental injustice faced by the community.
Respiratory Illness

Sulphur dioxide is an air pollutant commonly released by industrial processes.

It can cause and worsen respiratory illnesses, such as asthma. [23] Children living in Chemical Valley experience higher risks and rates of asthma compared to those in nearby regions. [24]
Reproductive Health

Carbon disulphide is one of the toxic gases present in Chemical Valley, known to harm the reproductive system. Its levels have gone beyond the safe limits for healthy air quality, consistently exposing Aamjiwnaang First Nations to toxins. [25]

The Aamjiwnaang First Nation have faced multiple reproductive health issues. The number of male births in the Aamjiwnaang First Nation has steadily declined since the early 1990s, likely linked to chemical exposure from nearby industrial plants. [26] Additionally, 39 percent of females in the community reported experiencing a miscarriage or stillbirth. [27]

These examples illustrate only a small portion of the serious health issues the Aamjiwnaang First Nation faces. The long-term compounding effects of exposure to toxic chemicals in the community need to be studied in greater detail.

Corporate power and state complacency

“...Understanding environmental regulations and data in Canada not as preventing pollution but as being designed to give permission to pollute” - M. Murphy. [28]

In Canada, laws exist that require companies to tell the public when pollution events, like chemical spills or leaks, occur. Section 201 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act of 1999 (CEPA) and Ontario Regulation 675/98 of the Ontario Environmental Protection Act mandate that companies report such incidents. [29] [30] These laws don’t specify what information needs to be shared, when, or how.

Because of the lack of clear and strict rules, the companies responsible for the pollution are largely left in charge of creating their own notification systems. This is a problem because the industries responsible for causing the pollution are also controlling the information about it. [31]

As a result, communities living near these industrial areas, including the Aamjiwnaang First Nation, receive alerts that are often brief, confusing, and sent too late to make a difference. [32] The quote below is an example of a notification a resident of Sarnia may receive:

“A CAER Information Code 8 has been issued by Imperial. There was an equipment malfunction during the startup of a process unit. Downwind air monitoring so far has not detected elevated readings.” [33]

This dynamic is referred to as “data colonialism,” which perpetuates settler-colonial power structures by obscuring environmental harms and limiting Indigenous capacity to respond and govern their lives. [34]

Response of the Canadian government

In response to the ongoing health concerns in Chemical Valley, the Government of Canada has recently updated regulations and implemented new policy changes.

INEOS Styrolution was a major polluter in the region. It has repeatedly released massive amounts of benzene, harming the health of the Aamjiwnaang First Nations. A major leak in April 2024 led the community to declare a state of emergency. In response to this incident and the demand for a federal response that followed, the Canadian government imposed stricter limits on benzene emissions, and Ontario suspended the plant’s operating approval. [35] Because the company could not meet these new emission requirements, the INEOS plant was permanently closed. [36]

Bill C-226, a bill to combat environmental racism, became law on June 20, 2024. It defines environmental justice as recognizing and addressing the inequalities faced by Indigenous, racialized, and other marginalized groups within ecological decision-making. [37]

As a result of Bill C-226, the Aamjiwnaang First Nation and Environment and Climate Change Canada are launching a pilot project to develop tangible and meaningful solutions to the environmental challenges facing the Aamjiwnaang community. [38]

While there have been some pushes forward, there have also been recent rollbacks. The provincial government of Ontario recently approved Bill 5: Protect Ontario by Unleashing our Economy Act, 2025. Similarly, the federal government released Bill C5: One Canadian Economy Act, 2025. Both bills are presented as ways to strengthen the economy, but they primarily fast-track infrastructure and resource projects while weakening environmental protections and Indigenous rights. They limit meaningful consultation with First Nations, reduce accountability, and centralize decision-making power within the colonial government. [39]

Aamjiwnaang Activism and Resistance

Overivew of Aamjiwnaang Activism

Rally in support of environmental justice for Aamjiwnaang First Nation hosted at INC4, the UN global plastics treaty negotiations in April 2024.

The Aamjiwnaang First Nation has a long history of organized resistance against environmental harm and the political systems that permit it. The following are selected examples of past and ongoing campaigns:

Frontline Activism

  • CN Rail Blockade (2013): As part of the Idle No More movement, the blockade was one of many denouncing the federal government's Bill C-45, which sought to eliminate certain treaty and Indigenous rights. [40]
  • Queen’s Park Press Conference and Rally (2024): Aamjiwnaang First Nation calls directly on the Ontario government to take concrete and collaborative steps to address the harms to health, culture, environment, and rights of the community. [41]

Political Actions

  • Aamjiwnaang Declares State of Emergency (2024): The Aamjiwnaang First Nation declared a State of Emergency after dangerously high levels of benzene released from the nearby INEOS Styrolution plant caused severe air pollution, making community members sick and sending some to the hospital. [42]
  • Involvement in UN Plastic Treaty Negotiations (2024): Representatives from Aamjiwnaang used the international plastic treaty meetings to tell the world how plastic production is harming their community and to demand stronger action as well as a voice in decisions. [43]

Community Building and Education

  • Bucket Brigades: Ada Lockridge used community air-monitoring devices, called bucket brigades, to collect air samples and document pollution from a community rather than an industry standpoint. [44]
  • Toxic Tours: Led by Vanessa and Beze Gray, the toxic tours expose outsiders to the severe environmental pollution and health impacts of living beside Canada’s Chemical Valley while raising awareness and advocating for environmental justice and community action. They have served as inspiration for others' Toxic Tours. [45]

Institutional Collaborations

  • Ecojustice: 2007 and 2019 Report on Pollution in Chemical Valley
  • Yellowhead Institute (Toronto Metropolitan University): 2023 special report, Data Colonialism in Canada’s Chemical Valley
  • Environmental Data Justice Lab, University of Toronto: Core developer for the Pollution Reporter app and the Land & Refinery research project

In addition, individual members of the Aamjiwnaang First Nation have been prominent activists fighting against systemic pollution.

Ada Lockridge is a long-time advocate for environmental justice in Canada’Chemical Valley. She was one of the first from the Aamjiwnaang First Nation to lead community-based data collection. Since the 1980s, Lockridge has collected information about community health, tracked air pollution using bucket brigades, and recorded industrial spills and releases. She used clear and accessible tools, such as body maps and calendars, to connect data to people’s everyday experiences and show how pollution affects the community. Her work highlighted patterns of harm and confirmed health concerns that had often been ignored. Although governments also collect data, Lockridge’s findings revealed gaps in transparency and accountability toward Aamjiwnaang. [46]

Vanessa and Beze Gray are land and water protectors Aamjiwnaang First Nation. Among many initiatives, they co-founded Aamjiwnaang & Sarnia Against Pipelines, a collective of Anishinaabe land defenders that uses nonviolent direct action, such as marches and rallies, and public education, such as free events, to raise awareness about environmental injustice and industrial impacts on Indigenous lands. [47]

What is the Pollution Reporter App?

“We want the app to be used as a tool to engage community members.” - Vanessa Gray [48]

Living within Chemical Valley, the Aamjiwnaang people face continuous exposure to environmental pollutants with few ways to avoid the surrounding toxicity.

The Pollution Reporter is a free mobile app developed in collaboration with the Aamjiwnaang, designed as a practical tool to help community members navigate this environment. Created by the Indigenous-led Technoscience Research Unit in the Environmental Data Justice Lab at the University of Toronto, the team is composed of M. Murphy, Kristen Bos, Reena Shadaan, Aamjiwnaang activist Vanessa Gray and others. The app’s core purpose is to build community knowledge and capacity by addressing two major problems: [49]

Problem 1: Government/Industry pollution data is complex and hard to understand

The app acts as a community knowledge tool. It translates that data into simple language, clearly connecting chemicals to their health impacts. As stated by Vanessay Gray:

“Chemicals are often the unknown for community members… This [app] gives information to community members that could take a long time researching themselves since it’s not readily available from industry or the ministry.” [50]
Problem 2: Reporting pollution to the government is a confusing, bureaucratic process

The App is also a reporting tool. It guides users through the process of formally reporting pollution events to the Ontario Ministry of Environment, reducing the procedural burden.

“When we do report our own incidents where we ourselves can smell or see something wrong, and there are no alarms, we are expected to call a number… the person who we call doesn’t have any answers or understanding of the situation [and] we are expected to help them understand” - Vanessa Gray. [51]

Strategic Design for Sovereignty and Capacity

The Pollution Reporter App is designed in four key ways that position itself as a model for building capacity within communities:

Critiquing Colonial Knowledge The app openly uses ‘inadequate’ government sources, like the industry-self-reported National Pollutant Release Inventory. Instead, it recontextualizes it by referring to peer-reviewed health research, revealing the embodied impacts that the data on its own obscures. In doing so, it transforms the incomplete and hard-to-understand technical information into evidence of real harm, challenging dominant narratives and strengthening claims for accountability.
Connecting Information with Action The app’s core innovation is bringing together two things the industry keeps apart: pollution facts and the steps to report them. This closes the gap between knowing about harm and being able to formally act on it.
Collaboration with Impacted Community Developed by an Indigenous-led lab in collaboration with the Aamjiwnaang community, the app’s purpose reflects community-identified needs rather than outsider assumptions. Tools for resistance must be co-created with the people who will use them to ensure relevance and trust.
Designing for Access and Sovereignty The app is free and collects no user data. This technical design choice directly reflects its commitments to transparency, accessibility, and sovereignty.
An image posted by Land and Refinery on Facebook.

Benefits and Impacts

“My way of thinking about it is, even if one or two people call, that is enough for concern…We as human beings have to call in or make reports for those who can’t. We have to be their voice… This app is for them too, this app is for those birds and bees and everything. So when we made a report we were speaking for them too.” - Elder Mike [52]

The Pollution Reporter is not a tool for direct action against facilities. Instead, it meets the urgent daily need of empowering residents with understandable knowledge about their environment and streamlining their ability to officially document harms. By building this knowledge and evidence, the app provides essential tools that support and enable the community’s long-term advocacy efforts.

Crucially, the app is designed to support community agency. It does not require a login or collect user data. When a report is filed, it is sent directly from the user’s own email, putting them in control of their information.

An anonymized copy of the report is also sent to the Technoscience Research Unit and the Aamjiwnaang Environmental Committee to keep track of the occurrence of incidents. This design upholds Indigenous data sovereignty principles, ensuring the community is not subjected to extractive research practices.

The Pollution Reporter is one of many campaigns that collectively build community resistance in Aamjiwnaang within Chemical Valley, contributing to the sustained pressure and change that the community continues to fight for.

References

  1. ↑ Whose Land, website. https://www.whose.land/en/.
  2. ↑ “About Us | Aamjiwnaang,” Aamjiwnaang First Nation, n.d., https://www.aamjiwnaang.ca/about-us/.
  3. ↑ Elaine MacDonald, “Return to Chemical Valley,” Ecojustice, June 2019, https://ecojustice.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Return-to-Chemical-Valley_FINAL.pdf.
  4. ↑ “About Us | Aamjiwnaang,” Aamjiwnaang First Nation.
  5. ↑ “History | Aamjiwnaang,” Aamjiwnaang First Nation, n.d., https://www.aamjiwnaang.ca/history/.
  6. ↑ Ibid.
  7. ↑ Ibid.
  8. ↑ Ibid.
  9. ↑ Ibid.
  10. ↑ Ibid.
  11. ↑ Jean Elford and Niko Block, “Sarnia,” The Canadian Encyclopedia, March 17, 2013, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sarnia.
  12. ↑ “Location,” Investsarnia.ca, 2025, https://www.investsarnia.ca/location.
  13. ↑ Owen Temby, “Control and Suppression in Sarnia’s Chemical Valley during the 1960s,” Enterprise & Society 21, no. 2, 2020: 380–412. https://doi-org.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/10.1017/eso.2019.35.
  14. ↑ “Imperial Oil Hits Historic Milestone of 125 Years in Sarnia,” The Sarnia Journal, May 4, 2022, https://www.thesarniajournal.ca/top-story/imperial-oil-hits-historic-milestone-of-125-years-in-sarnia-7972138.
  15. ↑ Ibid.
  16. ↑ Michael Lauzon, “Petrochemical Industry,” The Canadian Encyclopedia, July 2013, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/petrochemical-industry.
  17. ↑ Elaine MacDonald and Sarah Rang, “An Investigation of Cumulative Air Pollution Emissions in the Sarnia, Ontario Area,” Ecojustice, October 2007. https://ecojustice.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/2007-Exposing-Canadas-Chemial-Valley.pdf.
  18. ↑ Ibid.
  19. ↑ MacDonald, “Return to Chemical Valley.”
  20. ↑ Elaine MacDonald, “Environmental Racism in Canada: What Is It, What Are the Impacts, and What Can We Do about It?,” Ecojustice, September 1, 2020, https://ecojustice.ca/news/environmental-racism-in-canada/.
  21. ↑ Carolyn Jarvis, “Cancer-Causing Air Pollution Forecast at 44 Times Annual Level in Ont. First Nation, Docs Show | Globalnews.ca,” Global News, November 15, 2021. https://globalnews.ca/news/8369470/ontario-first-nation-air-pollution-cancer-causing-chemicals-new-data/.
  22. ↑ Kristian Larsen, Paleah Black, Alison L Palmer, Amanda J. Sheppard, Sehar Jamal, Sara Plain, and Cheryl Peters. “Screening-Level Assessment of Cancer Risk Associated with Ambient Air Exposure in Aamjiwnaang First Nation.” International Journal of Environmental Health Research 32, no. 5, May 4, 2022: 1055–66. doi:10.1080/09603123.2020.1827226.
  23. ↑ Elaine MacDonald, “Chemical Valley Report Shows Dangerous Impact of Pollution,” Ecojustice, February 22, 2024, https://ecojustice.ca/news/chemical-valley-report-shows-dangerous-impact-of-pollution/.
  24. ↑ “Children Born in Sarnia at Higher Risk of Developing Asthma, Compared to London and Windsor,” ICES, 2021, https://www.ices.on.ca/news-releases/children-born-in-sarnia-at-higher-risk-of-developing-asthma-compared-to-london-and-windsor/.
  25. ↑ “Reproductive Toxins Discovered on Sarnia Reserve,” Ecojustice, October 30, 2012. https://ecojustice.ca/news/reproductive-toxins-discovered-on-sarnia-reserve/.
  26. ↑ Constanze A. Mackenzie, Ada Lockridge, and Margaret Keith, “Declining Sex Ratio in a First Nation Community,” Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 10 (October 2005): 1295–98, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8479.
  27. ↑ Elaine MacDonald and Sarah Rang, “An Investigation of Cumulative Air Pollution Emissions in the Sarnia, Ontario Area,” Ecojustice, October 2007, https://ecojustice.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/2007-Exposing-Canadas-Chemial-Valley.pdf.
  28. ↑ “Technoscience Research Unit: Pollution Reporter App,” Land and Refinery via Facebook, 2020, https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2652979618252317.
  29. ↑ Legislative Services Branch, “Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999,” Government of Canada, 2025, https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-15.31/section-201.html.
  30. ↑ Ontario Regulation 675/98, Classification and Exemption of Spills and Reporting of Discharges, under Environmental Protection Act, RSO 1990, c E.19, https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/980675.
  31. ↑ Vanessa Gray et al., “DATA COLONIALISM in CANADA’S CHEMICAL VALLEY Aamjiwnaang First Nation and the Failure of the Pollution Notification System SEPTEMBER 2023 · a YELLOWHEAD INSTITUTE SPECIAL REPORT,” Yellowhead Institute, 2023. https://yellowheadinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Data-Colonialism-YI-Special-Report-Sept-2023-3-compressed-1.pdf.
  32. ↑ Ibid.
  33. ↑ Ibid.
  34. ↑ Ibid.
  35. ↑ Colin Graf, “A State of Emergency in Ontario’s Chemical Valley,” The Narwhal, April 29, 2024. https://thenarwhal.ca/sarnia-ontario-chemical-valley/.
  36. ↑ “INEOS Says Ontario Plant at Centre of Government Orders to Reduce Toxic Emissions to Shut Earlier than Planned,” CBC News, October 24, 2024, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/ineos-plant-decommissioning-confirmed-1.7361993.
  37. ↑ Government of Canada, “Environmental Justice and Environmental Racism - Canada.ca,” Canada.ca, 2024, https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/strategic-policy-branch/environmental-justice.html.
  38. ↑ Emma McIntosh, “Aamjiwnaang Has Been Fighting Environmental Racism for Decades. Now, the First Nation Has an Agreement to Address It,” The Narwhal, February 11, 2025, https://thenarwhal.ca/aamjiwnaang-sarnia-environmental-racism-pilot/.
  39. ↑ Chiefs of Ontario, ed. 2025. “Protecting Our Lands: A First Nations Response to Bill 5 & Bill C-5.” Chiefs of Ontario, September 18, 2025. https://chiefs-of-ontario.org/resources/protecting-our-lands/.
  40. ↑ The Canadian Press, "First Nation blockade in Sarnia coming down," CBC News, January 2, 2013. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/first-nation-blockade-in-sarnia-coming-down-1.1323922
  41. ↑ "Aamjiwnaang at Queen’s Park calling for action on toxic pollution," Ecojustice, November 6, 2024. https://ecojustice.ca/news/aamjiwnaang-at-queens-park-calling-for-action-on-toxic-pollution/
  42. ↑ "Aamjiwnaang at Queen’s Park to chart new path forward to tackle toxic pollution," November 7, 2024. https://ecojustice.ca/news/aamjiwnaang-at-queens-park-to-chart-new-path-forward-to-tackle-toxic-pollution/
  43. ↑ "Aamjiwnaang First Nation leads new path forward at UN plastics treaty negotiations," Ecojustice, November 25, 2024. https://ecojustice.ca/news/aamjiwnaang-first-nation-leads-new-path-forward-at-un-plastics-treaty-negotiations/
  44. ↑ "Ada Lockridge: Motherhood Through Data Kinship and Anishinabek Teachings," The Land and the Refinery. https://www.landandrefinery.org/projects/adas-data
  45. ↑ Rick Garrick, "Sisters host ‘Toxic Tours’ of their home in Canada’s Chemical Valley," Anishinabek News, January 7, 2015, https://anishinabeknews.ca/2015/01/sisters-host-toxic-tours-of-their-home-in-canadas-chemical-valley/. See also "Canada, Chemical Valley, Aamjiwnaang First Nation, Ontario," Toxic Tours, https://toxictours.org/location/canada-aamjiwnaang/.
  46. ↑ "Ada Lockridge," The Land and the Refinery.
  47. ↑ “Indigenous Youth,” KAIROS, 2020. https://kairoscanada.org/climate-action-month-day18.
  48. ↑ “Technoscience Research Unit: Pollution Reporter App,” Land and Refinery via Facebook.
  49. ↑ “Pollution Reporter,” The Land and the Refinery, accessed December 15, 2025 https://www.landandrefinery.org/projects/pollution-reporter.
  50. ↑ “Technoscience Research Unit: Pollution Reporter App,” Land and Refinery via Facebook.
  51. ↑ Ibid.
  52. ↑ “Pollution Reporter,” The Land and the Refinery.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php?title=Data_Sovereignty_in_Chemical_Valley:_Aamjiwnaang_First_Nation_and_the_Pollution_Reporter_App&oldid=8043"