Le Hub/The Climate Justice Organizing HUB - User contributions [en-ca]

Making your activism accessible

2024-12-03T17:43:58Z

Mediawiki: /* Why is Accessibility Critical to Movement Spaces? */

'''Purpose:''' This page was created to support activists in making their spaces more accessible, that is, to ensure everyone's needs to access movement spaces are met so more people can contribute to the climate movement in whatever way they can! Several of the topics found in this guide are based on questions asked by activists in the HUB's community.

'''This guide includes:''' definitions of accessibility, understanding why disability justice is climate justice, considerations for accessible event, action planning, communication and content sharing, considerations for creating an accessible culture, and other suggestions related to creating a space that is accessible to everyone who wants to contribute to the movement for climate justice.
 
 '''Learning objectives:'''

*Equip grassroots groups with strategies to meet the access needs of participants, make their messaging accessible to all folks, and increase engagement and involvement in their activism and organizing spaces.
*Learn from the lived experiences of people with access needs.
*(Bonus) Discuss new ideas to add to the roundup of practices currently listed in the guide.

'''Where does this knowledge come from?''' The information included comes from existing organizer databases and resources and knowledge by movement thinkers. We've included knowledge from: blogs written by people living with accessibility needs; resources provided by staff at the [https://www.peopleshub.org/ People's Hub]; an Instagram live with Priya Penner from '''[https://disasterstrategies.org/priya-penner-bio/ the Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies]'''; and other organizers living with disabilities. However, note that each personal experience is distinct, thus we encourage further insight from different positionalities to share further ideas on how this page can be expanded upon and improved.

'''Accompanying activity suggestions:'''
*Individual or group read-through using our '''apply your understanding questions at the end of this guide'''. Go through them as a team.
*Trying to model the good practices in the guide and running an action plan workshop for the group based on them. The goal is to come up with a plan, a timeline, and bottom-liners to implement some of the ideas in the guide.
*Checking back in after a couple months of testing the ideas in the guide in real life, and doing a group rundown of what worked and what didn’t.
*Allow group members, using some of the scenarios in the guide, to speak to resonance and hear what new ideas and considerations are shared.

= Defining accessibility =
''"Universal accessibility is the character of a product, process, service, information or environment which, with a view to fairness and an inclusive approach, allows anyone to carry out activities independently and to obtain equivalent results."'' - Groupe DÉFI Accessibilité (GDA) <ref>Groupe DEFI Accessibilite (GDA) - Research report for associations in Montreal - Universal Accessibility and contributing designs (version 5.3), Langevin, Rocque, Chalghoumi & Ghorayeb, University of Montreal</ref> & [https://exaequo.net/ Ex Aequo]

[https://exaequo.net/ Ex Aequo] distinguishes accessibility from adaptation:
"''Adaptation would consist of changes made in order to accommodate people in relation to “an environment, a communication, a program, or an already existing service. We adapt when we build a subway with only stairs, then add elevators several years later. We make it universally accessible when we provide access ramps to the buses."''
== Why is [[Accessibility]] Critical to Movement Spaces? ==

[https://accessculture.wordpress.com/2012/07/03/hello-world/ Access Culture] expands on definitions of accessibility, explaining:

''"For people who live on the margins, who have to fight to prove their existence, who are excluded from movements, who are subject to abuse in the form of isolation, having access to spaces means having access to community, to connection, to existence. When we make spaces accessible, when we build movements based on inclusion, we recognize that each person has an intrinsic value, that our existence is beautiful and necessary. Creating accessible spaces is about recognizing that connection is necessary, that community is necessary, that our culture is built on the myth of separation, the lie of disconnection. We must move from independence to interdependence in order to transform society."'' 

 

'''Accessibility matters because:'''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 261px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 18px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 18px;" | '''1. Not actively unlearning and practicing = replicating oppression'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 18px;" |
*'''We want to fight marginalization, not contribute to it.''' Within movement spaces, we must actively work to unlearn behaviours that reinforce oppression to fight against it. This includes practicing an access culture and challenging internalized [[ableism]], racism, homophobia, etc.
**Internalized [[ableism]] prompts: do we reward some people over others because they can contribute more time and effort? Do we favour their voices over those who have to care for their health, need to work a second job, have caretaking responsibilities etc.?
**'''Access goes beyond disability.''' There's a reason primarily white folks are accessing climate activist spaces. 
*'''Those most affected by forms of oppression are best suited to define how we can operate our society more equitably'''. Disabled, black, brown, trans etc. people live through some of the most challenging consequences of capitalism and the climate crisis. 
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000; text-align: left;" | '''2. Meeting everyone’s needs = more people power'''
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*'''On a strategic note: We will not mobilize the mass we need without considering disability justice, access needs, and building cultures of care that actively challenge internalized oppression'''.
**If people do not see their '''immediate survival needs''' being prioritized by your campaign, '''they will not want to join'''.
**Those who would be interested in organizing may be '''unable to join or stay involved''' if their access and care needs are not considered.
*'''Doing this work today means greater and sustained participation tomorrow. '''We are all likely to experience chronic or acute disability or access needs in our lives, whether from old age, stress, illness, or an accident.  
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 51px;" | '''3. Collective liberation: we all win when we oppose ableism and intersecting systems of oppression'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 51px;" |
*'''Non-disabled organizers are impacted by [[ableism]] too'''. Oppressive systems have their own way of defining what value and care mean, and who is deserving, and when. 
***'''Internalized [[ableism]] uses productivity and sameness to define our worth'''. Doing too much to achieve too much can lead to burnout, a major problem in movement spaces. 
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/upcoming-show Disabled queer and trans communities of colour]''' have already been preparing for the survival of their communities''' '''through disasters.''' They teach each other skills in resilience-based, care-based organizing to strategically create the changes that we need for our futures. These skills are necessary for other organizers to learn from. <ref>https://www.yesmagazine.org/opinion/2019/07/31/climate-change-queer-disabled-organizers</ref>
***Disability justice and care-centred politics are anti-capitalist;''' '''they are opposed the push for productivity, extraction, and commodifying our bodies for labour and building wealth. 
*Learning from other multiply marginalized people, I've found amazing community. There is so much love, support and sustainability in these relationships. I wouldn't be here in the ways I am without these friends, because they've supported me when I needed support or solutions. Turning to my disabled friends and comrades is one of the best ways to get something done. Finding that community to sustain yourself and co-conspire with you, and recognize what you're going through, is key.
|}
As described by [https://www.peopleshub.org/people/aerik-woodams Aerik Woodams ] at [https://www.peopleshub.org/ People's Hub], individual access is often framed as extra work; that there are 'more important things to address'. Disabled and otherwise marginalized people ask us to do things differently. This might feel like work at first, but these efforts benefit all of us by giving us more strength, understanding, and tools to build a better world.

 

=== A note on what 'counts' as activism ===

First and foremost, taking care of one's disabled body is radical activism. As described by Audre Lorde, caring for bodies that do not fit the favoured white, male, cisgender, able-bodied ‘ideal’ set by western, capitalist, individualist norms, is political. <ref>https://www.mentalhealthtoday.co.uk/blog/awareness/why-acknowledging-and-celebrating-the-black-feminist-origins-of-self-care-is-essential</ref>

There can be a tendency in movement spaces to debate what the 'best' way to take action is. Many disabled people (and also non-disabled people) must factor in things such as energy levels, physical ability, transportation, scheduling requirements (e.g. medication, appointments etc) when thinking about how they'll participate in activism. '''There are many things we can do to support these needs at our events and actions, as outlined in this guide.''' '''We should recognize, value, and encourage the diversity of ways one can meaningfully contribute to grassroots movements.''' Our movements are not successful without them!

The following examples are two personal accounts from people with different disabled experiences on finding their role in organizing spaces:
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| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 110px;" | '''Priya Penner, Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies <ref>https://disasterstrategies.org/</ref> '''
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[Paraphrased] To do physical activism, you need a lot of people to support you in the background to ensure you're successful. I started with a grassroots organization, trying to figure out where my place was in this movement. Within that journey I was part of different subcommittees. I was part of the media committee, and these people are so important, but I quickly realized to be successful in this role you need to take a step back and see what's happening, call the media and put in the hard work of calling 20, 50 etc outlets. I realized the importance of that, and did not enjoy that part nearly as much. I feel most comfortable being directly in the action. 
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 10px;" | '''Kenzie Harris, Global Grassroots Support Network <ref>https://blueprintsfc.org/</ref> '''
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I experienced a severe burnout and, from it, developed chronic health issues and new access needs. This meant the very fast-paced and demanding organizing I was participating in was no longer accessible to me (I tried, and my health suffered for it). I now have to consider things like... will I be able to seek accommodations for my, now heightened, sensory needs at this meeting/event/action? Will I have enough time after to recover, so that I'll have the energy and manageable pain to do daily living activities in the following days? I've learned to appreciate the other meaningful ways I can contribute, that aren't as taxing on my body/brain, more often. I feel best in an educator role, translating information for popular education and outreach purposes. I enjoy making knowledge more accessible for people to engage with. For other autistics, you may find [https://drdevonprice.substack.com/p/burning-it-all-down-without-burning the following article by Devon Price] useful in finding ways to work with, not against, your disability in movement spaces.
|}
The following is a resource developed by '[https://thisautonomia.substack.com/p/direct-action-planning-resource-for This Autonomia]' that could be helpful for those with limited or fluctuating capacity to find manageable ways of contributing to movements. This resource is also advisable for non-disabled people to consider how they might adjust their contributions to their energy levels.[[image:20240508_141456.jpg|800x800px|center|thumb]]

= Disability Justice is Climate Justice =

Sometimes approaches to climate can reinforce [[ableism]], and this is represented by the term eco-ableism. See our page on [[ableism]] for examples of eco-ableism.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 364px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
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| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''1. Natural disasters disproportionately harm disabled people'''
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*'''Structural barriers become a matter of life or death during disaster.''' 
*[Paraphrased] '''People with disabilities are 2-4x more likely to die during disasters.''' <ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/sfrost/2020/07/06/deadly-discrimination/?sh=39051e92b93b</ref> Why is that? One of the things you learn is we are forgotten. We aren't part of planning conversations, disaster preparedness. We aren't talking about what happens when the best laid plans go wrong. We aren't part of the conversation in planning for disasters. So when we talk about climate, we see again that we're forgotten.''' People with disabilities aren't mentioned in plans at all.''' Countries are neglecting their obligations to fulfill the rights of disabled folks in response to the climate crisis. When we look at smaller conversations about planning for disaster, plus the larger conversations about climate justice, we aren't included.
*[Paraphrased] As a multiply marginalized person, we don't get invitations to join conversations. The fact that the Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies exists says a lot, that things are changing, but we have to keep pushing.
 
Specific examples include:
*"Some members of the disability community are especially '''vulnerable to extreme heat''' events due to increased sensitivity to keeping our body temperatures cool enough." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''Natural disaster can cut electricity''', "which is especially problematic because so many disabled people need electricity-powered medical equipment to survive." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''Droughts and flooding cause food and water insecurity'''. "Because of other social factors like the [https://disablepoverty.org/what-is-disable-poverty/ disproportionate number of disabled people who are caught in an endless poverty cycle], the disability community is especially vulnerable during these shortages." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''Disabled people may be unable to evacuate''' from disaster and/or '''may lose "critical mobility and accessibility devices''' (wheelchairs, scooters, walkers, canes, hearing aids, communication devices)." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*Post-disaster, "the prospect of '''rebuilding a home that had been built around an individual disabilit'''y can also be daunting and expensive ― particularly considering disabled workers typically [http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/07/27/7-facts-about-americans-with-disabilities/ earn significantly less] than their able-bodied counterparts." -[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/in-natural-disasters-a-disability-can-be-a-death-sentence_n_5c1ba22ee4b0407e9077eb58?guccounter=1 Jenavieve Hatch for Huffington Post]
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'''2. Disabled people are marginalized and are equally deserving of liberation'''
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*'''80% of disabled people live in the Global South''', regions most impacted by the climate crisis and exploitation. <ref>https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/resources/factsheet-on-persons-with-disabilities.html</ref>
*"From homeless encampments to local jail cells, the social, political, and economic disparities among disabled queer and trans people of colour put our communities at the '''frontlines of ecological disaster'''.” -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Patty Berne]
*Disabled people are not 'hoarding resources' or 'draining the system', two phrases often used to demonize disabled people for collecting disability benefits. The ultra-rich benefit from blaming disabled bodies, while they continue to benefit from the system.
|- style="height: 178px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 178px;" | '''3. Systems of oppression are intersectional and best addressed by leadership of the most impacted'''
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*[Paraphrased] You can't separate identities from a person. We can't separate these systems of oppression. We recognize none of us are free unless we're all free. '''Disability justice provides a framework for creating inclusive resistance movements that support other movements by resisting these intersecting systems of oppression.''' It's not like we can say 'I'm only going to fight ableism' and ignore white supremacy. They're all connected. It's not going to be climate justice if we don't prioritize the needs of the most impacted.''' '''Some of the most marginalized folks are multiply marginalized disabled folks. We know we have to prioritize their leadership. This is one key way to effectively resist. '''Disabled folks know what it's like to resist these systems, and our solutions are pretty bad-ass. We are some of the best problem solvers because we have to go through it day in and day out.'''
*'''Disability justice is migrant justice.''' "[https://wid.org/2018/09/26/climate-related-migration/ Climate change is accelerating forced migration] at a time when disabled people find it increasingly difficult to cross borders — not simply because of the physical demands, but also because of political opposition." -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser]
** Disabled people may be unable to enter countries because their diagnosis or condition is considered 'burdensome'. -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser]
** Migrants may struggle to access the services they need (health services and long-term medical, financial, and social support). -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''The oppressive conditions we’re living in can be disabling''' themselves. For example...
***'''Chronic stress can be disabling'''. Neurodivergent people (ADHD, dyslexia, autism, anxiety) are [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13575279.2022.2149471 more likely than neurotypical people] to experience physical health problems. 
***'''Racism can be disabling''' (e.g. [https://twitter.com/Imani_Barbarin/status/1648781887781912579?t=gxCK45M3QQOiWgEjjHpUHg&s=19 Ralph Yarl], a 16-year-old black child, experienced a brain injury after being shot by a racist white man). 
***'''Colonialism can be disabling''' (e.g. Aamijiwnaang First Nation has been impacted by settler colonialism, capitalism and environmental racism. Over 60 petrochemical facilities can be found within a 25 km2 area. Community members face high rates of cancer, respiratory illness and reproductive health issues). <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>
***'''Living in poverty can be disabling.''' It significantly increases the likelihood of developing chronic or acute health problems (e.g. limited access to healthy foods, shelter, clean air and water, chronic stress etc). <ref>https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/poverty-health.html#:~:text=Poverty%20affects%20health%20by%20limiting,an%20individual's%20standard%20of%20living.</ref>
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'''4. Environmental racism and natural disasters cause disabilities'''
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*"If we ask ourselves why Black and brown communities have higher rates of asthma, we also must look at where they live." -[https://ssir.org/articles/entry/climate_change_environmental_activism_and_disability Daphne Frias] for Stanford Social Innovation Review.
*Injuries obtained living through a natural disaster (e.g. earthquakes, hurricanes etc) or from being exposed to toxic chemicals (e.g. mercury, see [[environmental racism]]) may cause acute or chronic disability.
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'''5. Eco-ableism reinforces oppression'''
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*"Prioritizing personal ownership of environmental impacts over corporate responsibility fuels [[ableism]] and discrimination toward people with disabilities."-[https://ssir.org/articles/entry/climate_change_environmental_activism_and_disability Daphne Frias]
**See our eco-ableism section of [[ableism]] for examples. 
**Disability is one of the first forgotten or first attacked experiences when discussing climate accountability or solutions. Disabled people caring for their needs are not to blame for the climate crisis. '''True accountability lies in those hoarding resources and wealth (the ultra rich).''' 
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'''6. There can be no climate justice without addressing immediate survival needs'''
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*"'''Disabled people are so busy just surviving.''' We have to self advocate all the time for access to employment, education, benefits or healthcare. It means unless there is a flood at my door I’m not thinking about the climate so much. We need to get people out of poverty because you can’t do anything about the climate if you are completely ostracised from participating in regular life.” -[https://twitter.com/PaulineCastres Pauline Castres] 
*"When issues like discrimination, access to adequate healthcare, unemployment, and poverty are among our top concerns, climate change tends to be an afterthought. When we are fighting for basic human rights and equality, how do we have time to think about climate change? '''Being concerned about and fighting for climate justice is a privilege.'''" -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''7. 'Survival of the fittest' is an oppressive mindset'''
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*'''Accepting the loss of some lives to the climate crisis as 'inevitable' is oppressive.''' "We aren't just talking about physical vulnerability; [[ableism]], racism, class inequality and other forms of oppression work together to compound and intensify risk." -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser] 
*'''Access to wealth makes it easier to evacuate, and white supremacy translates "into the political clout and communal resources that make climate disruptions more survivable in the first place''' — better infrastructure, [https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf less exposure to environmental hazards] and more robust public assistance during and after crisis." -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser]
*'''We all deserve to have our needs met on a planet that has enough resources, but that are hoarded by a minority. '''Capitalism describes disabled individuals as a drain on our resources. In contrast, it is capitalism that drains us, and drains the earth's resources. 
|}

Advice from [https://disasterstrategies.org/priya-penner-bio/ Priya Penner at the Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies] on how to prioritize disability justice in your movement spaces: [Paraphrased] Reach out to the most impacted folks. Let them lead; listen and take a step back. For folks that want to work in coalition with disability justice activists, let them lead, listen to what they need and work with them, not for them. You need to recognize who is missing from your table, your spaces, as climate justice activists. Disability justice activists have so much to teach folks, just as climate justice activists do. It's a mutual relationship. Prioritize access. Meeting access needs often requires a lot of money. But, if you do have money, ask what you're prioritizing. Are interpreters more important, or markers and posters? We will show up if we know we are wanted. Are you opening that door?

=== Watch/listen ===

See the following video by Climate Atlas of Canada for a quick overview of how disability justice intersects with climate justice:

{{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4G7wLlI7N6E|alignment=center}}

= Holding Accessible Events and Meetings =

== Meeting Attendees' Needs <ref>https://collectifau.ca/</ref> <ref>https://www.sinsinvalid.org/blog/access-suggestions-for-a-public-event</ref> ==

Disability and able bodies exist on a spectrum. Most of us have experience with [[ableism]] and the pressures of capitalism, and/or experience being excluded by other systems of oppression that limit our access. We invite you to''' reflect on how making a space accessible goes beyond ensuring people can physically access a space''', '''but also that they can show up as fully as others in the room'''. If helpful, we suggest checking out our wiki on [https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/How_can_we_incorporate_space_watchers_and_holders_into_our_groups_without_veering_into_policing%3F incorporating space watchers and holders] for further considerations.

'''Quick tips:'''
*Pause frequently during events and meetings to ask if anyone has any access needs that need to be addressed!
*UK Mutual Aid has an [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit?usp=sharing example of an accessibility checklist] that you can use as a blueprint to creating a checklist for your team.
*'''Consider creating an '''[https://tangledarts.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/cta-access-guide-spreads-digital.pdf access guide ] that can be distributed for your meetings/events. Once you have a template down, you can swap out specific details as needed! *See the example below of an access guide made for a HUB event!

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 1372px;"
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Childcare'''
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*Consider where people can access with and leave '''strollers'''.
*Provide babysitting if possible!
|- style="height: 185px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 185px;" | '''Wheelchair accessibility'''
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*A person in a wheelchair should be able to move around in all the rooms and access a toilet.
'''Doors '''must be 800mm minimum. The dimensions of a '''toilet''' cubicle must be 1500 x 1500mm minimum. 
*All '''paths''' must be obstacle-free and have a clear width of at least 920 mm.
*Check if the place is under '''construction or renovation''', which could make the space temporarily inaccessible.
*The '''entrance''' must be a single level or equipped with an access ramp. It must be at least 800 mm wide.
*'''Snow '''will always make accessibility more difficult for folks with limited mobility. [https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Making_your_activism_accessible#cite_note-3 [3]]
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Food and water'''
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*'''Water '''is especially important during long events or on hot days.
*Plan '''meals''' that respect dietary restrictions. 
*Provide '''snacks '''during long meetings or hot days!
*If you're selling food, provide''' free or low-cost options'''.
*Share the''' list of ingredients''' of any food you provide.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" | '''Accessibility support'''
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*Designate '''support persons''' for those in need as requests arise.
*Identify support persons with a clear visible identifier, like an''' armband or shirt.'''
*Including '''descriptive language '''can paint a picture of what others see, and provide richer context for those with vision trouble.
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| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 79px;" | '''Transportation'''
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*Choose a place that is accessible by '''public''' '''transport''', and that is close to toilets and shelter from the sun or rain.
*Have people wait at these places to accompany people with reduced mobility while they wait for transport.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" | '''Ways to participate'''
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*If the event cannot be universally accessible, offer other '''ways to participate''', such as actions that can be done remotely.
*'''Live-streaming '''is great for those who can't attend in person.
*Plan an activity with''' several components''' to promote the involvement of people with reduced mobility.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''Timing and barriers to participation'''
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*Be transparent about the '''schedule''' for the event. Let participants know the''' destination(s) and duration''' in advance. 
*Be transparent about '''barriers to participation''' and mobility!
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| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 76px;" | '''Language'''
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*Are speakers using '''word choices that most people will know?'''
*Are '''interpreters '''available for community members who use a language other than English? What about those with visual or auditory impairments?
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" | '''Timing'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*Do not hold your '''event too early in the day, or too late.''' Some disabilities/situations limit people from attending early morning/late evening meetings.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''Allergies and sensitivities'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Ask participants not to wear '''scented products. ''' 
*'''Fluorescent lighting '''can make spaces inaccessible to some people. 
*Having a few pairs of '''earplugs''' can be helpful at events with loud noise. You can also suggest that attendees bring earplugs to the event.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" | '''Photography'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 53px;" |
*Always ask before using''' flash photography.'''
*Encourage attendees to avoid taking photos of faces without asking for consent from those in the photo.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Bathrooms'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Are they '''accessible and safe''' for everyone (such as transgender people) to use?
|- style="height: 458px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 458px;" | '''Neurodivergent and/or introverted inclusion''' 
 
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 458px;" |
'''Neurodivergence''' describes how developmental disorders are normal variations in the brain. <ref> https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/features/what-is-neurodiversity</ref> The neurodiverse umbrella <ref> https://instagram.com/p/CYBl-miPcCL/</ref> includes but is not limited to ADHD, dyslexia, autism, and other learning disabilities. Many people also include mental illnesses under the umbrella of neurodiversity, such as anxiety, bipolar, PTSD, schizophrenia, etc.

'''Introversion:''' Susan Cain states that extroverted people are stimulated by their environment and absorb energy from interacting with others. In contrast, introverted people recharge when they are alone, and feel overwhelmed by prolonged social interaction and stimulation from their environment.

Meeting neurodivergent and introverted needs:
*'''Written schedule/plans: '''Outline event plans ahead of time''' '''and/or throughout the event. An awareness of time can be particularly helpful. For example, some people take time-sensitive medication, need to leave by a certain time, etc.
*'''Breaks/slower periods: '''This can help avoid over-stimulation and help people refocus.
*'''Quiet/low stimulation space access:''' The space should not include fluorescent light, and should be calm with no pressure to socialize.
*'''Moments of pause / introspection: '''Before starting discussions on a topic that people have not had time to think about, allowing some quiet time to think and write down your thoughts can help people feel comfortable to participate in a discussion. 
*'''Stimulation: '''When planning activities and get-togethers, keep in mind that we are trying to avoid both over-stimulation for the most introverted people and loss of interest for the most extroverted people. Try to balance the types of activities included in your event/action to achieve this balance. For example, an event that exclusively involves networking will probably exclusively include extroverts! Space out activities that take a lot of social energy. 
*'''Tools to support sensory needs: '''If you're able to have a few sets of ear plugs, cheap pairs of sunglasses, and a few fidget toys handy, this can really help neurodivergents who struggle to remember these! "I've brought a few fidget toys to meetings before, and within minutes people (often who haven't indicated they're neurodivergent) pick them up, and I can tell they're able to pay attention and remain grounded better!" -Kenzie Harris, Global Grassroots Support Network <ref>https://blueprintsfc.org/</ref>
*For further information on meeting neurodivergent needs, see [https://rootedinrights.org/how-to-make-your-virtual-meetings-and-events-accessible-to-the-disability-community/ this resource by Rooted in Rights.]
|- style="height: 104px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 104px;" | '''BIPOC inclusion <ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit</ref> '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 104px;" |
*Publicize the organization's [[anti-racism]]''' position '''and how the organization will deal with a situation of racism.
*Have '''staff available that are Black, Indigenous and Persons of Colour''' in case of a person's concerns, insecurity, or distress.
*Do not publicize the event with images of BIPOC people unless they occupy an important place within the event itself (e.g. in terms of resources allocated, people invited, partner groups, staff etc).
|- style="height: 77px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 77px;" | '''Gender identity inclusion <ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit</ref> '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 77px;" |
*Have staff with '''different gender identities available''' for people’s concerns, insecurity, or distress. 
*Ask people to write or say their '''pronouns''' if they are comfortable. 
*Have''' gender-neutral toilets and identify them as such'''. Don’t use illustrations or gendered vocabulary.
|- style="height: 77px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 77px;" | '''Low-income inclusion <ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit</ref> '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 77px;" |
*The most accessible option is to''' offer things for free'''. Voluntary contributions are another option, but it’s better to avoid putting people in these situations.
*Consider whether '''internet access''' is necessary for participation.
*Provide''' adapted vocabulary''' or accompanying documents.
|}

=== Example access guide ===

[[File:Screen Shot 2023-08-04 at 11.22.58 AM.png|500x500px|left|border]][[File:Screen Shot 2023-08-04 at 11.23.11 AM.png|500x500px|none|border]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|}

== Pandemic Safety Measures ==

If you do not have safety measures in place during a pandemic, higher-risk individuals in particular are unlikely to attend your event.  It also sends the message that people at high-risk of becoming very ill are disposable. Safety measures prevent people from becoming seriously ill, [https://www.healthline.com/health-news/a-mild-covid-19-case-may-still-r long-term disability] and death.
[https://theconversation.com/profiles/thomas-a-russo-1085429 Thomas A. Russo], professor of Infectious disease at the University of Buffalo, suggests that safety measures to put in place when planning an in-person event include:
*Advertising that attendees '''wear masks '''for the duration of the event, even for events held outdoors. Have extra masks available for those who come without one, ideally N95 or KN95’s which are one of the best available options to protect against COVID-19.
*Have a few volunteers who can provide '''hand sanitizer '''every so often, and especially before distributing food if this is included in your event.
*State that those who are feeling ill, have come in contact with someone who has tested positive OR have come in contact with someone who has tested negative but is showing symptoms of illness, '''should not attend'''. 
*Encourage attendees to keep their''' distance '''from one another as often as possible. 
[https://www.instagram.com/peoplescdc/ The People’s CDC ] has further recommendations for planning safe gatherings during a pandemic:
*Provide universal''' pre and post event testing'''.
*Stay in''' small, consistent groups'''.
*Perform contact '''tracing'''.
*Ensure the meeting space has adequate '''ventilation and air quality''' (open windows/doors, ensure HVAC systems are functional, use HEPA filters if possible).
*Perform high filtration '''universal masking'''. Provide certified N95/KN94 masks if possible.
*Provide a place for folks to '''eat outside'''.
*'''Reduce high-risk activities''' 5 days prior to the event (i.e. unmasked, indoor activities outside of the household) 
*Gather '''outdoors when possible'''. The risk of catching an airborne virus from an outdoor gathering is lower than from an indoor one. There is still a risk of contracting a virus, especially at crowded protests or gatherings.

== Suggestions for Virtual Events <ref>https://rootedinrights.org/how-to-make-your-virtual-meetings-and-events-accessible-to-the-disability-community/</ref> ==
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 299px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 67px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 67px;" | '''Internet access'''
| style="height: 67px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Can people '''attend without an account on that platform? '''(i.e., Facebook Live, Instagram Live/Stories, YouTube). 
*If you’re hosting an event over video conferencing software (i.e. Zoom, Google Hangouts, or GoToMeeting); offer a''' '''dial-in by phone option.
*For people with limited or no access to internet at home. Be willing to share information offline too.
*Create a '''tip sheet for online platforms with directions. '''The tip sheet can include information, step-by-step, about how to use the platform(s).
*For more, see this [https://bighack.org/best-videoconferencing-apps-and-software-for-accessibility/ resource on video conferencing software for accessibility.]
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
Invite and '''include disabled people '''and their needs
| style="height: 23px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Include disabled people as speakers.
*Share what you are '''planning to do to increase event access'''.
*Budget to provide '''closed captioning, sign language interpretation and other language''' interpretation. 
Live descriptions, captions and good audio are key for live streamed events.
*Make sure the service you’re using to host is '''compatible with assistive technology''', for example screen readers, and that it allows for computer-based listening/speaking and 'phone-based listening/speaking.
*Make sure your events are accessible to [https://www.assistiveware.com/learn-aac/7-ways-to-include-aac-users-in-conversation augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)] users. This requires offering''' multiple ways to participate''', answer questions, submit questions, and interact.
*Have an''' accessibility point person''' who can assist with access issues and technology concerns. Mention how to reach them at the beginning of your event.
*Wear a headset when presenting to improve''' '''audio quality, and try to have speakers limit background noise. It's helpful for speakers to state their name each time they speak for those with '''hearing impairments''' and the accuracy of the technology they rely on.
*Describe''' '''live scenarios and any images, read any text that appears on screen, and describe gestures for those with '''visual impairments'''. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 46px;" |
Share the''' format of the event and how long it plans to run''' 
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px;" |
*Check out the following resource on [https://inclusivedesignprinciples.org/ inclusive design principles] for the '''content of your event.'''
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 10px;" |
Provide any written or visual '''materials ahead of time.''' 
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px;" |
*Use an [https://aoda.ca/what-are-accessible-formats/ accessible file format]
*Consider providing a '''glossary of terms''' that will be used during the event.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" |
Allow attendees to '''send questions and comments in advance. '''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 28px;" |
*Allow attendees to send questions and comments in advance. You can also share if attendees will have an opportunity to ask questions during the event.
*Make it possible for people anonymously, or with their name and RSVP attached, to '''make access need requests.'''
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 74px;" | Build time for '''reflection/breaks''' into your event, as well as time for questions.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 74px;" |
 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | Offer channels to provide''' feedback '''about the event
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 51px;" |
*I.e. including accessibility, to help you prepare to plan the next one.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|}

== Suggestions for Hybrid and Virtual Meetings ==

Virtual and hybrid virtual/in person meetings require stable '''internet connections, access to hardware''' (i.e. cell phones and computers) and some '''technology literacy.''' 
If you’re working with participants who don’t have access to the internet or hardware, these tips may be hard to implement. However, there are other tools and techniques you can use such as conference call services, message groups, photos of call lists, etc. that can be used. The following are tips for holding hybrid (in-person and virtual) meetings, and general meeting tips.

[https://blueprintsfc.org/ Blueprints for Change] offers an extensive guide filled with [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1q73LK9AiOlvrA59BfBTf6U2YFD_r-3AM1n49-01Gez0/edit# tips on hosting effective hybrid meetings]. The following compiles some of the tips found in their hosting virtual/hybrid meetings guide, and from the write up developed by [https://www.trainingforchange.org/training_tools/facilitating-hybrid-groups-online/ Training for Change].

=== Considerations for Planning a Hybrid Meeting ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 319px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Things you'll need''' to do this successfully 
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*'''Internet connectivity.''' There are workarounds for lower bandwidth connections, such as the phone-in options built into platforms such as Zoom, but the drawback is a lack of visual contact. 
*Internet connection of phone-in options for''' participants '''(otherwise call-in teleconference numbers are usually available)
Those who join a meeting using their '''phone do not have the same functions available''' as those using a desktop. Consider sending important links ahead of the meeting, or in your workspace during, so people on the phone can access them.
*A '''platform to stream '''the meeting (i.e. zoom, google meets etc).
*'''Tech literacy''' (provide tools and norms, such as via sharing visuals with your attendees, ahead of time so they can learn on their own)
*Use a '''shared document '''for notetaking. Offline versions of meeting documents allows those joining by phone to participate better.  
|- style="height: 240px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 240px;" | '''Prepare ahead of time'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 240px;" |
*Schedule group meetings at least '''2-3 days ahead of time'''. This helps members to arrange for schedules, care-taking, quiet space, tech, etc.  
*Have '''plugs and power cords '''set up ahead of time so in-person attendees can plug in as needed without interrupting the meeting. Attendees joining virtually will also want to ensure they have adequate power for the duration of the meeting.
*Instruct in-person attendees to '''bring their computers/phones and dial into the virtual meeting''' platform (such as Zoom) so that all attendees, regardless of what space they’re in, can see everyone. If your meeting has a cluster of people together and only 1-2 people in the virtual space it may not be appropriate for every attendee to be at a computer. You’ll want to''' prep and think ahead about in-room camera and microphone placement and position''' chairs, easels and more in spots that can be seen and heard by the people on camera.
*Use '''one central mic to pick up everyone’s voices in the room, or pass a microphone around the room.''' Or, everyone in the room can '''unmute while they talk and re-mute when they’re done''' to avoid mic feedback. Encourage virtual attendees to have headphones handy that they can use. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 46px;" |
'''Roles you might consider when hosting hybrid meetings'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px;" |
-Lead facilitator

-Co-facilitator(s)

-Bridge facilitator; to bridge the digital and IRL spaces and who can support the IRL facilitator to make sure the digital folks are supported. This person could also be assigned to keep track of participants who have asked for a speaking turn so that both in person and digital voices are included.

-Visuals, Slides & Notes lead 

-Tech lead; to manage your session slides, doing things like screen sharing, watching the chat box, setting up and doing sound checks at the beginning of your session, and troubleshooting if problems come up along the way.

-Vibes & Energizers lead 

-Stack keeper (monitor order of speakers, chat and Q&A functions)

-Buddies for virtual participants (for hybrid meetings)
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 10px;" |
Plan for shifts in '''power dynamics''', because some people are in groups vs others are on their own.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px;" |
*How many people are connecting individually versus in groups? How many different groups are connected? Do any of the groups connecting together already have some power (i.e. circles of established friendships)?
*Consider...
-People connecting in groups may have an easier time connecting with others in the same room.  

-People connecting on their own may have an easier time connecting with others who also connected on their own.

-Those who connected the same way as the facilitator may have an easier time communicating with the facilitator. 

-When you use the chat box, those on their own device have easier access to participate.

-When people are in a room together, those controlling the screen, who are on camera and/or closer to the microphone are advantaged.
:: 
|}

=== Preparing Participants Before the Meeting ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 299px; background-color: #ffffff;"
|- style="height: 67px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 67px;" | '''Provide and seek information '''
| style="height: 67px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Check out [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ukHcdhT8J7EySVIWaz-zBI7JDD4YEnHfygBfhnbwJQk/edit this example prep email] provided by Blueprints for Change, which demonstrated some of the''' information that could be helpful to provide pre-meeting''' to make participants comfortable and prepared.
Information to provide/seek to prepare participants include:
*'''Context regarding the main agenda items''' before the meeting. For example, what is the main purpose of the meeting? What are the meeting goals? Also include approximate time allotment for each item.
*Provide items you want participants to '''review ahead of time''' so folks can reflect before the meeting. 
*'''Input and feedback''' from all who will be participating to add agenda items and confirm whether the meeting goals address their needs. 
*Ask participants to share if they will need translation, interpretation, or any other''' accommodations.''' Provide at least a few days for participants to inform you about their needs.
*Mention if you will be '''recording ahead of time''' so folks can raise concerns if they have them.
*Remind people to '''download needed software and/or sort out their audio''' in the invite email sent in advance.
*Ask folks to''' set up in advance''' of the call.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
Offer a''' training''' on how to use the platform
| style="height: 23px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Offer an''' advance prep meeting to train and support '''some folks who could use your support to join and engage in the meeting. [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1jYwFO1YF0RPpl3tt7bpFj05G_DqI0_TRWXp8XZbulPg/edit#slide=id.g714145baa4_0_57 These slides] have some information on how to engage in a zoom meeting that might be helpful. Make the meeting purpose and outcomes explicit for your attendees and help them understand the flow of the meeting.
|}

=== Holding the Hybrid/Virtual Meetings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 69px; background-color: #ffffff;"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
Start with''' introductions and a check-in'''.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
Let folks introduce themselves, their pronouns and make time for relationship building by letting people share how they are doing or something about them.
*For example, check-in questions related to care might be "what colour best describes how you're feeling today?" Or, "If you're comfortable, share one high and one low from your week so far!" 
*You can also hold more fun get-to-know one another check-in's to lighten the mood of the meeting, such as "tell us about a book or tv show you engaged with recently that you'd recommend!" Or, "what is your favourite houseplant?" 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
Try to take '''notes and video recordings '''for those who can't attend.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*Name it early that you are recording and allow folks to opt out, by getting off video, or managing their participation.
*Plans to record should also be mentioned before the meeting so concerns can be addressed. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
Provide a person or place where attendees can seek '''support'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*In the case they feel disrespected or have needs that aren't being met during the meeting.
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
It might be relevant to share '''participation guidelines '''and/or the group's mission statement to ground the group before beginning.
| style="width: 80.3024%;" |
Examples of participation guidelines, inspired by Aspiration Tech [21] , might include... 
::-Please focus on listening, not only on what you are hearing. 
::-Wherever possible, please refrain from multitasking on email or social media. 
::-Please use simple, accessible language. Please avoid jargon and acronyms.
::-When you speak, please try to make one point or a few brief points and then let others speak. 
::-Help us be mindful of the schedule and stay on time. Please support us in moving the dialog forward. 
::-Please indicate you want to speak by raising your hand on video; if you are not able to use or raise your hand, please feel free to speak up, but please try not to interrupt others. 
::-Stay muted when you are not speaking. 
::-Please be mindful of background noise and join the call from a quiet location if you can. Parents and caregivers are certainly exempt, but muting still applies.
::: 
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" | Get participants to''' engage with one another'''!
| style="width: 80.3024%;" |
*If all attendees are virtual in a “room” together encourage people who are not experiencing sensory or personal needs to''' turn their camera on.''' This helps to foster community and share non-verbal cues.''' ''' 
*In a hybrid meeting environment '''people who are on screen should be assigned a buddy who is in the physical room. '''Their buddy regularly checks in with them and makes sure they can see and hear at all times. If you only have 1-2 people in the virtual space you may also want to have a direct line open between the virtual participants and the facilitator through text. 
*Encourage folks to''' come off mute at the beginning''' for introductions and check ins. This sets the tone for engagement throughout the meeting. '''Check the chat regularly''' for participation from folks who are less comfortable speaking up, and read ideas out loud. 
*Share '''visuals in the online space''', not in the room. I.e. leaving ideas in an online doc, rather than on chart paper. This includes note-taking on a shared online document!
*Encourage new members to contribute ideas using '''strategies that avoid calling them out '''if they aren't comfortable speaking yet, such as using an interactive powerpoint or allowing them to leave ideas in the chat that can be read out by the facilitator.
*Invite your attendees to regularly '''evaluate your meeting''', share feedback and suggest tips to make your meeting work for you and your attendees.
 
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" | Use a '''circle up tool''' to keep participation equal
| style="width: 80.3024%;" | 1. Put all participants around one big virtual circle. 

2. Mark a little check next to someone whenever they speak. You can also use a star or other symbol to track when each person shares during a specific activity. Have one person assigned to do this, and to let the facilitator know who deserves speaking time. See the example from [https://www.trainingforchange.org/training_tools/facilitating-hybrid-groups-online/ Training for Change]
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" | Be mindful of participants who '''may not be able to see or hear '''or otherwise fully participate in virtual meetings.
| style="width: 80.3024%;" | *If an attendee is blind, you should use more '''descriptive language''' that paints a picture of what others are seeing and provides richer context.
*Some people use '''screen readers '''to access information. In this case, make sure your presentation has image descriptions and refrain from using images/GIFs with flashing lights as they can cause seizures, headaches, and migraines.
*If an attendee is deaf or hard of hearing, make sure you're using a platform that supports real-time '''closed captioning'''.
|}

=== Closing Meetings ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
*Hold a '''check out question''', but try to keep it simple. For example, "what's one word you would use to describe how you're feeling after today's meeting?" Or, "share a compliment about 1 attendee present at today's meeting!"
*Send the '''notes and a meeting summary '''afterwards. Share the main items that were achieved, any major decisions or action items and a meeting recording if relevant.
*Provide a channel for '''follow up '''questions, suggestions or comments.
|}

== Creating Accessible Group Cultures ==

The following section drew from the writings of:  
*Liz Kessler, a person who describes themselves as disabled and who is involved in struggles for justice <ref>https://data.over-blog-kiwi.com/1/85/65/14/20180525/ob_91a56c_milieu-militant-inclusif-neurodivergen.pdf</ref> 
*Lee, a disabled, queer, trans and autistic activist. <ref>https://accessculture.wordpress.com/2012/07/06/how-to-be-an-ally-to-disabled-neurodiverse-folks-in-activist-academic-communities/</ref> 
*Kenzie Harris, queer, disabled activist (and former HUB librarian)



'''Suggestions for fostering accessible group cultures:'''

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 390px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''LEARN ABOUT ABLEISM'''
| style="height: 76px;" |
*Many groups make the mistake of leaving personal development to individuals. Why not hold one another accountable to this unlearning/learning? Hold a book club, assign readings/listens, start a group chat on resources you found helpful etc. 
'''Please don't make the mistake of thinking that because you don't bully disabled people, you have not internalized ableism... we all have, disabled or not!'''
*Many spaces don't move beyond asking 'does anyone have any access needs'? No one will raise their needs if they can't even identify them! See [[building cultures of care]] for an exercise on identifying and advocating your needs.
*Learning about different disabilities can also help to broaden people's perspectives on what makes for an 'appropriate' access need (internalized ableism often convinces us to dismiss some as illegitimate, which replicates harm). 
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 10px;" | '''Set practices for working with different abilities and limits '''
| style="height: 10px;" |
*Check with people on what they need to be able to pause and ground themselves, and/or move forward.
*Last-minute disengagement related to personal conditions or situations is common!
*Value various forms of knowledge, i.e. other than academic knowledge (e.g. lived experience). 
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''There should be various levels of engagement within your organization'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 76px;" |
*Meetings should never be mandatory, and there should be multiple 'levels' for involvement for varying capacities. Some people just want to help out; they don't care to be part of decision making. Make sure there's opportunities for this, and that they're easy to find!
*Do not set standards for how hard, or how much, work should be completed. Workflow norms are tailored to some identities more than others.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Incorporate regular discussions about personal and group boundaries'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*This allows each person to give their consent actively and enthusiastically, and promotes respect for these limits.
*It can be helpful to intentionally carve out time or have practices in place to check on how people with varying capacities and abilities are managing. For example, have some general check in/reflection time every 3rd meeting.
*Short term limits encourage long term sustainability.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" |
'''Plan break times'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 28px;" |
*Do not have meetings or tasks to complete during breaks. Commit the entire team to taking a break so no one feels excluded or singled out.
*When a person takes a break from activism, access to the support and social contact of the activist community encourages resilience.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 53px;" | '''Focus on content, rather than how something is said'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 53px;" |
*Some people express ideas or comments using emotion, rather than using statements such as "I feel..." and "I think...". No matter how emotional the person is when sharing their ideas, what they have to say is of equal importance.
*Some people have trouble with eye contact, or need to fidget to maintain focus during a discussion. Focus on what they're sharing, not how they're sharing!
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 46px;" | '''Uplift intersectional perspectives'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px;" |
*Intersectional perspectives are those of people who experience more than one social identity limiting their accessibility to spaces.
*The people who are most often 'front and center' in our communities, and in our spaces, enjoy white privilege, attractiveness (or body) privilege, able-bodied privilege, and class. Have honest conversations about this in your group regularly.
|- style="height: 78px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 78px;" | '''Avoid and challenge ableist language'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 78px;" |
*See the [https://www.accessible-social.com/copy-and-formatting/ableism-and-language following list of words] from accessible social (e.g. crazy, stupid, lame)
|}


Finally, accept that''' building accessible group cultures is a process. '''There is no set finish line. We have to stay tuned and pay attention to the people around us.

== Developing a process for meeting access needs ==

Having a process in place can ensure consistency between group members, and reassurance and clarity for the person who raised a need. Notice this process highlight a few necessities to consider when addressing access; transparency, flexibility, capacity, accountability and gratitude. 

The following is an example of a process written by former HUB librarian Kenzie, who is disabled, for the [https://blueprintsfc.org/ Global Grassroots Support Network]:
 
 ''We are accountable to continuing to develop this process. We know as it evolves, there will be things we've missed. We value any guidance and reworking that is possible within your capacity. ''

''TELL US''

*''Please message ____ or email ____ with your access need. Alternatively, you can email ______. Please include ideas for the best possible interventions if you have some.''
''PROPOSAL AND CREATIVE PROCESS''

*''____ will contact you with an approximate length of time required to adequately address your need, and ask if this is acceptable.''
*''Depending on the complexity of the need compared to the GGSN's current offerings, ____ will propose 'checkpoints', to keep the GGSN accountable and keep you informed on where progress on meeting your need is at. This process is highly flexible depending on your needs and availability.''
*''If at any point we run into limitations (capacity, budget etc), we will transparently explain these, and workshop solutions with you.''
''CHECK-IN''

*''The new solution will be added to our list of ongoing access practices. ____ will check in on how it has been working for you, and to see if anything needs to be adjusted or whether any new needs have come up.''
''FOLLOW UP''

*''____ will say a big 'thank you' for your time, capacity, and emotional toll of your labour. They will ask permission to modify the GGSN's existing resources on accessibility to reflect your knowledge and help others outside of the organization benefit too!''

= Accessibility in Media and Materials =
There are many things to consider when it comes to accessible communication. It is important to ensure our written material is easy to read, easy to understand, and make it easy to find the information you need and use the first time you read it.

== General Guidelines for Accessible Written Materials <ref> https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/</ref> <ref>https://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/advice/employers/creating-a-dyslexia-friendly-workplace/dyslexia-friendly-style-guide</ref> <ref>https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/</ref> ==
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 376px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Order, bolding and font'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 23px;" |
*Put the most important information at the '''beginning, bolded''', and include background information (when necessary) toward the end. 
*Use '''bolding''' over underlining or italics.
*'''Use sans serif fonts''', such as Arial and Comic Sans, as letters can appear less crowded. Alternatives include Verdana, Tahoma, Century Gothic, Trebuchet, Calibri, Open Sans. 
*Font size should be at least '''12-14 point'''.
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 55px;" | '''Avoid jargon, abbreviations and technical terms'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 55px;" |
*Keep your language '''as simple as possible''' (e.g. disseminate vs 'send', in accordance with vs 'by'). See more examples of [https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/words/use-simple-words-phrases/ simplifying your language here.]
*If you are targeting the general public, a rule of thumb is to''' aim for an 8th grade reading level''' or lower. Check out [https://hemingwayapp.com/ the following resource] which can be used to reduce the reading level of your writing.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 109px;" |
'''Use as few words as possible'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 109px;" |
*Limit paragraphs/written sections to''' 3-8 lines''', 5 being a happy medium.
*Reduce '''wordy phrases''' like "a number of" to "some", and "in order to" to "to".
*Remove ''''filler' words '''such as descriptive words that do not add to your main idea.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" |
'''Break up the text''' 
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 53px;" |
*Break up written text with blank space, '''tables''', '''lists, '''images or other ways of formatting.
*'''Blank space''' draws the eyes better to key written ideas.
*'''Images '''can help to illustrate text and keep it engaging.
*Add''' headings '''if they'll help break information up further
*'''Line spacing of 1.5''' is preferable. Use left-alignment.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" |
'''Use gender-neutral language'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 28px;" |
*Avoid creating '''binaries''' such as "ladies and gentleman", "he/she said..." etc.
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 80px;" | '''Use accessible colour choices'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 80px;" |
*Choose '''contrasting colours.''' You can review your chosen colours to check if they '''meet colour blind requirements '''[https://app.contrast-finder.org/ using this resource.] Try not to use colours that are too bright as these can also be hard on the eyes and make reading difficult. 
*Use '''single colour backgrounds. '''Pale or pastel backgrounds rather than stark white can be easier to read.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Web access'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 28px;" | 
*When a document is published online, make an '''HTML version''' available (the only universal format currently)
*Use the [https://wave.webaim.org/ WAVE] tool to''' test the accessibility of a website.''' Ensure that the options displayed with the mouse can also be displayed using only a keyboard.
|}

== Writing Image Descriptions ''' <ref> https://antimonarchy.tumblr.com/post/635980711208386560/how-to-create-image-descriptions</ref> ''' ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Most important elements to describe:
*The '''people and animals '''in an image.
*The''' background or setting''' of an image.
*The''' context '''of an image. For example, an image description of a congested highway would describe the packed cars.
*The '''colours''' of an image (don’t overdo it... a simple ‘light blue’ will do). 
Basic process for writing a description:
*Describe what the '''content''' is (e.g. a photo, educational graphic etc).
*Describe the '''Object-Action-Context'''. 
*Provide d'''etails'''. For example, the clothing and the position that people in an image are in. 
*If the '''background''' is a simple colour, include it in the first sentence of the description. However if it is more complicated, such as a river winding through a dense forest, include that at the end of the description after describing the important elements.
:::::::::::
|}

== Accessible Audio and Video <ref>https://www.accessible-social.com/</ref> ==

'''Add subtitles/captions'''
*Check out [https://www.accessible-social.com/ Accessible Social]'s [https://www.accessible-social.com/audio-and-video/captions step-by-step guide for adding captions/subtitles] to videos!

'''Audio descriptions'''
*An audio description is a form of narration to support blind and low vision users.
*If audio descriptions are not available, written descriptions can be used. They are typically presented as written text that can be reviewed along with the video.[https://twitter.com/TheWheelOfTime/status/1475858812221280258?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1475858818533707779%7Ctwgr%5E27ef3ba67322e5f1a982a4ed4c2e7531526a69ff%7Ctwcon%5Es2_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessible-social.com%2Faudio-and-video%2Fvideo-descriptions See this example] presenting the trailer for The Wheel of Time.  
*An option for making videos with audio descriptions to create two versions of your video, one with an audio description integrated with the rest of your video’s audio and one without. Below is an example of an audio description.
{{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7j4_aP8dWA&t=11s|alignment=center}}

 
= Apply your understanding =
We suggest taking a couple/few meetings to go through this, to get the most out of your reflections!
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 333px;"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; height: 19px; background-color: rgb(187, 145, 183);" | '''Reflecting on why this matters to us'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" |
*Why is accessibility something that we want to prioritize?
*Is accessibility as a value expressed in our organization's mission/vision/principles? If not, how can this be improved?
|- style="height: 72px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: rgb(187, 145, 183); height: 72px;" | '''Reflecting on our own practices that might hinder accessibility'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 72px;" |
*Thinking critically... what are some of the practices or 'norms' in how we operate as a team (e.g. group culture) that might replicate internalized capitalism/ableism?
*What are some of the practices we hope to embody to challenge these norms?
|- style="height: 86px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: #bb91b7; height: 86px;" | '''Reflecting on barriers/resources to making our organizing group more accessible'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: #ffffff; height: 86px;" |
*What are examples of current barriers to our meetings being accessible? What resources could we deploy to improve this?
*What are examples of current barriers to our events/actions being accessible? What resources could we deploy to improve this?
*What are examples of current barriers to our outreach/education materials being accessible? What resources could we deploy to improve this?
|- style="height: 71px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: rgb(187, 145, 183); height: 71px;" | '''Reflecting on bringing disability justice into our climate justice campaigns'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 71px;" |
*What messages about how disability justice is climate justice most resonates based on our current campaigns?
*How might we incorporate disability justice in our framing and strategy?
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: #bb91b7; height: 57px;" | '''Closing reflections'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: #ffffff; height: 57px;" |
*What questions are we left with?
*What are our next steps? What's the action plan to make these reflections most useful?
|}

= Further resources =

'''Organizations'''
*[https://www.peopleshub.org/trainings-and-offerings People's hub ] offers trainings on creating culture of access, and also a peer support space for people with chronic illness/disability to meet online.
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/ Sins invalid] offers numerous resources in various forms.
*[https://www.djno.ca/ Disability Justice Network of Ontario]: DJNO has an abolitionist Prison Project that’s working to highlight the experiences of people who’re disabled, racialized and are currently/have been incarcerated. 
*[https://cilt.ca/ Centre for Independent Living in Toronto] (CILT): CILT partnered with No More Silence to offer zoom meetings with Indigenous community members who experience challenges & barriers when attempting to access cultural and ceremonial spaces to develop guidelines to increase the accessibility of these spaces.
*[https://barrierfreesaskatchewan.org/ Barrier Free Saskatchewan]-"Non-partisan coalition from the provincial community of individuals and organizations of and for persons with disabilities, Saskatchewan citizens, organizations, and companies"
*[https://www.thedisabilitycollective.com/ The Disability Collective]-Fully disability-led performing arts organization in Toronto
*[https://tangledarts.org/ Tangled Art & Disability]-Supports "Disabled, d/Deaf, chronically ill, neurodiverse, k/crip, Mad, sick & spoonie artists; to cultivate Disability Arts in Canadaz' 
'''Written'''
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/news-1/2022/7/7/disability-justice-is-climate-justice Disability Justice is Climate Justice] (Sins Invalid)-Article and ASL video
*[https://greenisthenewblack.com/disability-rights-is-a-climate-justice-issue-heres-why/ Disability Rights is a Climate Justice Issue. Here’s Why] (Leanne McNulty)-Article
*[https://www.yesmagazine.org/opinion/2019/07/31/climate-change-queer-disabled-organizers To Survive Climate Catastrophe, Look to Queer & Disabled Folks] (YES! Magazine)-Article
*[https://wid.org/rights-disabilities-disasters-resources/ The Rights of People with Disabilities in Disasters & Public Health Emergencies] (World Institute of Disability)- List of resources
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/blog/10-principles-of-disability-justice 10 Principles of Disability Justice] (Sins Invalid)-Article
*[https://briarpatchmagazine.com/issues/view/september-october-2022 Briarpatch’s Disability Justice Issue]-Magazine
*[https://monitormag.ca/articles/access-after-covid-19-how-disability-culture-can-transform-life-and-work/ Access after COVID-19: How disability culture can transform life and work] (The Monitor)-Article
*[https://www.djno.ca/history-of-disability-justice-right The history of disability rights and justice in Canada] (DJNO)
'''Video'''
*[https://rootedinrights.org/video/therighttoberescued/ The right to be rescued by Rooted in Rights]-Tells the stories of people with disabilities affected by Hurricane Katrina. Includes a discussion guide and emergency preparedness resources.
'''Audio'''

*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast Sins Invalid offers 3 podcast episodes] on the intersections of climate and disability.
***[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast/2020/10/16/episode-1-foundations-of-climate-justice-and-disability-justice Episode 1: We Love Like Barnacles]
***[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast/2020/10/16/episode-2-enviromental-racism-climate-justice-and-disability-justice Episode 2: Crip Resilience is Nature's Brilliance]
***[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast/2020/10/16/episode-3-resisting-the-medical-industial-complex Episode 3: Planetary Whistle Blowers]

 
If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
 
[[File:Creative commons.png|300px|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/|center|frameless]]

<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

'''[https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Militant_Wiki Back to Homepage]'''

How we Win! Summary of findings on successful climate justice campaigns in North America

2024-11-26T15:27:41Z

Mediawiki: /* Defining 'success' and study parameters */

''''
<div class="speechify-ipvczq"></div>
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''How we win'' was a 2023 research project supervised by Dr. Jen Gobby, and conducted by McGill students Cassandra Ciafro, Anna Henry, Frida Sofia Morales Mora, Thomas Nakasako, Dafne Ozcan, Nico Serreqi and Lea Vadez Reyes. It investigates the following question: ''What can be learned from the struggles and successes of intersectional climate campaigns across Turtle Island (North America) over the past 20 years, and what factors contribute to the success of these campaigns? '' Case studies, plus 4 semi-structured interviews and 1 survey were used to explore this question.

 
This page includes a summary of the campaigns/movements included in the report and the tactics used, key factors that contributed to the success of multiple campaigns/movements, HUB team observations and suggestions based on key takeaways, plus key quotes from interviews and surveys with successful activists/organizers for more specific suggestions and examples.'''</div>
 
To read the full report, see the following: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1F7tROk8hHlimVEiLAW6AtSDcG_0Pbdm9/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104999225508815189487&rtpof=true&sd=true How We Win! A Qualitative Review of Successful Climate Justice Campaigns in North America in the Last 20 Years]
 
 

== Defining 'success' and study parameters ==

'Success’ was defined as '''''having achieved material gains, or advancements in physical, financial, legal, or electoral conditions.'''''
*14 successful campaigns from Mexico, the so-called United States and so-called Canada were included.
**12 addressed racial justice, 11 Indigenous rights, 8 health and/or water justice, 3 housing justice, 2 disability justice and 1 food justice.
**Almost all of those explored were started by local, directly impacted communities. The majority set to stop activities before they began (proposal stage). The majority were Indigenous-led.
**Length of campaign activities ranged from 6 months to over 50 years. Half of the campaigns explored are still ongoing.

 '''The successes of the campaigns studied included:'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 315px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 19px;" |
 
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 19px;" |
'''How the Research Team Defined This Success'''
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 19px;" | '''Campaigns Associated with this Success'''
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 51px;" | '''Cancellation of Projects or Practices; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 51px;" |
The temporary or permanent cancellation of projects or practices.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 51px;" |
10/14
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 28px;" | '''Legislation and/or Policy Change; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 28px;" | The enactment of policy or laws that align with the campaign’s goals.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 28px;" |
3/14 +2/14 partially
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Recognition of Indigenous rights/sovereignty; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Formal recognition that Indigenous rights or sovereignty were/would have been violated by a project or practice.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
3/14
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Building new and diverse coalitions;''' immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Building new alliances and partnerships with other individuals, organizations, or movements that did not exist before the campaign.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
4/14

 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 57px;" | '''Community engagement; '''immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 57px;" | A strategy that puts marginalized communities at the forefront of the movement to raise awareness, mobilize support, and foster a sense of collective agency.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 57px;" |
5/14
|}

== Climate justice campaigns ==
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''Suggestion: look for campaigns that most resonate with an issue near you, a campaign you're working on etc. Are there tactics that haven't yet been applied in your context?''

=== Stand LA (US) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 3.41.57 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
“For us [...] it's a justice issue. And it's also an equity issue. If there is a universal good, we have to start with the most vulnerable, because equity never ever trickles down. It has to start from the bottom”.
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 188px;"
|- style="height: 85px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 85px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of group '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 85px;" |
Founded in 2013, Stand-LA formed to halt oil drilling in residential areas in Los Angeles. Their campaigns address environmentally and health hazardous projects that impact marginalized communities. <ref>http://www.stand.la/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''People Not Pozos' (People not wells) campaign'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 57px;" |
Targeted AllenCo drilling site was polluting a low-income, minority community. This had negative health impacts on residents. <ref>Cavallaro, Mara Marques. 2022. “The Deadly Consequences of Urban Oil Drilling,” October 19, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/los-angeles-oil-drilling-nalleli-cobo/</ref>

'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Door-knocking''' to gather data on the various symptoms experienced by residents, followed by making a health report <ref>Andrade, Anakaren, Tony Carrera, Francisca Martinez, Lizet Pantoja, Margaret Rubens, and Erick Zerecero. 2016. “Assessing the Health and Community Impacts of Oil Drilling Near Homes in South Los Angeles,” October. https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/project/stand-la/</ref>
*Making an '''art piece''' of eight styrofoam heads, each suffering from one of the symptoms caused by the drill site pollution.
*Organizing a '''community call-in campaign''' to the Air Quality Management District (AQMD) to bombard phone lines
*Conducting a '''press conference'''. This got the attention of Senator Barbara Boxer, the federal head of the environmental committee.
'''SUCCESS:''' Senator Boxer called on the '''Environmental Protection Agency '''to perform an investigation, and the AllenCo site shut down. Following their success, the STAND-L.A. coalition formalized. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; text-align: left; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''No Drilling Where We Are Living' campaign ''' 
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and community engagement:''' Extensive outreach efforts increased participation. These efforts also strengthened the influence of residents <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref>
*'''Science-based evidence: '''In 2015, AQMD modified the law. It mandated fossil fuel extraction sites to disclose their chemicals. Activists found that each chemical caused the symptoms they identified in their door-knocking. This strengthened their arguments when communicating the problem.
'''SUCCESSES:'''
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">E&B Natural Resources electrified and enclosed the Murphy drill site to keep toxic fumes out of nearby homes and reduce pollution.</li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Won a resolution''' prohibiting new oil drilling in the Inglewood oil field <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref> </li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Influenced legislative changes'''. For example, Senate Bill 1137 bans new oil and gas wells within 3,200 feet of sensitive areas. It has contributed to significant oil phaseout resolutions in Los Angeles, both at the city and county levels <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Major challenges faced by STAND-LA '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" | <li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Oil lobbying to oppose legislative measures</li>
<li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Reports the oil industry is employing canvassers to use misleading tactics when gathering signatures to qualify the referendum for ballots <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|}

 

=== Stop Cop City (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 4.11.48 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

'''“Whether the win comes through the ballot, in the courts or in the streets, Cop City must never be built”'''
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 90px; width: 1145px;"
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 10px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of campaign and project'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 10px;" |
[https://www.instagram.com/stopcopcity/?hl=en Stop Cop City] began in 2017 in response to the city of Atlanta's plan to build the biggest police and firefighter training facility in the country. 
<li class="p1">'''Economic: '''The majority of the funding is expected to come from taxpayers, despite no public consultation on the project.</li>
*'''Environment: '''The proposed site is the Weelanee forest. It comprises the South River, one of the most endangered rivers in the United States due to sewage pollution. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Indigenous sovereignty''': The land belonged to the Muscogee Creek Nation before they were displaced. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Racism:''' The land was the site of a low-security prison farm. Accounts of torture and violence against black inmates were recorded. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
***Today, the forest serves as an important green space for the residents of the predominantly Black surrounding neighborhoods. <ref>Mock, Brentin. 2023. “Atlanta’s ‘Cop City’ Neighbors Have No Voting Rights to Stop It,” Bloomberg. October 4, 2023 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-10-04/-cop-city-referendum-aims-to-repeal-planned-atlanta-police-training-center</ref>
*'''Settler colonialism: '''Officers trained at the facility will not only target predominantly BIPOC communities in the USA; their exchange program will also train members of the Israeli Defense Forces <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CytGWtyOr0M/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 57px;" |
After the project was announced, the Atlanta City Council solicited a session of public feedback. Over 1000 people attended and it lasted over 17 hours. The majority of people were against the project. <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref> 
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Weekly safe space events '''by community members in the Welanee forest, such as '''potlucks, reading groups, and teach-ins.''' The goal was for people across Atlanta to learn about the issue, and connect with the forest.  
*'''Direct action''' in the form of protests all over the city to spread awareness. 
*'''A ballot referendum campaign''' to allow constituents to vote on the issue.  
*'''Door-knocking/canvassing '''in various neighborhoods to educate on the issue and collect signatures.
*'''Community outreach '''via postering, zines
*'''Media engagement '''i.e. press conferences, alternative media coverage.


'''SUCCESS:'''
*DeKalb County, being an unincorporated borough of Atlanta, barred its residents from participating in the voting or signature collection process for the referendum. Four county residents took legal action with a lawsuit against the City of Atlanta. They won the right for DeKalb residents to both collect signatures and initiate a new 60-day countdown <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref>
*Activists needed 58,000 signatures from registered voters in 60-day timeframe. They gathered over 116,000 signatures. <ref>Franzen, Timothy. 2023. “Stop Cop City Ballot Initiative Has over 116,000 Signatures.” American Friends Service Committee. September 14, 2023. https://afsc.org/news/stop-cop-city-ballot-initiative-has-over-116000-signatures</ref>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 23px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Major challenges faced by Stop Cop City'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 23px;" |
*Police violence has been a major challenge throughout the campaign. During a protest, activist Manuel Terán (“Tortuguita”) was shot fourteen times by Georgia state troopers <ref>Goldberg, Shoshana K. 2023. “Remembering Tortuguita.” Human Rights Campaign. March 21, 2023. https://www.hrc.org/news/remembering-tortuguita-indigenous-queer-and-non-binary-environmental-activist-and-forest-defender</ref>
*Many protesters have been arrested and charged for racketeering and domestic terrorism <ref>Rico, R.J. 2023. “61 Indicted in Georgia on Racketeering Charges Connected to ‘Stop Cop City’ Movement.” AP News. September 5, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/atlanta-cop-city-protests-rico-charges-3177a63ac1bd31a1594bed6584e9f330</ref>
*Most recently in November 2023, the coalition planned a peaceful protest and tree planting in the forest, but they were met with physical resistance and tear gassed by the police.
*At the time of writing the report, the government was delaying the signature approval process. Cop City may not be included on the ballot.  
|}

=== Keystone XL Pipeline (US/CAN) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.20.50 PM.png|700x700px|center|border]]
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| style="width: 157.484px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
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*Proposed in 2008 by TC Energy, the Keystone XL pipeline extension was designed to increase the transport of crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands to refineries on the Gulf Coast of Texas. The pipeline extension project would transport crude oil per day across the Canada-U.S. border. <ref>Denchak, Melissa and Lindwall, Courtney. 2022. “The Keystone XL Pipeline: Everything You Need To Know.”  March 15, 2022. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*The pipeline would have affected '''Indigenous communities''' in Montana and South Dakota. <ref>Lindwall, Courtney. 2021. “The Unlikely Takedown of Keystone XL.” 2021. June 29, 2021. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/unlikely-takedown-keystone-xl</ref> The proposed path was altered to not cross Indigenous reservations but still risked multiple Indigenous lands and important sources for drinking water. E.g. the Ogallala Aquifer serves as the main '''water source''' for millions of people 
|- style="height: 57px;"
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| style="width: 949.516px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building''': Many grassroots activists, including Indigenous communities and environmentalists, were involved before larger organizers, such as 350.org. They aided in the organizing of the initial coalition, consisting of national environmental organizations including the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), the Sierra Club, and First Nations and Native American activist groups such as Idle No More and local landowners. <ref>Adler, Ben. 2015. “The inside Story of the Campaign That Killed Keystone XL.” Vox. November 7, 2015. https://www.vox.com/2015/11/7/9684012/keystone-pipeline-won</ref>
*'''Legal petitions'''
*'''Civil resistance and protest''' along the construction route/in Washington
'''SUCCESS:'''
*An initial win for campaigners came in 2015: President Obama rejected a cross-border permit for Keystone XL after years of large acts of civil disobedience and protest. <ref>Henn, Jamie. 2021.“Here’s How We Defeated the Keystone XL Pipeline | Sierra Club.” n.d. Accessed October 28, 2023. https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/here-s-how-we-defeated-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*NRDC and their partners legal petitions effectively delayed the completion of the project. <ref>National Defense Resource Council. 2021. “Keystone XL Pipeline Lawsuits.” NRDC. Accessed November 5, 2023. https://www.nrdc.org/court-battles/keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*Finally, the project was '''fully put to an end in 2021''', as the newly elected Biden administration rescinded a permit for the KXL pipeline, effectively killing it <ref>Engelfried, Nick. 2021. “How Defeating Keystone XL Built a Bolder, Savvier Climate Movement.” The Commons. February 10, 2021. https://commonslibrary.org/how-defeating-keystone-xl-built-a-bolder-savvier-climate-movement/</ref> 
|}

=== Grassy Narrows (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.22.45 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
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|-
| style="width: 161.281px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
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*Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek community members of the Ojibwe First Nations Reserve in Grassy Narrows have faced unregulated mercury pollution in the Wabigoon River.
*'''Environmental racism:''' In the 1960s, Dryden Paper Company Ltd. dumped 9,000 kg of untreated mercury into the English-Wabigoon river system, upstream from Grassy Narrows and Whitedog First Nations.
*'''Food sovereignty: '''The Canadian Government banned the consumption of fish from the local river system. Community members still remained reliant on the fish as a diet staple, and the resulting mercury poisoning has devastated the health of the community. <ref>Anderson, Charnel. 2020. “Grassy Narrows.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Accessed November 11, 2023. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/grassy-narrows</ref>
*'''Poverty:''' 60% of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog’s inhabitants had lost their jobs from the fish ban and were placed on welfare. <ref>Charlebois, Clarence T. 1978.  High Mercury Levels in Indians and Inuits (Eskimos) in Canada. Ambio 7, no. 5/6: 204–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4312386</ref>
*'''Health:''' Many community members were diagnosed with Minamata Disease. The most common symptoms are sensory disturbances, poor muscle control (ataxia) and tunnel vision. Researchers also found evidence of Congenital Minamata Disease, which has resulted in cerebral palsy and intellectual development delays.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 161.281px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 955.719px; height: 57px;" |
*Grassy Narrows continued to demand fair compensation for mercury poisoning, which had been impacting 90% of the population, and ending all logging and mining plans in the area.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Letter-writing campaigns'''
*'''Hunger strikes'''
*'''Blockades'''
*'''Yearly protests and marches '''(Saku 2021; Gilson 2019)
*'''Formation of alliances''' with environmental NGOs like Rainforest Action Network (RAN) and other grassroots organizers <ref>Saku, James C. 2021. Environmental Activism on the Ground: Small Green and Indigenous Organizing. American Review of Canadian Studies 51 (2): 355–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2021.1914997</ref>
***Solidarity and support of non-Indigenous grassroots organizers can be crucial when it comes to funding, direct action, media relations and legal advocacy, evident through RAN’s support during the 2004 blockade. 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2017, the Ontario government '''pledged $85 million '''towards cleaning up the industrial mercury contamination in the Wabigoon River almost 50 years after the pollution had been identified <ref>Porter, Jody. 2021. “Grassy Narrows to Get $68.9M More from Ottawa for Centre to Care for People with Mercury Poisoning.” CBC News. Accessed October 20, 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/grassy-narrows-mercury-care-facility-ottawa-funding-1.6117975</ref>
*By 2021, the Liberal Government agreed to spend $90 million to build and operate the much needed public infrastructure to support those suffering from Minamata Disease.
Note: In 2023, the specialized infrastructure project failed to be granted any funding by the Government, citing soaring costs.
|}

=== #RightToBreathe/PES (US) ===

[[File:13124855 1091918740874230 6670651396523488360 n.jpg|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

Photo from: [https://www.phillythrive.org/_righttobreathe_mobilization Philly Thrive]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The 2016 Southport Campaign set out to stop Philadelphia Energy Solutions (PES) oil refinery expansion. PES was the second largest oil refinery in the United States. <ref>Xiao, Yin. 2017. “Environmentalist groups stop construction of oil export terminal in Philadelphia, 2016”.https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/environmentalist-groups-stop-construction-oil-export-terminal-philadelphia-2016</ref>
*The PES refinery was responsible for over 50% of Philadelphia’s toxic air emissions. This is one of the main reasons for the high rates of asthma, cancer, and other respiratory problems amongst Philadelphians. <ref>Philly Thrive. 2017. “Philly Thrive Review”. Accessed November 20, 2023. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/phillythrive/pages/111/attachments/original/1486401882/Philly_Thrive_Review.pdf?1486401882</ref>
*The residents who were at higher exposure from the pollution were low-income people of colour <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 57px;" |
*Philly Thrive, an organization led by Black, disabled, and chronically ill activists was a main organizer for the #RightToBreathe campaign <ref>Brockmeier, Erica K. 2022. “After the shutdown, what comes next for the former Philadelphia Energy Solutions refinery?”.  Accessed October 15, 2023 https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/after-shutdown-what-comes-next-former-philadelphia-energy-solutions-refinery</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Teach-ins and community outreach;''' Philly Thrive collaborated with ACTION united to mobilize community members to demand their “Right to Breathe” in 2016. This coincided with “Break Free 2016,” a wave of resistance to fossil fuels infrastructure by activists across the globe. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Social media and hopeful imagery: '''Throughout the campaign the hashtag #RightToBreathe was used across social media channels, and the image of sunflowers, symbolizing the belief in “a better future for Philadelphia with clean air, healthy families and a green economy,” were seen during protests <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Working groups: '''Momentum was maintained throughout the campaign due to the organization of small working groups.
*'''Direct actions and storytelling: '''More protests and take-overs were planned, including a “Toxic Tour” of the oil refinery on July 26th led by Philly Thrive, ACTION United, LeftRoots, and Global Grassroots Justice Alliance. At this event, frontline activists shared global and local personal stories of how they have been impacted by the fossil fuel economies. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*Victory was declared in December when the '''expansion plans were officially canceled <ref>Thompson, Zalaka. “Our Victory”. Accessed November 18, 2023. https://www.phillythrive.org/our_victory</ref> '''
*Despite the cancellations, Philly Thrive continued with advocacy and mobilization of more campaigns until '''PES refinery went bankrupt in 2018 and finally shut down in 2019''' after a series of explosions. <ref>Hanley, Steve. 2020. “Biggest Oil Refinery Cleanup In US History Begins In Philadelphia”. Accessed October 12, 2023.https://cleantechnica.com/2021/02/22/biggest-oil-refinery-clean-up-in-us-history-begins-in-philadelphia</ref>
Philly Thrive continues to organize for environmental justice with their campaigns. They are now advocating for their “RightToThrive”, to repair and clean up 154 years of violence and pollution in their communities. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
|}

=== 13 Pueblos (Mexico) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.25.23 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of  project'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 16px;" |
*13 pueblos started in 2006 to cancel the development of the La Ciénega housing units, around the area of the Chihuahuita spring in Morelos, Mexico. There was no prior consultation or Environmental Impact Assessment. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>   
*The infrastructure to deliver water from the Chihuahuita spring had been donated by President Lázaro Cárdenas, to provide water to Xoxocotla and the neighboring pueblos in 1934. The communities had been struggling from a lack of water access  throughout the Mexican Revolution, due to hoarding and misuse for the production of sugar cane. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
*Access to water was threatened by the La Ciénega housing units, as their planned locations were in the water replenishment areas of the spring. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 57px;" |
*The 13 pueblos involved were Tepetzingo, Tetecalita, Temimilcingo, Acamilpa, Pueblo Nuevo, Tlaltizapan, Huatecalco, El Mirador, Benito Juárez, Tetelpa, Santa Rosa Treinta, San Miguel Treinta, and Xoxocotla. <ref>Velazco, Salvador. 2018.  “(Des) colonialidad del poder en 13 pueblos en defensa del agua, el aire y la tierra.” 5, no. 9 (2018): 22–44. https://doi.org/10.5195/ct/2017.249</ref> Most pueblos were made up of Indigenous communities, and campesinos or farmers. They came together to advocate for their land sovereignty and water access. <ref>Hernández Navarro, Luis. 2007. “Morelos: siembra de concreto, cosecha de ira”. https://www.jornada.com.mx/2007/08/07/index.php?section=opinion&article=019a1pol</ref>
'''Organizing tactics''':
*'''Development of a council: '''The council of the pueblos was created for members from each pueblo to meet every Sunday. They exchanged about one another’s concerns, devised their strategies, and found alternative solutions without government authority. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Blockades and protests: '''For three years, they protested, organized blockades, and counter-reports despite strong government opposition and police brutality. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Convening and a manifesto: '''153 Indigenous leaders from so-called Canada, the US, Peru, and other counties in Latin America came together in Xochicalco for the Council of the 13 pueblos and the presentation of their manifesto. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
***The manifesto was made in defense of the land, air, and water, and it outlined the current crisis and visions for the future (Pueblos de Morelos 2007; Casiba 2007, 1:08). It also accused the government and corporations of labeling the areas as “unproductive” to justify construction plans despite the presence of Indigenous and farmer communities <ref>Casiba. 2007. “Los 13 pueblos hacen entrega de Manifiesto”. YouTube video, 1:08. Accessed November 28, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weoP7AgCqRY</ref>
*'''Legal action:''' In 2008, a court case was presented in the Latin American Water Court where CEAMA (the State Water and Environment Commission) and Conagua were blamed for having authorized construction permits without proper assessment and not taking into account the needs of the surrounding communities <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> 


'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2009, three years after the movement's conception, '''the project plans were canceled and the area within a 100 meter radius of the Chihuahuita spring was protected <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> '''
|- style="height: 103px;"
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| style="width: 907.562px; height: 103px;" |
*Several people were injured and arrested. The people of the 13 pueblos were often tear-gassed by police forces, bribed, and some individuals received death threats. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*They had to fight opposing narratives from the government and Conagua, Mexico’s National Water Commission, that falsely claimed there was sufficient water for the construction of the housing units. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref> 
 
|}

=== Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.30.43 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
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| style="width: 160.547px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
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*The Trans Mountain Expansion project (TMX) aims to construct a second pipeline, approximately parallel to the current trans-mountain pipeline that transports crude oil from Edmonton to the coast of British Columbia. The project would triple it's capacity. <ref>https://www.transmountain.com/</ref>
*First proposed by Kinder Morgan in 2013, with an estimated price of $5 billion. The Canadian federal government purchased the pipeline in 2018 after significant resistance and price increases.
***The price tag for the project has increased to over $30 billion today. A net cost that will be passed on to taxpayer. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*The project lacks proper consultation for free, prior, and informed consent by Indigenous peoples.
*Construction causes violence towards women and children due to aggressions from “man camps” that are created to work at these sites. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' Direct action through blocking the pipeline construction has been supported by many academics, activists, and environmental organizations, and was initiated by local Indigenous land defenders. The Tiny House Warriors of the Secwépemc nation, was created as a camp to inhabit areas to be developed and physically resist the project <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*'''Win remains partial:''' Despite increasing '''public opposition, increased costs, countless delays, financial problems, and difficulties finding banks or insurers''' to host the project, its construction has not been halted. It is set to begin operations in 2024 <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
|- style="height: 122px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 122px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 122px;" |
*Both the owner and the judge of the project’s feasibility, the Canadian government, is in a favorable position to impose the expansion project and issue construction permits. This poses ethical questions of the democratic processes behind the project.
*There has been monitoring and policing of activists, including a bill that prohibits approaching any of the construction sites <ref>CBC News. 2019. “Trans Mountain Monitoring Anti-Pipeline Activists through Social Media | CBC News.” CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada. November 25. https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/tmx-docs-reports-1.5370221</ref>
*Over 200 activists have been arrested for their involvement in mobilizations against TMX <ref>Stand Earth. 2023. “Stopping the Trans Mountain Pipeline.” Stand.Earth. September 14. https://stand.earth/our-work/campaigns/stopping-the-trans-mountain-pipeline/#:~:text=The%20pipeline%20is%20opposed%20by,over%20200%20having%20been%20arrested</ref>
|}

=== Atlantic Coast Pipeline (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.32.55 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
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| style="width: 160.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The Atlantic Coast Pipeline was proposed by Dominion Energy and Duke Energy in 2013. It was designed to transport gas daily from the Utica and Marcellus gas fields in West Virginia to Virginia and North Carolina. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
* The proposed project received an Environmental Impact Statement in 2016 and aimed at starting construction in 2017, with an estimated cost of $5.1 billion. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
*The proposed project would have disproportionately affected African American communities and Indigenous communities. <ref>CBF. 2023. “Atlantic Coast Natural Gas Pipeline.” Chesapeake Bay Foundation. Accessed December 16. https://www.cbf.org/about-cbf/locations/virginia/issues/atlantic-coast-natural-gas-pipeline.html</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and legal action: '''Environmental organizations, grassroots groups of residents and landowners, and a legal organization (the Southern Environmental Law Centre) converged in instigating legal battles against the pipeline.
***A coalition of environmental, conservation, and public advocacy groups signed a letter demanding that rigorous environmental assessment be conducted, citing pipeline engineers and environmental specialists. <ref>Southern Environmental Law Center. 2021. “Large Coalition Implores Governor, State Environmental Agency to Protect Virginia Waters.” Southern Environmental Law Center. September 29. https://www.southernenvironment.org/news/large-coalition-implores-governor-state-enviromental-agency-to-protect-virg/</ref> 
*'''Direct action: '''The coalitions mobilization strategies included but were not limited to: signs on homes, marches, letters to relevant authorities, public meetings, and non-violent actions.  
'''SUCCESS:'''
*A significant legal win was the recognition of the impacts on the Appalachian Trail. As a part of the National Parks System, the United States Forest service '''did not have the authority to issue construction permits <ref>Appalachian Voices. 2023. “Canceled: Atlantic Coast Pipeline.” Appalachian Voices. Accessed December 16. https://appvoices.org/pipelines/atlantic-coast-pipeline/</ref> '''
*In July 2020, Dominion Energy and Duke Energy announced the '''cancellation of the pipeline''', citing ongoing delays, the COVID-19 pandemic, legal uncertainty, and increasing costs of construction.
|}

=== Public Power New York (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.35.11 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1108px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project and campaign'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2019, the state of New York adopted the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) which commits to 100% renewable energy by 2040 and at least 70% of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2030. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
*Public Power New York (PPNY) led a campaign that lasted for 3.5 years. They aimed to pass the Build Public Renewables Act in the state budget. The Build Public Renewables Act will require the New York Power Authority (NYPA) to not only provide fully renewable energy to citizens by 2040, but also to ensure that economic, social, and racial justice are considered. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
***The bill will ensure that energy jobs have high labor standards, and that the transition to renewable energy is led by the public sector. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
***The bill will also ensure that the most polluting oil and gas plants, located mainly in low-income communities of color, will be shut down by 2030, and that energy is affordable for lower income communities <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Political organizing:''' The coalition encouraged people to call and send emails to Governor Kathy Hochul, the politician responsible for passing the bill. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*They got members of the movement campaigning for office on platforms that endorsed Public Power NY. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
*'''Public education:''' Public events educated the larger public about the state of the current NY energy system. 
*'''Coalition building: '''The most important tactic; the PPNY grassroots coalition brings together more than 20 environmental justice organizations, labor unions, and thousands of volunteers. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*The coalition pays serious attention to racial and economic justice in the fight for renewable energy.
***Involving labor unions was notably difficult because of the worker’s skepticism of the notoriously anti-union renewable energy industry. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*After nearly four years of campaigning, PPNY successfully achieved its goal when '''the New York State legislature decided to pass the Build Public Renewables Act''' in May 2023 and allocate a budget to the NYPA that would allow for its effective implementation. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
|}

=== Mi’kmaq Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.14.03 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1110px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2009, New Brunswick granted Southwestern Energy Resources a permit to explore over a million hectares of land for natural gas extraction <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*New Brunswick citizens opposed this decision by signing many petitions and organizing protests. The citizen-led opposition to fracking was not heard nor taken into account by the government. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*In 2013, South Western Energy Resources and Irving Oil were allowed to conduct exploration for, and extraction of, natural gas on unceded Mi'kma'ki territory. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref>
*The Elsipogtog First Nation was opposed to the project because it was hazardous to their lands and waters. 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
<li class="p1">'''Blockades:''' The Mi’kmaq Warrior Society organized blockades and resisted police repression. Support also came from other Indigenous groups and settler allies. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref> </li>
<li class="p1">'''Day of action:''' The Indigenous-led organization IDLE No More called for a national day of solidarity protest. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> </li>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*The companies finally decided to '''abandon seismic testing and to leave the province until 2015. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> '''
*In 2015, a temporary '''moratorium on fracking''' was announced by the government of New Brunswick and was extended indefinitely in 2016 <ref>CBC News. 2018. “Province extends fracking ban 'indefinitely' after failing to meet its own conditions.” CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/shale-gas-fracking-gallant-moratorium-1.4715225</ref> 
|-
| style="width: 157.641px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faces'''
| style="width: 926.359px;" |
*The government opposition to the protesters and the strong police repression was the main challenge faced by protesters.
|}

=== GNL Quebec (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.16.31 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1137px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 16px;" |
*GNL Quebec project was a 750-km natural gas pipeline operated by Gazoduq, a gas liquefaction plant managed by Énergie Saguenay, and terminal for the export of methane in Saguenay, QC. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020a. “What GNL Québec Is and Why You Must Block the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. July 28, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/41055/what-gnl-quebec-is-and-why-you-must-say-no-to-it/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 57px;" |
The movement against GNL used multi-level approach, engaging local, national, and international spheres, and created a united front.

Organizing Tactics: 
*'''Direct action: '''The movement began in 2017 with an initial demonstration by Innu Land and Water Protectors. Decentralized actions, like hanging banners at symbolic locations, enhanced visibility and emphasized the project's lack of social acceptability. The global climate strikes on September 27, 2019, that drew half a million people and featured a speech by climate activist Greta Thunberg, provided the GNL Quebec movement with an international platform. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2021. “No to GNL Québec* : Banners Blossom across the Province in Rejection of the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. September 3, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/46568/no-to-gnl-quebec-banners-blossom-across-the-province-in-rejection-of-the-project/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Local citizens, civil society groups, environmental activists, opposition parties, and student associations, all united against GNL Quebec. Forming an informal coalition expanded the movement from a local to National issue. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref>
*'''Political organizing:''' Utilizing petitions, polls, and active participation in official public consultations such as BAPE (The Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec), the movement demonstrated resistance through many formal channels with record-breaking participation. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020b. “BAPE on GNL Québec: HISTORIC PARTICIPATION EXPOSES the FLAWS of an OUTDATED PROJECT.” Greenpeace Canada. November 5, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/44494/bape-on-gnl-quebec-historic-participation-exposes-the-flaws-of-an-outdated-project/</ref> The number of citizens that contributed to the public consultation on the environmental assessment was historic (7000 submissions). 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2020 and 2021, major investors, including Warren Buffett's firm, withdrew support from the project. <ref>Houle, Jean. 2020. “GNL Québec: Un Investisseur Majeur Se Retire à Cause Des Blocus Autochtones.” Www.journaldemontreal.com. March 5, 2020. https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2020/03/05/le-projet-de-gnl-quebec-encaisse-un-veritable-coup-de-masse-1</ref> 
*The BAPE (Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec) report came out in the movement’s favor, and Quebec Premier François Legault rejected the project in 2021. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref> 
|}

=== Standing Rock (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.18.15 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1117px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 16px;" |
*Energy Transfer Partners proposed the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), intended to traverse sacred Indigenous lands.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 57px;" |
*Standing Rock's primary objectives were: safeguarding the Missouri River, protecting sacred lands and historical sites, and upholding the sovereignty and treaty rights of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. Central to the tribe's argument was the contention that the DAPL breached Article II of the Fort Laramie Treaty, securing the right to the peaceful and uninterrupted utilization of reservation lands. <ref>Smithsonian. 2015. “Standing Rock Sioux and Dakota Access Pipeline | Teacher Resource.” Si.edu. Smithsonian: National Museum of the American Indian. 2015. https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/plains-treaties/dapl</ref>
*In March 2016, a pivotal moment occurred as Tokata Iron Eyes and the Standing Rock Youth uncovered plans to reroute the pipeline through sacred lands. This discovery marked the initiation of the #NoDAPL movement <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Online presence:''' The #NoDAPL movement was led by teenagers. They used online platforms, petitions, and mobilized. Social media, particularly the #NoDAPL hashtag, was crucial in amplifying the movement's message and reaching a global audience. <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
*'''Physical occupation: '''As tensions escalated, encampments like Sacred Stone and Oceti Sakowin became central to resistance. <ref>Yardley, William. 2017. “Last Holdouts Are Cleared from Main Dakota Access Pipeline Protest Camp.” Los Angeles Times. February 23, 2017. https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-standing-rock-20170223-story.html</ref> These encampments served as strategic hubs, fostering communal dynamics and providing a base for legal strategies employed by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe.
*'''Symbolic resistance:''' ReZpect Our Water played a critical role within the broader #NoDAPL movement. They organized relay runs, symbolizing the historic and spiritual practice of running among Native peoples, contributing to the movement's visibility. <ref>Joseph, Alli. 2016. “Running for Their Lives: Native American Relay Tradition Revived to Protest Dakota Access Pipeline.” Salon. Salon.com. September 12, 2016. https://www.salon.com/2016/09/12/running-for-their-lives-native-american-relay-tradition-revived-to-protest-dakota-access-pipeline/</ref> 
*'''International advocacy:''' Efforts included engagements with the UN Human Rights Council and the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. <ref>Medina, Daniel A. 2016. “Standing Rock Sioux Takes Pipeline Fight to UN Human Rights Council in Geneva.” NBC News. NBC News. September 20, 2016. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/standing-rock-sioux-takes-pipeline-fight-un-human-rights-council-n651381</ref> 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2016 the Department of the Army denied an easement under Lake Oahe, halting the pipeline's progression. This decision generated jubilation at the Oceti Sakowin camp, and had broader implications for Indigenous rights. <ref>Healy, Jack, and Nicholas Fandos. 2016. “Protesters Gain Victory in Fight over Dakota Access Oil Pipeline.” The New York Times, December 4, 2016, sec. U.S. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/04/us/federal-officials-to-explore-different-route-for-dakota-pipeline.html</ref>
|-
| style="width: 160.141px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 930.859px;" |
*There was excessive use of force by police and private military personnel during violent confrontations with protestors. <ref>Hersher, Rebecca. 2017. “Key Moments in the Dakota Access Pipeline Fight.” Npr.org. Npr. February 22, 2017. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/22/514988040/key-moments-in-the-dakota-access-pipeline-fight</ref>
*President Trump's memorandum in 2017 accelerated the project. In 2021, there remains hope for Standing Rock protestors to be heard. <ref>Todrys, Katherine Wiltenburg . 2021. Black Snake: Standing Rock, the Dakota Access Pipeline, and Environmental Justice. University of Nebraska Press</ref>
|}

=== Athabasca Tar Sands Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.33.03 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1124px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 16px;" |
*Shell proposed development of the Athabasca Tar Sands. The Athabasca-Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN) strongly challenged Shell, seeking compensation for damage already done and legal recognition of native land rights on traditional territories outside of reserves. <ref>Lim, Audrea. 2014. “How First Nations in Canada Are Winning the Fight against Big Oil.” The Nation. September 10. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-first-nations-canada-are-winning-fight-against-big-oil/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Legal opposition:''' The ACFN mounted significant legal opposition against Shell in the form of lawsuits and interventions in the regulatory process. <ref>Narine, Shari, ed. 2015. “Shell Withdraws Pierre Mine Project Application.” Ammsa.Com. https://ammsa.com/publications/alberta-sweetgrass/shell-withdraws-pierre-mine-project-application</ref>
*'''Rejecting government channels:''' Withdrawing from consultative committees proved effective, as these committees often had little impact, and oil companies could no longer claim Indigenous consultation. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
*In 2010, the Tar Sands Healing Walk was founded by a group of Indigenous activists including the ACFN. The Healing Walk, a 14-kilometer walk through the tar sands, was intended to build community and raise awareness about the damage caused by bitumen extraction. The Walk ended in 2014 after organizers felt its goals had been achieved. <ref>Leahy, Derek. 2014. “June 28th: Final ‘Tar Sands Healing Walk’ Simply a New Beginning, Say Organizers.” The Narwhal. March 20. https://thenarwhal.ca/june-28th-final-tar-sands-healing-walk-simply-new-beginning-say-organizers/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Indigenous groups, environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs), labor groups, and religious groups joined forces. These coalitions extended beyond local communities to the international scale, raising public awareness and increasing pressure on oil companies. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
On coalition building, Lubicon Cree activist Melina Laboucan-Massimo said, ''“‘When we work in coalitions – the environmental movement, First Nations and the labor movement – there’s such a convergence of diverse voices…we’re really starting to see growing public accountability and public opposition being seen and taken seriously'’” <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''

'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2014, a series of large development projects, including Shell’s Pierre River Mine, were canceled due to “market forces and public opposition”  It is estimated that public opposition to the tar sands has cost the oil industry over $17 billion.'' <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''
|}

=== Nitaskinan60 (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.37.04 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1103px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 16px;" |
Nitaskinan – Atikamekw territory – has been threatened by the destruction of logging companies.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 57px;" |
*Nitaskinan60, or the Kilometer 60 campaign, is an ongoing campaign in Manawan, Québec, Canada.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' The Dubé family and Manawan community established a blockade and announced a moratorium on logging in Manawan. The blockade has the immediate goal of stopping the illegal logging and the long-term goal of Indigenous sovereignty and unity. <ref>Richardson, Lindsay, and Emelia Fournier. 2022. “Inside the Atikamekw Nation’s Fight against Deforestation of Ancestral Lands.” APTN News. March 18. https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/inside-the-atikamekw-nations-fight-against-the-deforestation-of-its-ancestral-lands/</ref> 
'''SUCCESS (this campaign is ongoing):'''
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) published seven sustainable forestry recommendations for better community consultation and involvement. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) issued a report in May, 2022, concluding that the MFFP and Scerie Saint-Michel were both at fault. However, the report neither offered reparations or compensation to the Dubé family or Manawan community, nor penalized either of the responsible parties. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
|-
| style="width: 145.906px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 931.094px;" |
*While campaigning, some activists expressed fear of danger to individuals, physical or legal.
*The greatest challenge has been a lack of government cooperation and responsibility.  
|}

== Strategy and tactics used ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1138px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Direct action (14/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 28px;" |
*All campaigns participated in a form of '''direct action '''(physical disruption).
**Specific tactics varied: protests, marches, sit-ins, civil disobedience and blockades.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Community engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 37px;" |
*Engagement tactics used; canvassing, '''community meetings, workshops, teach-ins, reading groups, focus groups and speak-ins'''.
**Specific examples include the Standing Rock Relay Runs, the Grassy Narrows River Run, and weekly potlucks for Stop Cop City. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Mass engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*Mass engagement was through''' petitions and letters.'''
**This was important for the involvement of community members who do not have the same time, ability or privilege for actions and events.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 164.141px;" |
'''Coalition building (7/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 28px;" |
*Benefits: creation of a new entity, diverse knowledge/perspectives and increasing the '''size and strength of campaigns'''.
|- style="height: 72px;"
| style="height: 72px; width: 164.141px;" |
'''Legal action and political pressure (7/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 72px;" |
*Formal political and legal processes were used.
**To seek policy change, tactics included; call campaigns, attending public meetings or consultations, running for office or organizing election campaigns. Many campaigns faced high opposition, but many also '''benefited from political alliances.'''
**For legal challenges, tactics included; lawsuits, legal curt appeals, course cases, referendums and legal advocacy '''often delayed projects, but did not always result in material gains.'''
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 164.141px; height: 46px;" | '''Mass communication (5/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*Communication platforms such as social media campaigns, banners, magazines, press conferences, documentaries engaged the public.
*'''Alternative media and social media '''was useful in countering mainstream media which often aligns with government and industry perspectives.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 164.141px; height: 46px;" | '''Independent research (3/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*A small handful of campaigns conducted '''independent research '''to enhance the campaigns credibility and convince of it's importance.
|}

== Participating groups ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1113px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Locally impacted community members/land defenders + grassroots activists + ENGOs = success'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 51px;" |
*Actors varied across campaigns. The most common participants were networks of '''community members, volunteers, Indigenous groups, and environmental organizations (ENGO's).'''
**Research for the Athabasca Tar Sands case study says, “Dominant political and industry actors were largely able to overlook the movement until a diverse and influential set of social movement actors began collaborating and shifting these local struggles transnationally.” <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Unions'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 51px;" |
*Unions participated in 4 out of 14 of the campaigns.
**For the Public Power NY campaign, the involvement of labor unions was identified as a turning point in the struggle. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref> 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Industry professionals and student groups'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 28px;" |
*The least recurrent participants were academics, businesses, legal groups, health groups, and student groups.
**For GNL Quebec campaign, students made up the largest fraction of supporters. Student’s involvement was also identified as crucial.
**Academics were involved in the TMX Pipeline and GNL Quebec campaigns. Academic Tim Takaro camped in a tree for the TMX pipeline and this gathered significant media attention that reached different audiences.
***David Suzuki was involved with the campaign against GNL Quebec. The involvement of academics or well-known experts helped these campaigns gain wider media attention. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
|}

== Challenges faced ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 231px; width: 1102px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Government opposition (7/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Legal challenges and large public demonstrations '''were used to overcome government opposition.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Police repression (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Direct action '''was used both as a counter to repression, and also faced additional repression. Increased project costs and delays to construction helped address the challenges faced using direct action.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Coalition challenges (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Difficulty creating alliances due to diverging opinions and perspectives.
E.g. “There has been a lack of structure in the coalition when it comes to making decisions when it comes to allocation of resources…the lack of structure has meant that we are being pulled in like 25 directions all at once. We need to unravel this notion that structure is our enemy. And if we refuse to define what leadership looks like, on the basis that leadership is hierarchical. It just means that leadership goes, unaccounted [for], and it goes unchecked.” -Activist against TMX pipeline
*'''Coalitions '''were used to strengthen the response to challenges by increasing knowledge and resources
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Legal challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 28px;" |
*Activist arrests, and opposition from industry.
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Health challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Linked directly to the struggle.
|-
| style="width: 205.828px;" | '''Misinformation (2/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*'''Educational efforts''' helped to counter misinformation.
|}
 

== Results and key research findings ==

=== Researcher takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 302px; width: 1118px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Direct action'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 16px;" |
*Most commonly used to successfully overcome government opposition and police repression.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Legal action and political pressure'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 57px;" |
*Most effective for procedural delays, reducing the economic viability of projects, and sometimes, for facilitating the recognition of Indigenous rights and sovereignty.
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''Coalition building'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 76px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, leading to new campaigns and/or activist groups, and providing more perspectives and knowledge
*When facing police repression, coalitions can help support activists and communities more at risk of experiencing direct criminalization or police violence.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Community engagement'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, fostering collaboration, strong community support and diverse campaigns that engage a wide variety of people.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Communication and raising public awareness'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, increasing support for the campaign and lowering acceptability of the target. 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Diversity of actors, strategies and tactics'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Greatly contributed to the effectiveness of a successful intersectional campaign.
|}


'''Direct action, c''''''ommunity engagement and building strong, '''large, and diverse coalitions seem to be the most effective strategies, and the best strategies for overcoming challenges. 
 

=== HUB takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 1033px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 19px;" |
'''To mobilize ''deeper'' (increase commitment and engagement)...'''
| style="height: 19px; width: 77.1094%;" |

*'''One-to-one connections are powerful'''
''"When we went door to door talking to people, what we found was that for a lot of people, the people who live farther away from the forest, the mayor's narrative was winning in so many ways, because people were like, 'Oh, it's just a training facility like what are you mad about?'... But when you began to talk to people about the nuts and bolts of it, when you began to tell people 'what do you think about a Blackhawk helicopter landing pad?' People like we're like, 'what do we need that for?'...Yeah, well, what do you think about the firing range?" ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
<li>'''Know the history of the land you're on, to connect with impacted communities'''</li>''"We're on Tongva Land. The community has been traditionally black... one of the few neighborhoods that black communities could live in, and rapidly converting to large Latino populations. So very much a mixed population on unceded Tongva territory, we refer to it as South Central Los Angeles. Our original offices were on land that was owned by Edward Doheny... the big North American granddaddy oil baron from back in the day... Mount St. Mary's College is built on his former estate. His estate had a petting zoo and all these beautiful Victorian buildings. And that is the neighborhood that our organization started in."'' -Organizer for Stand L.A.
*'''Connect on the land'''
''"When I went back, what I saw was that the community had come in and began to use the land, the community had really started to make it our park. And people were doing teachings there about how to live off of the land, showing you what mushrooms were growing that you could eat, what type of moss you could use to make a poultice for cuts or to any types of wounds, you know, then there was like a weekly potluck that was happening. And people were talking to us about that area of land and what the South River Forest meant to this community." ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 120px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 120px;" | '''To mobilize widely...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 120px;" |
*'''Engage with many forms of media'''
''"We have to work hard for alternative media to get things out. So we have a number of different news crews that work with us; independent journalists, local magazines and newspapers. And then we were able to get NBC to come here to do a short documentary about cop city... and also the documentary done by Al Jazeera. Those have been like the mainstream media documentaries that have really opened people's eyes." -''Organizer for'' ''Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''To get your message across...'''
| style="height: 51px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Use art to grab attention '''
''"[We used] genderless, ageless wig stands, and assaulted each one of them with one symptom... a nosebleed... asthma [with a] puffer, [an inflamed] thyroid, a congested nose with a clothespin. We had several others. My self portrait was a headache that I described by putting two barbecue skewers from the nape of my neck through my forehead... And we set that up on a table with a big boombox with a black tablecloth... just as kids and parents were walking home from school, and they would walk by and say, "hey, hey, hey, what's that with the nosebleed? I had to take my kid three times to the emergency room last week with nosebleeds"... All of these symptoms began to come together and we use that event and events like it to tell people, we want to talk more with you." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Relate to issues concerning community members''' (i.e. rather than a blanket 'stop climate change', campaigns and communication addressed a specific concern, project, proposal or law impacting locals). 
''"One of the things that I started to do was talk to people about how cop city affected the state of childcare... when you're talking about childcare, you are talking about health care. And when you're talking about health care, you have to talk about economic justice and environmental justice together. And you cannot have a conversation about childcare without talking about reproductive justice. Because according to the pillars of reproductive justice, I am supposed to be able to raise the children that I choose to have in a clean, safe environment that is free of state sanctioned interpersonal violence... So when when you looked at... what that intersectionality was, and how we could get people to understand.. '''everybody has a stake in this'''."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Contact press and hold press conferences at strategic times to control the narrative'''
''"There was, at one point it was really like a back and forth of, we're sending a press release, and then a company has to answer that we're sending a press release under industry, and they have to answer, so we kind of we became master the narrative where they had to always answer our communication." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Provide platforms for community members to share their stories'''
 ''"I think [uplifting the] community's voice and just speaking the truth, and providing as many people the opportunity to tell their story... storytelling, personal testimony, community based research, all of those things are very critical.''" -Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Uplift elders, and people who can describe how the community has been impacted over time'''
''"The elders are also important, because they will be the quickest ones to notice that the air has changed... What's making that happen... being privileged to share the community with people who've lived there for a very long time. I think that's really the greatest asset for change, just listening to community." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''To build a stronger force...'''
| style="height: 28px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Form strategic alliances/coalitions between the grassroots, NGOs, unions, associations, academics etc. '''
''"Knock on all these doors and find out key organizational and individual levers that the can help you. I think it's critical to find a way to get the big green NGOs on board. They have a lot of mobilization power, and when they actually show up, they can be instrumental, and then you need to find political allies as well... all the opposition parties were with us... and the mobilization needs to be grassroots-led... that is a prime example of how local grassroots organizing, amplified by others, can become the most powerful tool in the world." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Set goals as a coalition and as individual groups/organizations'''
''"I think that the one of the biggest challenges that I've noticed, is the lack of defining our goals in a meaningful and practical way. There has been a lack of, or an unwillingness, to get specific enough with our goals and what it means to, in my opinion, actually be able to accomplish them. Because... when I talked about the campaign, or the movement or whatever, it's basically a coalition of dozens of organizations that are all united under this banner called protect the planet. And there's very diverse organizations involved in that coalition...There's a lot of overlap between the groups... everyone is united and agrees that our goal is to stop TMX... But that's not enough... it doesn't tell you how we're going to get there. And there's still a distinction between tactics, like tactics, and specific goals are two different things as well. But... what does that actually mean, to stop TMX? What does that look like? Because if we don't get more specific about what that means, we aren't able to tailor our actions in a way that is effective... You know, it ends up with people like, let's hold a rally at City Hall to stop TMX. And it's like, what is that doing? Why are we targeting City Hall? That makes no sense, like City Hall has no power to do anything here? I think there's this kind of something you hear a lot is 'Oh, well, we're raising awareness.' '''I think something that has become really clear in this campaign, and that I've heard other people say in other campaigns is that if your campaigns goal is just to raise awareness, you've already failed'''. Like, that's not enough. Yes, it's a component of any sort of social movement or campaign. But if that's where the goal ends, it's not, it's just not going to do anything. It's just not enough."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Power map as a coalition'''
''"Without defining what needs to happen for the project to be stopped, we can't tailor our actions to target the right people. And I think that's been a challenge, is figuring out who is an effective target... We need to actually target the people and the the entities that have the power to change what we're trying to change."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Map out your spectrum of allies'''
''"You need to analyze where your allies are, active allies, passive allies, who are your active enemies, and really focus on bringing more passive allies to the active side... when this all started, there was a lot of passive allies. The students were concerned with climate, but they weren't specifically involved in the project. At first, the only active allies there was a tiny bit of people from First Nations [communities], and then citizen groups... when you're in that moment, where you're trying to develop a campaign against a big struggle, or a big project like this one, you really need to find, who are those people in society that agree with me, but aren't doing shit about it. And that's a tough part. That's a long process. But you really have to do it." ''-Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Do skill and knowledge shares for sustainable engagement.'''
"''We constantly do teachings with each other. You know, this Friday, we have a teaching with the Palestinian youth movement to help people understand how cop city connects to the struggle for freedom in Palestine. We constantly educate ourselves so that we educate the community. So, we do that by canvassing, we do that by public facing events like movie screenings and townhall meetings, community talkbacks where the community will come and just tell us, hey, this is my concern.''" -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Support action led by directly impacted communities'''
''"The mass education campaigns on hydraulic fracturing that had been ongoing since 2011 were not Indigenous-led. Numerous action and advocacy groups across the province were also not Indigenous-led. The frontlines certainly were Indigenous-led. So, in support of frontline activities, allies were very supportive, financially and materially." -Journalist for Mi'kmaq resistance''
|- style="height: 305px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 305px;" | '''To conserve energy/resources...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 305px;" |
*'''Intentionally define a structure, accountability and how power is shared (avoidance creates more problems)'''
''"There has been, in my experience, a refusal... to even discuss what it might mean to have some sort of structure for the coalition... there's this really problematic assumption that... organizing non hierarchically means that... structure is an enemy because structure is hierarchical. And that has been such a problem because it just means that nothing gets done... if we refuse to define what leadership looks like... it just means that leadership goes, unaccounted, and it goes unchecked. And no one knows what's going on... people are still assuming positions of leadership, but they're not accountable to people for that, and it's not clear, who is responsible for what. And I would actually argue that that ends up resulting in a more hierarchical structure than if the leadership had been defined clearly... '''One of the one of the teachings from my people that we were using in this context that I think explains it really well, is geese. So when you see Canada geese fly, they fly in a V shape, right. And there's a leader at the point of the V, that goose is the one that is setting the direction of where the flock is going. But they get tired, and they swap out. So when the when the lead goose gets tired, they swap positions with another goose that's in the V, and they just swap over like that'''. [Otherwise,] no one is responsible for anything, and everyone is responsible for everything at the same time. And it's so cumbersome. It's restrictive in terms of using our time and our energy and resources in an effective way. And that leads to burnout." -''TMX Organizer''' '''
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 74px;" | '''To maintain momentum...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 74px;" |
*'''Recognize and reflect on your successes'''
''"The biggest victory in this fight against cop city, is that people understand what it is that we do need to be safe and community because this has really opened up a huge conversation about community safety."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Leverage the momentum of other movements by drawing connections'''
"''At the time of the shutdown Canada movement... when the entire world was watching what was going on in the West... [there were great narratives] built between what was going on out west and what was going on here, tying it to basically being the same colonial projects that were that were being forced down the throat of Indigenous communities." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
|- style="height: 125px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 125px;" | '''To strengthen relationships...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 125px;" |
*'''Center joy!'''
"''We started to choir... there are a lot of people who are very good singers, there are people who are instrumentalists. There are people who just want to have good vibes and chill out with each other. So we started singing together, we started doing that. And we've performed in a couple of places, it's been a lot of fun. People are carrying it on, you know, make sure that you definitely do that make time for joy and make space for healing."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 311px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 311px;" | '''To address problematic behaviour internally...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 311px;" |
*'''Make sure structures and policies for accountability are defined; what is not okay, who to speak to when something happens and how unacceptable behaviour is addressed '''
''"It's always these men that have like, this poorly defined power and are operating within this like, very hierarchical system, but because we've refused to define [a clear structure], [abuse/harassment] doesn't get called out."'' -TMX Organizer

''"Part of what I've learned here is that just defining ourselves as [anti-oppressive] doesn't make it so... 'We will not cancel us' by Adrienne Marie Brown, explains... when we are so quick to cancel each other, and she's not talking about abusers here, there's a difference there. If someone is abusive, that requires... a different conversation, though, when it comes to just transgressions and mistakes that people make saying the wrong thing, doing the wrong thing, like that is going to happen because... every single person that is involved in these movements has grown up in a world that has these... systems of oppression that have been built into our lives in all of these ways. And a lot of the work that we have to do is unlearning all of those systems because we can't see how they have impacted us... we need to be able to have the room to make mistakes... we need those skills to be able to''' '''negotiate '''where that line is with what is unacceptable transgression. And how do we handle those mistakes in a way that actually allows people to correct those mistakes and learn from them and grow and do better next time? Without destroying the movement and like pushing people out?'''" -''TMX Organizer
|}

=== HUB observations: additional lessons ===
{| class="wikitable" style="height: 84px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 158.188px;" |
For environmentalists that do not understand how Indigenous sovereignty and police violence relate to the climate crisis...
| style="height: 28px; width: 993.812px;" |
There are 2 critical points to emphasize:

1) How '''structural racism and ongoing settler colonialism impact historic and ongoing climate justice campaigns, specifically on Indigenous Land defenders. '''The degree of criminalization, physical violence, and assassinations during environmental campaigns significantly increases when Indigenous people are involved <ref>Scheidel, Arnim et al. 2020. “Environmental Conflicts and Defenders: A Global Overview.” Global Environmental Change 63: 102104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104</ref>

2) Most climate justice campaigns that have had''' success in the last 20 years across Turtle Island have been initiated and led by impacted Indigenous communities'''.
|-
| style="width: 158.188px;" | For NGOs that want to support grassroots organizers
| style="width: 993.812px;" |
*'''Let the grassroots lead'''! Listen to what support they say they need; media? Funding? Training? They will tell you.
*'''Don't '''craft the message: uplift the voices of grassroots organizers (co-creation ''may'' be more possible if a coalition is formed). 
|}
''''

''If you have corrections or additional resources to share with us related to this content, you can contact kenzie@lehub.ca.''
 

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<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

'''[https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Militant_Wiki Back to Homepage]'''

How we Win! Summary of findings on successful climate justice campaigns in North America

2024-11-26T15:26:36Z

Mediawiki: /* Defining 'success' and study parameters */

''''
<div class="speechify-ipvczq"></div>
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''How we win'' was a 2023 research project supervised by Dr. Jen Gobby, and conducted by McGill students Cassandra Ciafro, Anna Henry, Frida Sofia Morales Mora, Thomas Nakasako, Dafne Ozcan, Nico Serreqi and Lea Vadez Reyes. It investigates the following question: ''What can be learned from the struggles and successes of intersectional climate campaigns across Turtle Island (North America) over the past 20 years, and what factors contribute to the success of these campaigns? '' Case studies, plus 4 semi-structured interviews and 1 survey were used to explore this question.

 
This page includes a summary of the campaigns/movements included in the report and the tactics used, key factors that contributed to the success of multiple campaigns/movements, HUB team observations and suggestions based on key takeaways, plus key quotes from interviews and surveys with successful activists/organizers for more specific suggestions and examples.'''</div>
 
To read the full report, see the following: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1F7tROk8hHlimVEiLAW6AtSDcG_0Pbdm9/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104999225508815189487&rtpof=true&sd=true How We Win! A Qualitative Review of Successful Climate Justice Campaigns in North America in the Last 20 Years]
 
 

== Defining 'success' and study parameters ==

'Success’ was defined as '''''having achieved material gains, or advancements in physical, financial, legal, or electoral conditions.'''''
*14 successful campaigns from Mexico, the so-called United States and so-called Canada were included.
**12 addressed racial justice, 11 Indigenous rights, 8 health and/or water justice, 3 housing justice, 2 disability justice and 1 food justice.
**Almost all of those explored were started by local, directly impacted communities. The majority set to stop activities before they began (proposal stage). Over half were Indigenous-led.
**Length of campaign activities ranged from 6 months to over 50 years. Half of the campaigns explored are still ongoing.

 '''The successes of the campaigns studied included:'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 315px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 19px;" |
 
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 19px;" |
'''How the Research Team Defined This Success'''
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 19px;" | '''Campaigns Associated with this Success'''
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 51px;" | '''Cancellation of Projects or Practices; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 51px;" |
The temporary or permanent cancellation of projects or practices.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 51px;" |
10/14
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 28px;" | '''Legislation and/or Policy Change; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 28px;" | The enactment of policy or laws that align with the campaign’s goals.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 28px;" |
3/14 +2/14 partially
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Recognition of Indigenous rights/sovereignty; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Formal recognition that Indigenous rights or sovereignty were/would have been violated by a project or practice.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
3/14
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Building new and diverse coalitions;''' immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Building new alliances and partnerships with other individuals, organizations, or movements that did not exist before the campaign.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
4/14

 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 57px;" | '''Community engagement; '''immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 57px;" | A strategy that puts marginalized communities at the forefront of the movement to raise awareness, mobilize support, and foster a sense of collective agency.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 57px;" |
5/14
|}

== Climate justice campaigns ==
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''Suggestion: look for campaigns that most resonate with an issue near you, a campaign you're working on etc. Are there tactics that haven't yet been applied in your context?''

=== Stand LA (US) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 3.41.57 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
“For us [...] it's a justice issue. And it's also an equity issue. If there is a universal good, we have to start with the most vulnerable, because equity never ever trickles down. It has to start from the bottom”.
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 188px;"
|- style="height: 85px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 85px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of group '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 85px;" |
Founded in 2013, Stand-LA formed to halt oil drilling in residential areas in Los Angeles. Their campaigns address environmentally and health hazardous projects that impact marginalized communities. <ref>http://www.stand.la/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''People Not Pozos' (People not wells) campaign'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 57px;" |
Targeted AllenCo drilling site was polluting a low-income, minority community. This had negative health impacts on residents. <ref>Cavallaro, Mara Marques. 2022. “The Deadly Consequences of Urban Oil Drilling,” October 19, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/los-angeles-oil-drilling-nalleli-cobo/</ref>

'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Door-knocking''' to gather data on the various symptoms experienced by residents, followed by making a health report <ref>Andrade, Anakaren, Tony Carrera, Francisca Martinez, Lizet Pantoja, Margaret Rubens, and Erick Zerecero. 2016. “Assessing the Health and Community Impacts of Oil Drilling Near Homes in South Los Angeles,” October. https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/project/stand-la/</ref>
*Making an '''art piece''' of eight styrofoam heads, each suffering from one of the symptoms caused by the drill site pollution.
*Organizing a '''community call-in campaign''' to the Air Quality Management District (AQMD) to bombard phone lines
*Conducting a '''press conference'''. This got the attention of Senator Barbara Boxer, the federal head of the environmental committee.
'''SUCCESS:''' Senator Boxer called on the '''Environmental Protection Agency '''to perform an investigation, and the AllenCo site shut down. Following their success, the STAND-L.A. coalition formalized. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; text-align: left; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''No Drilling Where We Are Living' campaign ''' 
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and community engagement:''' Extensive outreach efforts increased participation. These efforts also strengthened the influence of residents <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref>
*'''Science-based evidence: '''In 2015, AQMD modified the law. It mandated fossil fuel extraction sites to disclose their chemicals. Activists found that each chemical caused the symptoms they identified in their door-knocking. This strengthened their arguments when communicating the problem.
'''SUCCESSES:'''
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">E&B Natural Resources electrified and enclosed the Murphy drill site to keep toxic fumes out of nearby homes and reduce pollution.</li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Won a resolution''' prohibiting new oil drilling in the Inglewood oil field <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref> </li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Influenced legislative changes'''. For example, Senate Bill 1137 bans new oil and gas wells within 3,200 feet of sensitive areas. It has contributed to significant oil phaseout resolutions in Los Angeles, both at the city and county levels <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Major challenges faced by STAND-LA '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" | <li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Oil lobbying to oppose legislative measures</li>
<li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Reports the oil industry is employing canvassers to use misleading tactics when gathering signatures to qualify the referendum for ballots <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|}

 

=== Stop Cop City (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 4.11.48 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

'''“Whether the win comes through the ballot, in the courts or in the streets, Cop City must never be built”'''
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|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 10px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of campaign and project'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 10px;" |
[https://www.instagram.com/stopcopcity/?hl=en Stop Cop City] began in 2017 in response to the city of Atlanta's plan to build the biggest police and firefighter training facility in the country. 
<li class="p1">'''Economic: '''The majority of the funding is expected to come from taxpayers, despite no public consultation on the project.</li>
*'''Environment: '''The proposed site is the Weelanee forest. It comprises the South River, one of the most endangered rivers in the United States due to sewage pollution. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Indigenous sovereignty''': The land belonged to the Muscogee Creek Nation before they were displaced. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Racism:''' The land was the site of a low-security prison farm. Accounts of torture and violence against black inmates were recorded. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
***Today, the forest serves as an important green space for the residents of the predominantly Black surrounding neighborhoods. <ref>Mock, Brentin. 2023. “Atlanta’s ‘Cop City’ Neighbors Have No Voting Rights to Stop It,” Bloomberg. October 4, 2023 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-10-04/-cop-city-referendum-aims-to-repeal-planned-atlanta-police-training-center</ref>
*'''Settler colonialism: '''Officers trained at the facility will not only target predominantly BIPOC communities in the USA; their exchange program will also train members of the Israeli Defense Forces <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CytGWtyOr0M/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 57px;" |
After the project was announced, the Atlanta City Council solicited a session of public feedback. Over 1000 people attended and it lasted over 17 hours. The majority of people were against the project. <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref> 
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Weekly safe space events '''by community members in the Welanee forest, such as '''potlucks, reading groups, and teach-ins.''' The goal was for people across Atlanta to learn about the issue, and connect with the forest.  
*'''Direct action''' in the form of protests all over the city to spread awareness. 
*'''A ballot referendum campaign''' to allow constituents to vote on the issue.  
*'''Door-knocking/canvassing '''in various neighborhoods to educate on the issue and collect signatures.
*'''Community outreach '''via postering, zines
*'''Media engagement '''i.e. press conferences, alternative media coverage.


'''SUCCESS:'''
*DeKalb County, being an unincorporated borough of Atlanta, barred its residents from participating in the voting or signature collection process for the referendum. Four county residents took legal action with a lawsuit against the City of Atlanta. They won the right for DeKalb residents to both collect signatures and initiate a new 60-day countdown <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref>
*Activists needed 58,000 signatures from registered voters in 60-day timeframe. They gathered over 116,000 signatures. <ref>Franzen, Timothy. 2023. “Stop Cop City Ballot Initiative Has over 116,000 Signatures.” American Friends Service Committee. September 14, 2023. https://afsc.org/news/stop-cop-city-ballot-initiative-has-over-116000-signatures</ref>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 23px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Major challenges faced by Stop Cop City'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 23px;" |
*Police violence has been a major challenge throughout the campaign. During a protest, activist Manuel Terán (“Tortuguita”) was shot fourteen times by Georgia state troopers <ref>Goldberg, Shoshana K. 2023. “Remembering Tortuguita.” Human Rights Campaign. March 21, 2023. https://www.hrc.org/news/remembering-tortuguita-indigenous-queer-and-non-binary-environmental-activist-and-forest-defender</ref>
*Many protesters have been arrested and charged for racketeering and domestic terrorism <ref>Rico, R.J. 2023. “61 Indicted in Georgia on Racketeering Charges Connected to ‘Stop Cop City’ Movement.” AP News. September 5, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/atlanta-cop-city-protests-rico-charges-3177a63ac1bd31a1594bed6584e9f330</ref>
*Most recently in November 2023, the coalition planned a peaceful protest and tree planting in the forest, but they were met with physical resistance and tear gassed by the police.
*At the time of writing the report, the government was delaying the signature approval process. Cop City may not be included on the ballot.  
|}

=== Keystone XL Pipeline (US/CAN) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.20.50 PM.png|700x700px|center|border]]
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| style="width: 157.484px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
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*Proposed in 2008 by TC Energy, the Keystone XL pipeline extension was designed to increase the transport of crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands to refineries on the Gulf Coast of Texas. The pipeline extension project would transport crude oil per day across the Canada-U.S. border. <ref>Denchak, Melissa and Lindwall, Courtney. 2022. “The Keystone XL Pipeline: Everything You Need To Know.”  March 15, 2022. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*The pipeline would have affected '''Indigenous communities''' in Montana and South Dakota. <ref>Lindwall, Courtney. 2021. “The Unlikely Takedown of Keystone XL.” 2021. June 29, 2021. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/unlikely-takedown-keystone-xl</ref> The proposed path was altered to not cross Indigenous reservations but still risked multiple Indigenous lands and important sources for drinking water. E.g. the Ogallala Aquifer serves as the main '''water source''' for millions of people 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.484px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 949.516px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building''': Many grassroots activists, including Indigenous communities and environmentalists, were involved before larger organizers, such as 350.org. They aided in the organizing of the initial coalition, consisting of national environmental organizations including the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), the Sierra Club, and First Nations and Native American activist groups such as Idle No More and local landowners. <ref>Adler, Ben. 2015. “The inside Story of the Campaign That Killed Keystone XL.” Vox. November 7, 2015. https://www.vox.com/2015/11/7/9684012/keystone-pipeline-won</ref>
*'''Legal petitions'''
*'''Civil resistance and protest''' along the construction route/in Washington
'''SUCCESS:'''
*An initial win for campaigners came in 2015: President Obama rejected a cross-border permit for Keystone XL after years of large acts of civil disobedience and protest. <ref>Henn, Jamie. 2021.“Here’s How We Defeated the Keystone XL Pipeline | Sierra Club.” n.d. Accessed October 28, 2023. https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/here-s-how-we-defeated-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*NRDC and their partners legal petitions effectively delayed the completion of the project. <ref>National Defense Resource Council. 2021. “Keystone XL Pipeline Lawsuits.” NRDC. Accessed November 5, 2023. https://www.nrdc.org/court-battles/keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*Finally, the project was '''fully put to an end in 2021''', as the newly elected Biden administration rescinded a permit for the KXL pipeline, effectively killing it <ref>Engelfried, Nick. 2021. “How Defeating Keystone XL Built a Bolder, Savvier Climate Movement.” The Commons. February 10, 2021. https://commonslibrary.org/how-defeating-keystone-xl-built-a-bolder-savvier-climate-movement/</ref> 
|}

=== Grassy Narrows (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.22.45 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
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|-
| style="width: 161.281px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
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*Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek community members of the Ojibwe First Nations Reserve in Grassy Narrows have faced unregulated mercury pollution in the Wabigoon River.
*'''Environmental racism:''' In the 1960s, Dryden Paper Company Ltd. dumped 9,000 kg of untreated mercury into the English-Wabigoon river system, upstream from Grassy Narrows and Whitedog First Nations.
*'''Food sovereignty: '''The Canadian Government banned the consumption of fish from the local river system. Community members still remained reliant on the fish as a diet staple, and the resulting mercury poisoning has devastated the health of the community. <ref>Anderson, Charnel. 2020. “Grassy Narrows.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Accessed November 11, 2023. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/grassy-narrows</ref>
*'''Poverty:''' 60% of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog’s inhabitants had lost their jobs from the fish ban and were placed on welfare. <ref>Charlebois, Clarence T. 1978.  High Mercury Levels in Indians and Inuits (Eskimos) in Canada. Ambio 7, no. 5/6: 204–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4312386</ref>
*'''Health:''' Many community members were diagnosed with Minamata Disease. The most common symptoms are sensory disturbances, poor muscle control (ataxia) and tunnel vision. Researchers also found evidence of Congenital Minamata Disease, which has resulted in cerebral palsy and intellectual development delays.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 161.281px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 955.719px; height: 57px;" |
*Grassy Narrows continued to demand fair compensation for mercury poisoning, which had been impacting 90% of the population, and ending all logging and mining plans in the area.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Letter-writing campaigns'''
*'''Hunger strikes'''
*'''Blockades'''
*'''Yearly protests and marches '''(Saku 2021; Gilson 2019)
*'''Formation of alliances''' with environmental NGOs like Rainforest Action Network (RAN) and other grassroots organizers <ref>Saku, James C. 2021. Environmental Activism on the Ground: Small Green and Indigenous Organizing. American Review of Canadian Studies 51 (2): 355–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2021.1914997</ref>
***Solidarity and support of non-Indigenous grassroots organizers can be crucial when it comes to funding, direct action, media relations and legal advocacy, evident through RAN’s support during the 2004 blockade. 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2017, the Ontario government '''pledged $85 million '''towards cleaning up the industrial mercury contamination in the Wabigoon River almost 50 years after the pollution had been identified <ref>Porter, Jody. 2021. “Grassy Narrows to Get $68.9M More from Ottawa for Centre to Care for People with Mercury Poisoning.” CBC News. Accessed October 20, 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/grassy-narrows-mercury-care-facility-ottawa-funding-1.6117975</ref>
*By 2021, the Liberal Government agreed to spend $90 million to build and operate the much needed public infrastructure to support those suffering from Minamata Disease.
Note: In 2023, the specialized infrastructure project failed to be granted any funding by the Government, citing soaring costs.
|}

=== #RightToBreathe/PES (US) ===

[[File:13124855 1091918740874230 6670651396523488360 n.jpg|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

Photo from: [https://www.phillythrive.org/_righttobreathe_mobilization Philly Thrive]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The 2016 Southport Campaign set out to stop Philadelphia Energy Solutions (PES) oil refinery expansion. PES was the second largest oil refinery in the United States. <ref>Xiao, Yin. 2017. “Environmentalist groups stop construction of oil export terminal in Philadelphia, 2016”.https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/environmentalist-groups-stop-construction-oil-export-terminal-philadelphia-2016</ref>
*The PES refinery was responsible for over 50% of Philadelphia’s toxic air emissions. This is one of the main reasons for the high rates of asthma, cancer, and other respiratory problems amongst Philadelphians. <ref>Philly Thrive. 2017. “Philly Thrive Review”. Accessed November 20, 2023. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/phillythrive/pages/111/attachments/original/1486401882/Philly_Thrive_Review.pdf?1486401882</ref>
*The residents who were at higher exposure from the pollution were low-income people of colour <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 57px;" |
*Philly Thrive, an organization led by Black, disabled, and chronically ill activists was a main organizer for the #RightToBreathe campaign <ref>Brockmeier, Erica K. 2022. “After the shutdown, what comes next for the former Philadelphia Energy Solutions refinery?”.  Accessed October 15, 2023 https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/after-shutdown-what-comes-next-former-philadelphia-energy-solutions-refinery</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Teach-ins and community outreach;''' Philly Thrive collaborated with ACTION united to mobilize community members to demand their “Right to Breathe” in 2016. This coincided with “Break Free 2016,” a wave of resistance to fossil fuels infrastructure by activists across the globe. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Social media and hopeful imagery: '''Throughout the campaign the hashtag #RightToBreathe was used across social media channels, and the image of sunflowers, symbolizing the belief in “a better future for Philadelphia with clean air, healthy families and a green economy,” were seen during protests <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Working groups: '''Momentum was maintained throughout the campaign due to the organization of small working groups.
*'''Direct actions and storytelling: '''More protests and take-overs were planned, including a “Toxic Tour” of the oil refinery on July 26th led by Philly Thrive, ACTION United, LeftRoots, and Global Grassroots Justice Alliance. At this event, frontline activists shared global and local personal stories of how they have been impacted by the fossil fuel economies. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*Victory was declared in December when the '''expansion plans were officially canceled <ref>Thompson, Zalaka. “Our Victory”. Accessed November 18, 2023. https://www.phillythrive.org/our_victory</ref> '''
*Despite the cancellations, Philly Thrive continued with advocacy and mobilization of more campaigns until '''PES refinery went bankrupt in 2018 and finally shut down in 2019''' after a series of explosions. <ref>Hanley, Steve. 2020. “Biggest Oil Refinery Cleanup In US History Begins In Philadelphia”. Accessed October 12, 2023.https://cleantechnica.com/2021/02/22/biggest-oil-refinery-clean-up-in-us-history-begins-in-philadelphia</ref>
Philly Thrive continues to organize for environmental justice with their campaigns. They are now advocating for their “RightToThrive”, to repair and clean up 154 years of violence and pollution in their communities. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
|}

=== 13 Pueblos (Mexico) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.25.23 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of  project'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 16px;" |
*13 pueblos started in 2006 to cancel the development of the La Ciénega housing units, around the area of the Chihuahuita spring in Morelos, Mexico. There was no prior consultation or Environmental Impact Assessment. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>   
*The infrastructure to deliver water from the Chihuahuita spring had been donated by President Lázaro Cárdenas, to provide water to Xoxocotla and the neighboring pueblos in 1934. The communities had been struggling from a lack of water access  throughout the Mexican Revolution, due to hoarding and misuse for the production of sugar cane. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
*Access to water was threatened by the La Ciénega housing units, as their planned locations were in the water replenishment areas of the spring. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 57px;" |
*The 13 pueblos involved were Tepetzingo, Tetecalita, Temimilcingo, Acamilpa, Pueblo Nuevo, Tlaltizapan, Huatecalco, El Mirador, Benito Juárez, Tetelpa, Santa Rosa Treinta, San Miguel Treinta, and Xoxocotla. <ref>Velazco, Salvador. 2018.  “(Des) colonialidad del poder en 13 pueblos en defensa del agua, el aire y la tierra.” 5, no. 9 (2018): 22–44. https://doi.org/10.5195/ct/2017.249</ref> Most pueblos were made up of Indigenous communities, and campesinos or farmers. They came together to advocate for their land sovereignty and water access. <ref>Hernández Navarro, Luis. 2007. “Morelos: siembra de concreto, cosecha de ira”. https://www.jornada.com.mx/2007/08/07/index.php?section=opinion&article=019a1pol</ref>
'''Organizing tactics''':
*'''Development of a council: '''The council of the pueblos was created for members from each pueblo to meet every Sunday. They exchanged about one another’s concerns, devised their strategies, and found alternative solutions without government authority. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Blockades and protests: '''For three years, they protested, organized blockades, and counter-reports despite strong government opposition and police brutality. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Convening and a manifesto: '''153 Indigenous leaders from so-called Canada, the US, Peru, and other counties in Latin America came together in Xochicalco for the Council of the 13 pueblos and the presentation of their manifesto. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
***The manifesto was made in defense of the land, air, and water, and it outlined the current crisis and visions for the future (Pueblos de Morelos 2007; Casiba 2007, 1:08). It also accused the government and corporations of labeling the areas as “unproductive” to justify construction plans despite the presence of Indigenous and farmer communities <ref>Casiba. 2007. “Los 13 pueblos hacen entrega de Manifiesto”. YouTube video, 1:08. Accessed November 28, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weoP7AgCqRY</ref>
*'''Legal action:''' In 2008, a court case was presented in the Latin American Water Court where CEAMA (the State Water and Environment Commission) and Conagua were blamed for having authorized construction permits without proper assessment and not taking into account the needs of the surrounding communities <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> 


'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2009, three years after the movement's conception, '''the project plans were canceled and the area within a 100 meter radius of the Chihuahuita spring was protected <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> '''
|- style="height: 103px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 103px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 103px;" |
*Several people were injured and arrested. The people of the 13 pueblos were often tear-gassed by police forces, bribed, and some individuals received death threats. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*They had to fight opposing narratives from the government and Conagua, Mexico’s National Water Commission, that falsely claimed there was sufficient water for the construction of the housing units. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref> 
 
|}

=== Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.30.43 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 195px; width: 1138px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 16px;" |
*The Trans Mountain Expansion project (TMX) aims to construct a second pipeline, approximately parallel to the current trans-mountain pipeline that transports crude oil from Edmonton to the coast of British Columbia. The project would triple it's capacity. <ref>https://www.transmountain.com/</ref>
*First proposed by Kinder Morgan in 2013, with an estimated price of $5 billion. The Canadian federal government purchased the pipeline in 2018 after significant resistance and price increases.
***The price tag for the project has increased to over $30 billion today. A net cost that will be passed on to taxpayer. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*The project lacks proper consultation for free, prior, and informed consent by Indigenous peoples.
*Construction causes violence towards women and children due to aggressions from “man camps” that are created to work at these sites. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' Direct action through blocking the pipeline construction has been supported by many academics, activists, and environmental organizations, and was initiated by local Indigenous land defenders. The Tiny House Warriors of the Secwépemc nation, was created as a camp to inhabit areas to be developed and physically resist the project <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*'''Win remains partial:''' Despite increasing '''public opposition, increased costs, countless delays, financial problems, and difficulties finding banks or insurers''' to host the project, its construction has not been halted. It is set to begin operations in 2024 <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
|- style="height: 122px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 122px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 122px;" |
*Both the owner and the judge of the project’s feasibility, the Canadian government, is in a favorable position to impose the expansion project and issue construction permits. This poses ethical questions of the democratic processes behind the project.
*There has been monitoring and policing of activists, including a bill that prohibits approaching any of the construction sites <ref>CBC News. 2019. “Trans Mountain Monitoring Anti-Pipeline Activists through Social Media | CBC News.” CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada. November 25. https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/tmx-docs-reports-1.5370221</ref>
*Over 200 activists have been arrested for their involvement in mobilizations against TMX <ref>Stand Earth. 2023. “Stopping the Trans Mountain Pipeline.” Stand.Earth. September 14. https://stand.earth/our-work/campaigns/stopping-the-trans-mountain-pipeline/#:~:text=The%20pipeline%20is%20opposed%20by,over%20200%20having%20been%20arrested</ref>
|}

=== Atlantic Coast Pipeline (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.32.55 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1099px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The Atlantic Coast Pipeline was proposed by Dominion Energy and Duke Energy in 2013. It was designed to transport gas daily from the Utica and Marcellus gas fields in West Virginia to Virginia and North Carolina. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
* The proposed project received an Environmental Impact Statement in 2016 and aimed at starting construction in 2017, with an estimated cost of $5.1 billion. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
*The proposed project would have disproportionately affected African American communities and Indigenous communities. <ref>CBF. 2023. “Atlantic Coast Natural Gas Pipeline.” Chesapeake Bay Foundation. Accessed December 16. https://www.cbf.org/about-cbf/locations/virginia/issues/atlantic-coast-natural-gas-pipeline.html</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and legal action: '''Environmental organizations, grassroots groups of residents and landowners, and a legal organization (the Southern Environmental Law Centre) converged in instigating legal battles against the pipeline.
***A coalition of environmental, conservation, and public advocacy groups signed a letter demanding that rigorous environmental assessment be conducted, citing pipeline engineers and environmental specialists. <ref>Southern Environmental Law Center. 2021. “Large Coalition Implores Governor, State Environmental Agency to Protect Virginia Waters.” Southern Environmental Law Center. September 29. https://www.southernenvironment.org/news/large-coalition-implores-governor-state-enviromental-agency-to-protect-virg/</ref> 
*'''Direct action: '''The coalitions mobilization strategies included but were not limited to: signs on homes, marches, letters to relevant authorities, public meetings, and non-violent actions.  
'''SUCCESS:'''
*A significant legal win was the recognition of the impacts on the Appalachian Trail. As a part of the National Parks System, the United States Forest service '''did not have the authority to issue construction permits <ref>Appalachian Voices. 2023. “Canceled: Atlantic Coast Pipeline.” Appalachian Voices. Accessed December 16. https://appvoices.org/pipelines/atlantic-coast-pipeline/</ref> '''
*In July 2020, Dominion Energy and Duke Energy announced the '''cancellation of the pipeline''', citing ongoing delays, the COVID-19 pandemic, legal uncertainty, and increasing costs of construction.
|}

=== Public Power New York (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.35.11 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1108px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project and campaign'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2019, the state of New York adopted the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) which commits to 100% renewable energy by 2040 and at least 70% of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2030. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
*Public Power New York (PPNY) led a campaign that lasted for 3.5 years. They aimed to pass the Build Public Renewables Act in the state budget. The Build Public Renewables Act will require the New York Power Authority (NYPA) to not only provide fully renewable energy to citizens by 2040, but also to ensure that economic, social, and racial justice are considered. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
***The bill will ensure that energy jobs have high labor standards, and that the transition to renewable energy is led by the public sector. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
***The bill will also ensure that the most polluting oil and gas plants, located mainly in low-income communities of color, will be shut down by 2030, and that energy is affordable for lower income communities <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Political organizing:''' The coalition encouraged people to call and send emails to Governor Kathy Hochul, the politician responsible for passing the bill. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*They got members of the movement campaigning for office on platforms that endorsed Public Power NY. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
*'''Public education:''' Public events educated the larger public about the state of the current NY energy system. 
*'''Coalition building: '''The most important tactic; the PPNY grassroots coalition brings together more than 20 environmental justice organizations, labor unions, and thousands of volunteers. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*The coalition pays serious attention to racial and economic justice in the fight for renewable energy.
***Involving labor unions was notably difficult because of the worker’s skepticism of the notoriously anti-union renewable energy industry. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*After nearly four years of campaigning, PPNY successfully achieved its goal when '''the New York State legislature decided to pass the Build Public Renewables Act''' in May 2023 and allocate a budget to the NYPA that would allow for its effective implementation. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
|}

=== Mi’kmaq Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.14.03 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1110px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2009, New Brunswick granted Southwestern Energy Resources a permit to explore over a million hectares of land for natural gas extraction <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*New Brunswick citizens opposed this decision by signing many petitions and organizing protests. The citizen-led opposition to fracking was not heard nor taken into account by the government. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*In 2013, South Western Energy Resources and Irving Oil were allowed to conduct exploration for, and extraction of, natural gas on unceded Mi'kma'ki territory. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref>
*The Elsipogtog First Nation was opposed to the project because it was hazardous to their lands and waters. 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
<li class="p1">'''Blockades:''' The Mi’kmaq Warrior Society organized blockades and resisted police repression. Support also came from other Indigenous groups and settler allies. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref> </li>
<li class="p1">'''Day of action:''' The Indigenous-led organization IDLE No More called for a national day of solidarity protest. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> </li>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*The companies finally decided to '''abandon seismic testing and to leave the province until 2015. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> '''
*In 2015, a temporary '''moratorium on fracking''' was announced by the government of New Brunswick and was extended indefinitely in 2016 <ref>CBC News. 2018. “Province extends fracking ban 'indefinitely' after failing to meet its own conditions.” CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/shale-gas-fracking-gallant-moratorium-1.4715225</ref> 
|-
| style="width: 157.641px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faces'''
| style="width: 926.359px;" |
*The government opposition to the protesters and the strong police repression was the main challenge faced by protesters.
|}

=== GNL Quebec (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.16.31 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1137px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 16px;" |
*GNL Quebec project was a 750-km natural gas pipeline operated by Gazoduq, a gas liquefaction plant managed by Énergie Saguenay, and terminal for the export of methane in Saguenay, QC. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020a. “What GNL Québec Is and Why You Must Block the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. July 28, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/41055/what-gnl-quebec-is-and-why-you-must-say-no-to-it/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 57px;" |
The movement against GNL used multi-level approach, engaging local, national, and international spheres, and created a united front.

Organizing Tactics: 
*'''Direct action: '''The movement began in 2017 with an initial demonstration by Innu Land and Water Protectors. Decentralized actions, like hanging banners at symbolic locations, enhanced visibility and emphasized the project's lack of social acceptability. The global climate strikes on September 27, 2019, that drew half a million people and featured a speech by climate activist Greta Thunberg, provided the GNL Quebec movement with an international platform. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2021. “No to GNL Québec* : Banners Blossom across the Province in Rejection of the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. September 3, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/46568/no-to-gnl-quebec-banners-blossom-across-the-province-in-rejection-of-the-project/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Local citizens, civil society groups, environmental activists, opposition parties, and student associations, all united against GNL Quebec. Forming an informal coalition expanded the movement from a local to National issue. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref>
*'''Political organizing:''' Utilizing petitions, polls, and active participation in official public consultations such as BAPE (The Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec), the movement demonstrated resistance through many formal channels with record-breaking participation. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020b. “BAPE on GNL Québec: HISTORIC PARTICIPATION EXPOSES the FLAWS of an OUTDATED PROJECT.” Greenpeace Canada. November 5, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/44494/bape-on-gnl-quebec-historic-participation-exposes-the-flaws-of-an-outdated-project/</ref> The number of citizens that contributed to the public consultation on the environmental assessment was historic (7000 submissions). 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2020 and 2021, major investors, including Warren Buffett's firm, withdrew support from the project. <ref>Houle, Jean. 2020. “GNL Québec: Un Investisseur Majeur Se Retire à Cause Des Blocus Autochtones.” Www.journaldemontreal.com. March 5, 2020. https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2020/03/05/le-projet-de-gnl-quebec-encaisse-un-veritable-coup-de-masse-1</ref> 
*The BAPE (Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec) report came out in the movement’s favor, and Quebec Premier François Legault rejected the project in 2021. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref> 
|}

=== Standing Rock (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.18.15 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1117px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 16px;" |
*Energy Transfer Partners proposed the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), intended to traverse sacred Indigenous lands.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 57px;" |
*Standing Rock's primary objectives were: safeguarding the Missouri River, protecting sacred lands and historical sites, and upholding the sovereignty and treaty rights of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. Central to the tribe's argument was the contention that the DAPL breached Article II of the Fort Laramie Treaty, securing the right to the peaceful and uninterrupted utilization of reservation lands. <ref>Smithsonian. 2015. “Standing Rock Sioux and Dakota Access Pipeline | Teacher Resource.” Si.edu. Smithsonian: National Museum of the American Indian. 2015. https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/plains-treaties/dapl</ref>
*In March 2016, a pivotal moment occurred as Tokata Iron Eyes and the Standing Rock Youth uncovered plans to reroute the pipeline through sacred lands. This discovery marked the initiation of the #NoDAPL movement <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Online presence:''' The #NoDAPL movement was led by teenagers. They used online platforms, petitions, and mobilized. Social media, particularly the #NoDAPL hashtag, was crucial in amplifying the movement's message and reaching a global audience. <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
*'''Physical occupation: '''As tensions escalated, encampments like Sacred Stone and Oceti Sakowin became central to resistance. <ref>Yardley, William. 2017. “Last Holdouts Are Cleared from Main Dakota Access Pipeline Protest Camp.” Los Angeles Times. February 23, 2017. https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-standing-rock-20170223-story.html</ref> These encampments served as strategic hubs, fostering communal dynamics and providing a base for legal strategies employed by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe.
*'''Symbolic resistance:''' ReZpect Our Water played a critical role within the broader #NoDAPL movement. They organized relay runs, symbolizing the historic and spiritual practice of running among Native peoples, contributing to the movement's visibility. <ref>Joseph, Alli. 2016. “Running for Their Lives: Native American Relay Tradition Revived to Protest Dakota Access Pipeline.” Salon. Salon.com. September 12, 2016. https://www.salon.com/2016/09/12/running-for-their-lives-native-american-relay-tradition-revived-to-protest-dakota-access-pipeline/</ref> 
*'''International advocacy:''' Efforts included engagements with the UN Human Rights Council and the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. <ref>Medina, Daniel A. 2016. “Standing Rock Sioux Takes Pipeline Fight to UN Human Rights Council in Geneva.” NBC News. NBC News. September 20, 2016. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/standing-rock-sioux-takes-pipeline-fight-un-human-rights-council-n651381</ref> 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2016 the Department of the Army denied an easement under Lake Oahe, halting the pipeline's progression. This decision generated jubilation at the Oceti Sakowin camp, and had broader implications for Indigenous rights. <ref>Healy, Jack, and Nicholas Fandos. 2016. “Protesters Gain Victory in Fight over Dakota Access Oil Pipeline.” The New York Times, December 4, 2016, sec. U.S. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/04/us/federal-officials-to-explore-different-route-for-dakota-pipeline.html</ref>
|-
| style="width: 160.141px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 930.859px;" |
*There was excessive use of force by police and private military personnel during violent confrontations with protestors. <ref>Hersher, Rebecca. 2017. “Key Moments in the Dakota Access Pipeline Fight.” Npr.org. Npr. February 22, 2017. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/22/514988040/key-moments-in-the-dakota-access-pipeline-fight</ref>
*President Trump's memorandum in 2017 accelerated the project. In 2021, there remains hope for Standing Rock protestors to be heard. <ref>Todrys, Katherine Wiltenburg . 2021. Black Snake: Standing Rock, the Dakota Access Pipeline, and Environmental Justice. University of Nebraska Press</ref>
|}

=== Athabasca Tar Sands Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.33.03 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1124px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 16px;" |
*Shell proposed development of the Athabasca Tar Sands. The Athabasca-Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN) strongly challenged Shell, seeking compensation for damage already done and legal recognition of native land rights on traditional territories outside of reserves. <ref>Lim, Audrea. 2014. “How First Nations in Canada Are Winning the Fight against Big Oil.” The Nation. September 10. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-first-nations-canada-are-winning-fight-against-big-oil/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Legal opposition:''' The ACFN mounted significant legal opposition against Shell in the form of lawsuits and interventions in the regulatory process. <ref>Narine, Shari, ed. 2015. “Shell Withdraws Pierre Mine Project Application.” Ammsa.Com. https://ammsa.com/publications/alberta-sweetgrass/shell-withdraws-pierre-mine-project-application</ref>
*'''Rejecting government channels:''' Withdrawing from consultative committees proved effective, as these committees often had little impact, and oil companies could no longer claim Indigenous consultation. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
*In 2010, the Tar Sands Healing Walk was founded by a group of Indigenous activists including the ACFN. The Healing Walk, a 14-kilometer walk through the tar sands, was intended to build community and raise awareness about the damage caused by bitumen extraction. The Walk ended in 2014 after organizers felt its goals had been achieved. <ref>Leahy, Derek. 2014. “June 28th: Final ‘Tar Sands Healing Walk’ Simply a New Beginning, Say Organizers.” The Narwhal. March 20. https://thenarwhal.ca/june-28th-final-tar-sands-healing-walk-simply-new-beginning-say-organizers/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Indigenous groups, environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs), labor groups, and religious groups joined forces. These coalitions extended beyond local communities to the international scale, raising public awareness and increasing pressure on oil companies. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
On coalition building, Lubicon Cree activist Melina Laboucan-Massimo said, ''“‘When we work in coalitions – the environmental movement, First Nations and the labor movement – there’s such a convergence of diverse voices…we’re really starting to see growing public accountability and public opposition being seen and taken seriously'’” <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''

'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2014, a series of large development projects, including Shell’s Pierre River Mine, were canceled due to “market forces and public opposition”  It is estimated that public opposition to the tar sands has cost the oil industry over $17 billion.'' <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''
|}

=== Nitaskinan60 (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.37.04 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1103px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 16px;" |
Nitaskinan – Atikamekw territory – has been threatened by the destruction of logging companies.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 57px;" |
*Nitaskinan60, or the Kilometer 60 campaign, is an ongoing campaign in Manawan, Québec, Canada.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' The Dubé family and Manawan community established a blockade and announced a moratorium on logging in Manawan. The blockade has the immediate goal of stopping the illegal logging and the long-term goal of Indigenous sovereignty and unity. <ref>Richardson, Lindsay, and Emelia Fournier. 2022. “Inside the Atikamekw Nation’s Fight against Deforestation of Ancestral Lands.” APTN News. March 18. https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/inside-the-atikamekw-nations-fight-against-the-deforestation-of-its-ancestral-lands/</ref> 
'''SUCCESS (this campaign is ongoing):'''
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) published seven sustainable forestry recommendations for better community consultation and involvement. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) issued a report in May, 2022, concluding that the MFFP and Scerie Saint-Michel were both at fault. However, the report neither offered reparations or compensation to the Dubé family or Manawan community, nor penalized either of the responsible parties. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
|-
| style="width: 145.906px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 931.094px;" |
*While campaigning, some activists expressed fear of danger to individuals, physical or legal.
*The greatest challenge has been a lack of government cooperation and responsibility.  
|}

== Strategy and tactics used ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1138px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Direct action (14/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 28px;" |
*All campaigns participated in a form of '''direct action '''(physical disruption).
**Specific tactics varied: protests, marches, sit-ins, civil disobedience and blockades.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Community engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 37px;" |
*Engagement tactics used; canvassing, '''community meetings, workshops, teach-ins, reading groups, focus groups and speak-ins'''.
**Specific examples include the Standing Rock Relay Runs, the Grassy Narrows River Run, and weekly potlucks for Stop Cop City. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Mass engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*Mass engagement was through''' petitions and letters.'''
**This was important for the involvement of community members who do not have the same time, ability or privilege for actions and events.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 164.141px;" |
'''Coalition building (7/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 28px;" |
*Benefits: creation of a new entity, diverse knowledge/perspectives and increasing the '''size and strength of campaigns'''.
|- style="height: 72px;"
| style="height: 72px; width: 164.141px;" |
'''Legal action and political pressure (7/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 72px;" |
*Formal political and legal processes were used.
**To seek policy change, tactics included; call campaigns, attending public meetings or consultations, running for office or organizing election campaigns. Many campaigns faced high opposition, but many also '''benefited from political alliances.'''
**For legal challenges, tactics included; lawsuits, legal curt appeals, course cases, referendums and legal advocacy '''often delayed projects, but did not always result in material gains.'''
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 164.141px; height: 46px;" | '''Mass communication (5/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*Communication platforms such as social media campaigns, banners, magazines, press conferences, documentaries engaged the public.
*'''Alternative media and social media '''was useful in countering mainstream media which often aligns with government and industry perspectives.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 164.141px; height: 46px;" | '''Independent research (3/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*A small handful of campaigns conducted '''independent research '''to enhance the campaigns credibility and convince of it's importance.
|}

== Participating groups ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1113px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Locally impacted community members/land defenders + grassroots activists + ENGOs = success'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 51px;" |
*Actors varied across campaigns. The most common participants were networks of '''community members, volunteers, Indigenous groups, and environmental organizations (ENGO's).'''
**Research for the Athabasca Tar Sands case study says, “Dominant political and industry actors were largely able to overlook the movement until a diverse and influential set of social movement actors began collaborating and shifting these local struggles transnationally.” <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Unions'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 51px;" |
*Unions participated in 4 out of 14 of the campaigns.
**For the Public Power NY campaign, the involvement of labor unions was identified as a turning point in the struggle. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref> 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Industry professionals and student groups'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 28px;" |
*The least recurrent participants were academics, businesses, legal groups, health groups, and student groups.
**For GNL Quebec campaign, students made up the largest fraction of supporters. Student’s involvement was also identified as crucial.
**Academics were involved in the TMX Pipeline and GNL Quebec campaigns. Academic Tim Takaro camped in a tree for the TMX pipeline and this gathered significant media attention that reached different audiences.
***David Suzuki was involved with the campaign against GNL Quebec. The involvement of academics or well-known experts helped these campaigns gain wider media attention. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
|}

== Challenges faced ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 231px; width: 1102px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Government opposition (7/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Legal challenges and large public demonstrations '''were used to overcome government opposition.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Police repression (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Direct action '''was used both as a counter to repression, and also faced additional repression. Increased project costs and delays to construction helped address the challenges faced using direct action.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Coalition challenges (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Difficulty creating alliances due to diverging opinions and perspectives.
E.g. “There has been a lack of structure in the coalition when it comes to making decisions when it comes to allocation of resources…the lack of structure has meant that we are being pulled in like 25 directions all at once. We need to unravel this notion that structure is our enemy. And if we refuse to define what leadership looks like, on the basis that leadership is hierarchical. It just means that leadership goes, unaccounted [for], and it goes unchecked.” -Activist against TMX pipeline
*'''Coalitions '''were used to strengthen the response to challenges by increasing knowledge and resources
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Legal challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 28px;" |
*Activist arrests, and opposition from industry.
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Health challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Linked directly to the struggle.
|-
| style="width: 205.828px;" | '''Misinformation (2/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*'''Educational efforts''' helped to counter misinformation.
|}
 

== Results and key research findings ==

=== Researcher takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 302px; width: 1118px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Direct action'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 16px;" |
*Most commonly used to successfully overcome government opposition and police repression.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Legal action and political pressure'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 57px;" |
*Most effective for procedural delays, reducing the economic viability of projects, and sometimes, for facilitating the recognition of Indigenous rights and sovereignty.
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''Coalition building'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 76px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, leading to new campaigns and/or activist groups, and providing more perspectives and knowledge
*When facing police repression, coalitions can help support activists and communities more at risk of experiencing direct criminalization or police violence.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Community engagement'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, fostering collaboration, strong community support and diverse campaigns that engage a wide variety of people.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Communication and raising public awareness'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, increasing support for the campaign and lowering acceptability of the target. 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Diversity of actors, strategies and tactics'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Greatly contributed to the effectiveness of a successful intersectional campaign.
|}


'''Direct action, c''''''ommunity engagement and building strong, '''large, and diverse coalitions seem to be the most effective strategies, and the best strategies for overcoming challenges. 
 

=== HUB takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 1033px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 19px;" |
'''To mobilize ''deeper'' (increase commitment and engagement)...'''
| style="height: 19px; width: 77.1094%;" |

*'''One-to-one connections are powerful'''
''"When we went door to door talking to people, what we found was that for a lot of people, the people who live farther away from the forest, the mayor's narrative was winning in so many ways, because people were like, 'Oh, it's just a training facility like what are you mad about?'... But when you began to talk to people about the nuts and bolts of it, when you began to tell people 'what do you think about a Blackhawk helicopter landing pad?' People like we're like, 'what do we need that for?'...Yeah, well, what do you think about the firing range?" ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
<li>'''Know the history of the land you're on, to connect with impacted communities'''</li>''"We're on Tongva Land. The community has been traditionally black... one of the few neighborhoods that black communities could live in, and rapidly converting to large Latino populations. So very much a mixed population on unceded Tongva territory, we refer to it as South Central Los Angeles. Our original offices were on land that was owned by Edward Doheny... the big North American granddaddy oil baron from back in the day... Mount St. Mary's College is built on his former estate. His estate had a petting zoo and all these beautiful Victorian buildings. And that is the neighborhood that our organization started in."'' -Organizer for Stand L.A.
*'''Connect on the land'''
''"When I went back, what I saw was that the community had come in and began to use the land, the community had really started to make it our park. And people were doing teachings there about how to live off of the land, showing you what mushrooms were growing that you could eat, what type of moss you could use to make a poultice for cuts or to any types of wounds, you know, then there was like a weekly potluck that was happening. And people were talking to us about that area of land and what the South River Forest meant to this community." ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 120px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 120px;" | '''To mobilize widely...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 120px;" |
*'''Engage with many forms of media'''
''"We have to work hard for alternative media to get things out. So we have a number of different news crews that work with us; independent journalists, local magazines and newspapers. And then we were able to get NBC to come here to do a short documentary about cop city... and also the documentary done by Al Jazeera. Those have been like the mainstream media documentaries that have really opened people's eyes." -''Organizer for'' ''Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''To get your message across...'''
| style="height: 51px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Use art to grab attention '''
''"[We used] genderless, ageless wig stands, and assaulted each one of them with one symptom... a nosebleed... asthma [with a] puffer, [an inflamed] thyroid, a congested nose with a clothespin. We had several others. My self portrait was a headache that I described by putting two barbecue skewers from the nape of my neck through my forehead... And we set that up on a table with a big boombox with a black tablecloth... just as kids and parents were walking home from school, and they would walk by and say, "hey, hey, hey, what's that with the nosebleed? I had to take my kid three times to the emergency room last week with nosebleeds"... All of these symptoms began to come together and we use that event and events like it to tell people, we want to talk more with you." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Relate to issues concerning community members''' (i.e. rather than a blanket 'stop climate change', campaigns and communication addressed a specific concern, project, proposal or law impacting locals). 
''"One of the things that I started to do was talk to people about how cop city affected the state of childcare... when you're talking about childcare, you are talking about health care. And when you're talking about health care, you have to talk about economic justice and environmental justice together. And you cannot have a conversation about childcare without talking about reproductive justice. Because according to the pillars of reproductive justice, I am supposed to be able to raise the children that I choose to have in a clean, safe environment that is free of state sanctioned interpersonal violence... So when when you looked at... what that intersectionality was, and how we could get people to understand.. '''everybody has a stake in this'''."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Contact press and hold press conferences at strategic times to control the narrative'''
''"There was, at one point it was really like a back and forth of, we're sending a press release, and then a company has to answer that we're sending a press release under industry, and they have to answer, so we kind of we became master the narrative where they had to always answer our communication." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Provide platforms for community members to share their stories'''
 ''"I think [uplifting the] community's voice and just speaking the truth, and providing as many people the opportunity to tell their story... storytelling, personal testimony, community based research, all of those things are very critical.''" -Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Uplift elders, and people who can describe how the community has been impacted over time'''
''"The elders are also important, because they will be the quickest ones to notice that the air has changed... What's making that happen... being privileged to share the community with people who've lived there for a very long time. I think that's really the greatest asset for change, just listening to community." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''To build a stronger force...'''
| style="height: 28px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Form strategic alliances/coalitions between the grassroots, NGOs, unions, associations, academics etc. '''
''"Knock on all these doors and find out key organizational and individual levers that the can help you. I think it's critical to find a way to get the big green NGOs on board. They have a lot of mobilization power, and when they actually show up, they can be instrumental, and then you need to find political allies as well... all the opposition parties were with us... and the mobilization needs to be grassroots-led... that is a prime example of how local grassroots organizing, amplified by others, can become the most powerful tool in the world." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Set goals as a coalition and as individual groups/organizations'''
''"I think that the one of the biggest challenges that I've noticed, is the lack of defining our goals in a meaningful and practical way. There has been a lack of, or an unwillingness, to get specific enough with our goals and what it means to, in my opinion, actually be able to accomplish them. Because... when I talked about the campaign, or the movement or whatever, it's basically a coalition of dozens of organizations that are all united under this banner called protect the planet. And there's very diverse organizations involved in that coalition...There's a lot of overlap between the groups... everyone is united and agrees that our goal is to stop TMX... But that's not enough... it doesn't tell you how we're going to get there. And there's still a distinction between tactics, like tactics, and specific goals are two different things as well. But... what does that actually mean, to stop TMX? What does that look like? Because if we don't get more specific about what that means, we aren't able to tailor our actions in a way that is effective... You know, it ends up with people like, let's hold a rally at City Hall to stop TMX. And it's like, what is that doing? Why are we targeting City Hall? That makes no sense, like City Hall has no power to do anything here? I think there's this kind of something you hear a lot is 'Oh, well, we're raising awareness.' '''I think something that has become really clear in this campaign, and that I've heard other people say in other campaigns is that if your campaigns goal is just to raise awareness, you've already failed'''. Like, that's not enough. Yes, it's a component of any sort of social movement or campaign. But if that's where the goal ends, it's not, it's just not going to do anything. It's just not enough."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Power map as a coalition'''
''"Without defining what needs to happen for the project to be stopped, we can't tailor our actions to target the right people. And I think that's been a challenge, is figuring out who is an effective target... We need to actually target the people and the the entities that have the power to change what we're trying to change."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Map out your spectrum of allies'''
''"You need to analyze where your allies are, active allies, passive allies, who are your active enemies, and really focus on bringing more passive allies to the active side... when this all started, there was a lot of passive allies. The students were concerned with climate, but they weren't specifically involved in the project. At first, the only active allies there was a tiny bit of people from First Nations [communities], and then citizen groups... when you're in that moment, where you're trying to develop a campaign against a big struggle, or a big project like this one, you really need to find, who are those people in society that agree with me, but aren't doing shit about it. And that's a tough part. That's a long process. But you really have to do it." ''-Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Do skill and knowledge shares for sustainable engagement.'''
"''We constantly do teachings with each other. You know, this Friday, we have a teaching with the Palestinian youth movement to help people understand how cop city connects to the struggle for freedom in Palestine. We constantly educate ourselves so that we educate the community. So, we do that by canvassing, we do that by public facing events like movie screenings and townhall meetings, community talkbacks where the community will come and just tell us, hey, this is my concern.''" -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Support action led by directly impacted communities'''
''"The mass education campaigns on hydraulic fracturing that had been ongoing since 2011 were not Indigenous-led. Numerous action and advocacy groups across the province were also not Indigenous-led. The frontlines certainly were Indigenous-led. So, in support of frontline activities, allies were very supportive, financially and materially." -Journalist for Mi'kmaq resistance''
|- style="height: 305px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 305px;" | '''To conserve energy/resources...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 305px;" |
*'''Intentionally define a structure, accountability and how power is shared (avoidance creates more problems)'''
''"There has been, in my experience, a refusal... to even discuss what it might mean to have some sort of structure for the coalition... there's this really problematic assumption that... organizing non hierarchically means that... structure is an enemy because structure is hierarchical. And that has been such a problem because it just means that nothing gets done... if we refuse to define what leadership looks like... it just means that leadership goes, unaccounted, and it goes unchecked. And no one knows what's going on... people are still assuming positions of leadership, but they're not accountable to people for that, and it's not clear, who is responsible for what. And I would actually argue that that ends up resulting in a more hierarchical structure than if the leadership had been defined clearly... '''One of the one of the teachings from my people that we were using in this context that I think explains it really well, is geese. So when you see Canada geese fly, they fly in a V shape, right. And there's a leader at the point of the V, that goose is the one that is setting the direction of where the flock is going. But they get tired, and they swap out. So when the when the lead goose gets tired, they swap positions with another goose that's in the V, and they just swap over like that'''. [Otherwise,] no one is responsible for anything, and everyone is responsible for everything at the same time. And it's so cumbersome. It's restrictive in terms of using our time and our energy and resources in an effective way. And that leads to burnout." -''TMX Organizer''' '''
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 74px;" | '''To maintain momentum...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 74px;" |
*'''Recognize and reflect on your successes'''
''"The biggest victory in this fight against cop city, is that people understand what it is that we do need to be safe and community because this has really opened up a huge conversation about community safety."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Leverage the momentum of other movements by drawing connections'''
"''At the time of the shutdown Canada movement... when the entire world was watching what was going on in the West... [there were great narratives] built between what was going on out west and what was going on here, tying it to basically being the same colonial projects that were that were being forced down the throat of Indigenous communities." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
|- style="height: 125px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 125px;" | '''To strengthen relationships...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 125px;" |
*'''Center joy!'''
"''We started to choir... there are a lot of people who are very good singers, there are people who are instrumentalists. There are people who just want to have good vibes and chill out with each other. So we started singing together, we started doing that. And we've performed in a couple of places, it's been a lot of fun. People are carrying it on, you know, make sure that you definitely do that make time for joy and make space for healing."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 311px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 311px;" | '''To address problematic behaviour internally...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 311px;" |
*'''Make sure structures and policies for accountability are defined; what is not okay, who to speak to when something happens and how unacceptable behaviour is addressed '''
''"It's always these men that have like, this poorly defined power and are operating within this like, very hierarchical system, but because we've refused to define [a clear structure], [abuse/harassment] doesn't get called out."'' -TMX Organizer

''"Part of what I've learned here is that just defining ourselves as [anti-oppressive] doesn't make it so... 'We will not cancel us' by Adrienne Marie Brown, explains... when we are so quick to cancel each other, and she's not talking about abusers here, there's a difference there. If someone is abusive, that requires... a different conversation, though, when it comes to just transgressions and mistakes that people make saying the wrong thing, doing the wrong thing, like that is going to happen because... every single person that is involved in these movements has grown up in a world that has these... systems of oppression that have been built into our lives in all of these ways. And a lot of the work that we have to do is unlearning all of those systems because we can't see how they have impacted us... we need to be able to have the room to make mistakes... we need those skills to be able to''' '''negotiate '''where that line is with what is unacceptable transgression. And how do we handle those mistakes in a way that actually allows people to correct those mistakes and learn from them and grow and do better next time? Without destroying the movement and like pushing people out?'''" -''TMX Organizer
|}

=== HUB observations: additional lessons ===
{| class="wikitable" style="height: 84px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 158.188px;" |
For environmentalists that do not understand how Indigenous sovereignty and police violence relate to the climate crisis...
| style="height: 28px; width: 993.812px;" |
There are 2 critical points to emphasize:

1) How '''structural racism and ongoing settler colonialism impact historic and ongoing climate justice campaigns, specifically on Indigenous Land defenders. '''The degree of criminalization, physical violence, and assassinations during environmental campaigns significantly increases when Indigenous people are involved <ref>Scheidel, Arnim et al. 2020. “Environmental Conflicts and Defenders: A Global Overview.” Global Environmental Change 63: 102104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104</ref>

2) Most climate justice campaigns that have had''' success in the last 20 years across Turtle Island have been initiated and led by impacted Indigenous communities'''.
|-
| style="width: 158.188px;" | For NGOs that want to support grassroots organizers
| style="width: 993.812px;" |
*'''Let the grassroots lead'''! Listen to what support they say they need; media? Funding? Training? They will tell you.
*'''Don't '''craft the message: uplift the voices of grassroots organizers (co-creation ''may'' be more possible if a coalition is formed). 
|}
''''

''If you have corrections or additional resources to share with us related to this content, you can contact kenzie@lehub.ca.''
 

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How we Win! Summary of findings on successful climate justice campaigns in North America

2024-11-06T20:12:25Z

Mediawiki: /* HUB observations: additional lessons */

''''
<div class="speechify-ipvczq"></div>
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''How we win'' was a 2023 research project supervised by Dr. Jen Gobby, and conducted by McGill students Cassandra Ciafro, Anna Henry, Frida Sofia Morales Mora, Thomas Nakasako, Dafne Ozcan, Nico Serreqi and Lea Vadez Reyes. It investigates the following question: ''What can be learned from the struggles and successes of intersectional climate campaigns across Turtle Island (North America) over the past 20 years, and what factors contribute to the success of these campaigns? '' Case studies, plus 4 semi-structured interviews and 1 survey were used to explore this question.

 
This page includes a summary of the campaigns/movements included in the report and the tactics used, key factors that contributed to the success of multiple campaigns/movements, HUB team observations and suggestions based on key takeaways, plus key quotes from interviews and surveys with successful activists/organizers for more specific suggestions and examples.'''</div>
 
To read the full report, see the following: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1F7tROk8hHlimVEiLAW6AtSDcG_0Pbdm9/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104999225508815189487&rtpof=true&sd=true How We Win! A Qualitative Review of Successful Climate Justice Campaigns in North America in the Last 20 Years]
 
 

== Defining 'success' and study parameters ==

'Success’ was defined as '''''having achieved material gains, or advancements in physical, financial, legal, or electoral conditions.'''''
*14 successful campaigns from Mexico, the so-called United States and so-called Canada were included.
**12 addressed racial justice, 11 Indigenous rights, 8 health and/or water justice, 3 housing justice, 2 disability justice and 1 food justice.
**Almost all of those explored were started by local, directly impacted Indigenous communities. The majority set to stop activities before they began (proposal stage).
**Length of campaign activities ranged from 6 months to over 50 years. Half of the campaigns explored are still ongoing.

 '''The successes of the campaigns included in the study included:'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 315px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 19px;" |
 
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 19px;" |
'''How the Research Team Defined This Success'''
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 19px;" | '''Campaigns Associated with this Success'''
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 51px;" | '''Cancellation of Projects or Practices; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 51px;" |
The temporary or permanent cancellation of projects or practices.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 51px;" |
10/14
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 28px;" | '''Legislation and/or Policy Change; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 28px;" | The enactment of policy or laws that align with the campaign’s goals.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 28px;" |
3/14 +2/14 partially
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Recognition of Indigenous rights/sovereignty; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Formal recognition that Indigenous rights or sovereignty were/would have been violated by a project or practice.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
3/14
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Building new and diverse coalitions;''' immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Building new alliances and partnerships with other individuals, organizations, or movements that did not exist before the campaign.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
4/14

 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 57px;" | '''Community engagement; '''immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 57px;" | A strategy that puts marginalized communities at the forefront of the movement to raise awareness, mobilize support, and foster a sense of collective agency.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 57px;" |
5/14
|}

== Climate justice campaigns ==
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''Suggestion: look for campaigns that most resonate with an issue near you, a campaign you're working on etc. Are there tactics that haven't yet been applied in your context?''

=== Stand LA (US) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 3.41.57 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
“For us [...] it's a justice issue. And it's also an equity issue. If there is a universal good, we have to start with the most vulnerable, because equity never ever trickles down. It has to start from the bottom”.
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 188px;"
|- style="height: 85px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 85px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of group '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 85px;" |
Founded in 2013, Stand-LA formed to halt oil drilling in residential areas in Los Angeles. Their campaigns address environmentally and health hazardous projects that impact marginalized communities. <ref>http://www.stand.la/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''People Not Pozos' (People not wells) campaign'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 57px;" |
Targeted AllenCo drilling site was polluting a low-income, minority community. This had negative health impacts on residents. <ref>Cavallaro, Mara Marques. 2022. “The Deadly Consequences of Urban Oil Drilling,” October 19, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/los-angeles-oil-drilling-nalleli-cobo/</ref>

'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Door-knocking''' to gather data on the various symptoms experienced by residents, followed by making a health report <ref>Andrade, Anakaren, Tony Carrera, Francisca Martinez, Lizet Pantoja, Margaret Rubens, and Erick Zerecero. 2016. “Assessing the Health and Community Impacts of Oil Drilling Near Homes in South Los Angeles,” October. https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/project/stand-la/</ref>
*Making an '''art piece''' of eight styrofoam heads, each suffering from one of the symptoms caused by the drill site pollution.
*Organizing a '''community call-in campaign''' to the Air Quality Management District (AQMD) to bombard phone lines
*Conducting a '''press conference'''. This got the attention of Senator Barbara Boxer, the federal head of the environmental committee.
'''SUCCESS:''' Senator Boxer called on the '''Environmental Protection Agency '''to perform an investigation, and the AllenCo site shut down. Following their success, the STAND-L.A. coalition formalized. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; text-align: left; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''No Drilling Where We Are Living' campaign ''' 
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and community engagement:''' Extensive outreach efforts increased participation. These efforts also strengthened the influence of residents <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref>
*'''Science-based evidence: '''In 2015, AQMD modified the law. It mandated fossil fuel extraction sites to disclose their chemicals. Activists found that each chemical caused the symptoms they identified in their door-knocking. This strengthened their arguments when communicating the problem.
'''SUCCESSES:'''
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">E&B Natural Resources electrified and enclosed the Murphy drill site to keep toxic fumes out of nearby homes and reduce pollution.</li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Won a resolution''' prohibiting new oil drilling in the Inglewood oil field <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref> </li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Influenced legislative changes'''. For example, Senate Bill 1137 bans new oil and gas wells within 3,200 feet of sensitive areas. It has contributed to significant oil phaseout resolutions in Los Angeles, both at the city and county levels <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Major challenges faced by STAND-LA '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" | <li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Oil lobbying to oppose legislative measures</li>
<li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Reports the oil industry is employing canvassers to use misleading tactics when gathering signatures to qualify the referendum for ballots <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|}

 

=== Stop Cop City (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 4.11.48 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

'''“Whether the win comes through the ballot, in the courts or in the streets, Cop City must never be built”'''
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 90px; width: 1145px;"
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 10px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of campaign and project'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 10px;" |
[https://www.instagram.com/stopcopcity/?hl=en Stop Cop City] began in 2017 in response to the city of Atlanta's plan to build the biggest police and firefighter training facility in the country. 
<li class="p1">'''Economic: '''The majority of the funding is expected to come from taxpayers, despite no public consultation on the project.</li>
*'''Environment: '''The proposed site is the Weelanee forest. It comprises the South River, one of the most endangered rivers in the United States due to sewage pollution. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Indigenous sovereignty''': The land belonged to the Muscogee Creek Nation before they were displaced. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Racism:''' The land was the site of a low-security prison farm. Accounts of torture and violence against black inmates were recorded. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
***Today, the forest serves as an important green space for the residents of the predominantly Black surrounding neighborhoods. <ref>Mock, Brentin. 2023. “Atlanta’s ‘Cop City’ Neighbors Have No Voting Rights to Stop It,” Bloomberg. October 4, 2023 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-10-04/-cop-city-referendum-aims-to-repeal-planned-atlanta-police-training-center</ref>
*'''Settler colonialism: '''Officers trained at the facility will not only target predominantly BIPOC communities in the USA; their exchange program will also train members of the Israeli Defense Forces <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CytGWtyOr0M/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 57px;" |
After the project was announced, the Atlanta City Council solicited a session of public feedback. Over 1000 people attended and it lasted over 17 hours. The majority of people were against the project. <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref> 
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Weekly safe space events '''by community members in the Welanee forest, such as '''potlucks, reading groups, and teach-ins.''' The goal was for people across Atlanta to learn about the issue, and connect with the forest.  
*'''Direct action''' in the form of protests all over the city to spread awareness. 
*'''A ballot referendum campaign''' to allow constituents to vote on the issue.  
*'''Door-knocking/canvassing '''in various neighborhoods to educate on the issue and collect signatures.
*'''Community outreach '''via postering, zines
*'''Media engagement '''i.e. press conferences, alternative media coverage.


'''SUCCESS:'''
*DeKalb County, being an unincorporated borough of Atlanta, barred its residents from participating in the voting or signature collection process for the referendum. Four county residents took legal action with a lawsuit against the City of Atlanta. They won the right for DeKalb residents to both collect signatures and initiate a new 60-day countdown <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref>
*Activists needed 58,000 signatures from registered voters in 60-day timeframe. They gathered over 116,000 signatures. <ref>Franzen, Timothy. 2023. “Stop Cop City Ballot Initiative Has over 116,000 Signatures.” American Friends Service Committee. September 14, 2023. https://afsc.org/news/stop-cop-city-ballot-initiative-has-over-116000-signatures</ref>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 23px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Major challenges faced by Stop Cop City'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 23px;" |
*Police violence has been a major challenge throughout the campaign. During a protest, activist Manuel Terán (“Tortuguita”) was shot fourteen times by Georgia state troopers <ref>Goldberg, Shoshana K. 2023. “Remembering Tortuguita.” Human Rights Campaign. March 21, 2023. https://www.hrc.org/news/remembering-tortuguita-indigenous-queer-and-non-binary-environmental-activist-and-forest-defender</ref>
*Many protesters have been arrested and charged for racketeering and domestic terrorism <ref>Rico, R.J. 2023. “61 Indicted in Georgia on Racketeering Charges Connected to ‘Stop Cop City’ Movement.” AP News. September 5, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/atlanta-cop-city-protests-rico-charges-3177a63ac1bd31a1594bed6584e9f330</ref>
*Most recently in November 2023, the coalition planned a peaceful protest and tree planting in the forest, but they were met with physical resistance and tear gassed by the police.
*At the time of writing the report, the government was delaying the signature approval process. Cop City may not be included on the ballot.  
|}

=== Keystone XL Pipeline (US/CAN) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.20.50 PM.png|700x700px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1133px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.484px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 949.516px; height: 16px;" |
*Proposed in 2008 by TC Energy, the Keystone XL pipeline extension was designed to increase the transport of crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands to refineries on the Gulf Coast of Texas. The pipeline extension project would transport crude oil per day across the Canada-U.S. border. <ref>Denchak, Melissa and Lindwall, Courtney. 2022. “The Keystone XL Pipeline: Everything You Need To Know.”  March 15, 2022. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*The pipeline would have affected '''Indigenous communities''' in Montana and South Dakota. <ref>Lindwall, Courtney. 2021. “The Unlikely Takedown of Keystone XL.” 2021. June 29, 2021. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/unlikely-takedown-keystone-xl</ref> The proposed path was altered to not cross Indigenous reservations but still risked multiple Indigenous lands and important sources for drinking water. E.g. the Ogallala Aquifer serves as the main '''water source''' for millions of people 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.484px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 949.516px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building''': Many grassroots activists, including Indigenous communities and environmentalists, were involved before larger organizers, such as 350.org. They aided in the organizing of the initial coalition, consisting of national environmental organizations including the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), the Sierra Club, and First Nations and Native American activist groups such as Idle No More and local landowners. <ref>Adler, Ben. 2015. “The inside Story of the Campaign That Killed Keystone XL.” Vox. November 7, 2015. https://www.vox.com/2015/11/7/9684012/keystone-pipeline-won</ref>
*'''Legal petitions'''
*'''Civil resistance and protest''' along the construction route/in Washington
'''SUCCESS:'''
*An initial win for campaigners came in 2015: President Obama rejected a cross-border permit for Keystone XL after years of large acts of civil disobedience and protest. <ref>Henn, Jamie. 2021.“Here’s How We Defeated the Keystone XL Pipeline | Sierra Club.” n.d. Accessed October 28, 2023. https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/here-s-how-we-defeated-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*NRDC and their partners legal petitions effectively delayed the completion of the project. <ref>National Defense Resource Council. 2021. “Keystone XL Pipeline Lawsuits.” NRDC. Accessed November 5, 2023. https://www.nrdc.org/court-battles/keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*Finally, the project was '''fully put to an end in 2021''', as the newly elected Biden administration rescinded a permit for the KXL pipeline, effectively killing it <ref>Engelfried, Nick. 2021. “How Defeating Keystone XL Built a Bolder, Savvier Climate Movement.” The Commons. February 10, 2021. https://commonslibrary.org/how-defeating-keystone-xl-built-a-bolder-savvier-climate-movement/</ref> 
|}

=== Grassy Narrows (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.22.45 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1143px;"
|-
| style="width: 161.281px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 955.719px;" |
*Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek community members of the Ojibwe First Nations Reserve in Grassy Narrows have faced unregulated mercury pollution in the Wabigoon River.
*'''Environmental racism:''' In the 1960s, Dryden Paper Company Ltd. dumped 9,000 kg of untreated mercury into the English-Wabigoon river system, upstream from Grassy Narrows and Whitedog First Nations.
*'''Food sovereignty: '''The Canadian Government banned the consumption of fish from the local river system. Community members still remained reliant on the fish as a diet staple, and the resulting mercury poisoning has devastated the health of the community. <ref>Anderson, Charnel. 2020. “Grassy Narrows.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Accessed November 11, 2023. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/grassy-narrows</ref>
*'''Poverty:''' 60% of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog’s inhabitants had lost their jobs from the fish ban and were placed on welfare. <ref>Charlebois, Clarence T. 1978.  High Mercury Levels in Indians and Inuits (Eskimos) in Canada. Ambio 7, no. 5/6: 204–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4312386</ref>
*'''Health:''' Many community members were diagnosed with Minamata Disease. The most common symptoms are sensory disturbances, poor muscle control (ataxia) and tunnel vision. Researchers also found evidence of Congenital Minamata Disease, which has resulted in cerebral palsy and intellectual development delays.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 161.281px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 955.719px; height: 57px;" |
*Grassy Narrows continued to demand fair compensation for mercury poisoning, which had been impacting 90% of the population, and ending all logging and mining plans in the area.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Letter-writing campaigns'''
*'''Hunger strikes'''
*'''Blockades'''
*'''Yearly protests and marches '''(Saku 2021; Gilson 2019)
*'''Formation of alliances''' with environmental NGOs like Rainforest Action Network (RAN) and other grassroots organizers <ref>Saku, James C. 2021. Environmental Activism on the Ground: Small Green and Indigenous Organizing. American Review of Canadian Studies 51 (2): 355–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2021.1914997</ref>
***Solidarity and support of non-Indigenous grassroots organizers can be crucial when it comes to funding, direct action, media relations and legal advocacy, evident through RAN’s support during the 2004 blockade. 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2017, the Ontario government '''pledged $85 million '''towards cleaning up the industrial mercury contamination in the Wabigoon River almost 50 years after the pollution had been identified <ref>Porter, Jody. 2021. “Grassy Narrows to Get $68.9M More from Ottawa for Centre to Care for People with Mercury Poisoning.” CBC News. Accessed October 20, 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/grassy-narrows-mercury-care-facility-ottawa-funding-1.6117975</ref>
*By 2021, the Liberal Government agreed to spend $90 million to build and operate the much needed public infrastructure to support those suffering from Minamata Disease.
Note: In 2023, the specialized infrastructure project failed to be granted any funding by the Government, citing soaring costs.
|}

=== #RightToBreathe/PES (US) ===

[[File:13124855 1091918740874230 6670651396523488360 n.jpg|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

Photo from: [https://www.phillythrive.org/_righttobreathe_mobilization Philly Thrive]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1080px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The 2016 Southport Campaign set out to stop Philadelphia Energy Solutions (PES) oil refinery expansion. PES was the second largest oil refinery in the United States. <ref>Xiao, Yin. 2017. “Environmentalist groups stop construction of oil export terminal in Philadelphia, 2016”.https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/environmentalist-groups-stop-construction-oil-export-terminal-philadelphia-2016</ref>
*The PES refinery was responsible for over 50% of Philadelphia’s toxic air emissions. This is one of the main reasons for the high rates of asthma, cancer, and other respiratory problems amongst Philadelphians. <ref>Philly Thrive. 2017. “Philly Thrive Review”. Accessed November 20, 2023. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/phillythrive/pages/111/attachments/original/1486401882/Philly_Thrive_Review.pdf?1486401882</ref>
*The residents who were at higher exposure from the pollution were low-income people of colour <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 57px;" |
*Philly Thrive, an organization led by Black, disabled, and chronically ill activists was a main organizer for the #RightToBreathe campaign <ref>Brockmeier, Erica K. 2022. “After the shutdown, what comes next for the former Philadelphia Energy Solutions refinery?”.  Accessed October 15, 2023 https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/after-shutdown-what-comes-next-former-philadelphia-energy-solutions-refinery</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Teach-ins and community outreach;''' Philly Thrive collaborated with ACTION united to mobilize community members to demand their “Right to Breathe” in 2016. This coincided with “Break Free 2016,” a wave of resistance to fossil fuels infrastructure by activists across the globe. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Social media and hopeful imagery: '''Throughout the campaign the hashtag #RightToBreathe was used across social media channels, and the image of sunflowers, symbolizing the belief in “a better future for Philadelphia with clean air, healthy families and a green economy,” were seen during protests <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Working groups: '''Momentum was maintained throughout the campaign due to the organization of small working groups.
*'''Direct actions and storytelling: '''More protests and take-overs were planned, including a “Toxic Tour” of the oil refinery on July 26th led by Philly Thrive, ACTION United, LeftRoots, and Global Grassroots Justice Alliance. At this event, frontline activists shared global and local personal stories of how they have been impacted by the fossil fuel economies. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*Victory was declared in December when the '''expansion plans were officially canceled <ref>Thompson, Zalaka. “Our Victory”. Accessed November 18, 2023. https://www.phillythrive.org/our_victory</ref> '''
*Despite the cancellations, Philly Thrive continued with advocacy and mobilization of more campaigns until '''PES refinery went bankrupt in 2018 and finally shut down in 2019''' after a series of explosions. <ref>Hanley, Steve. 2020. “Biggest Oil Refinery Cleanup In US History Begins In Philadelphia”. Accessed October 12, 2023.https://cleantechnica.com/2021/02/22/biggest-oil-refinery-clean-up-in-us-history-begins-in-philadelphia</ref>
Philly Thrive continues to organize for environmental justice with their campaigns. They are now advocating for their “RightToThrive”, to repair and clean up 154 years of violence and pollution in their communities. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
|}

=== 13 Pueblos (Mexico) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.25.23 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of  project'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 16px;" |
*13 pueblos started in 2006 to cancel the development of the La Ciénega housing units, around the area of the Chihuahuita spring in Morelos, Mexico. There was no prior consultation or Environmental Impact Assessment. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>   
*The infrastructure to deliver water from the Chihuahuita spring had been donated by President Lázaro Cárdenas, to provide water to Xoxocotla and the neighboring pueblos in 1934. The communities had been struggling from a lack of water access  throughout the Mexican Revolution, due to hoarding and misuse for the production of sugar cane. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
*Access to water was threatened by the La Ciénega housing units, as their planned locations were in the water replenishment areas of the spring. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 57px;" |
*The 13 pueblos involved were Tepetzingo, Tetecalita, Temimilcingo, Acamilpa, Pueblo Nuevo, Tlaltizapan, Huatecalco, El Mirador, Benito Juárez, Tetelpa, Santa Rosa Treinta, San Miguel Treinta, and Xoxocotla. <ref>Velazco, Salvador. 2018.  “(Des) colonialidad del poder en 13 pueblos en defensa del agua, el aire y la tierra.” 5, no. 9 (2018): 22–44. https://doi.org/10.5195/ct/2017.249</ref> Most pueblos were made up of Indigenous communities, and campesinos or farmers. They came together to advocate for their land sovereignty and water access. <ref>Hernández Navarro, Luis. 2007. “Morelos: siembra de concreto, cosecha de ira”. https://www.jornada.com.mx/2007/08/07/index.php?section=opinion&article=019a1pol</ref>
'''Organizing tactics''':
*'''Development of a council: '''The council of the pueblos was created for members from each pueblo to meet every Sunday. They exchanged about one another’s concerns, devised their strategies, and found alternative solutions without government authority. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Blockades and protests: '''For three years, they protested, organized blockades, and counter-reports despite strong government opposition and police brutality. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Convening and a manifesto: '''153 Indigenous leaders from so-called Canada, the US, Peru, and other counties in Latin America came together in Xochicalco for the Council of the 13 pueblos and the presentation of their manifesto. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
***The manifesto was made in defense of the land, air, and water, and it outlined the current crisis and visions for the future (Pueblos de Morelos 2007; Casiba 2007, 1:08). It also accused the government and corporations of labeling the areas as “unproductive” to justify construction plans despite the presence of Indigenous and farmer communities <ref>Casiba. 2007. “Los 13 pueblos hacen entrega de Manifiesto”. YouTube video, 1:08. Accessed November 28, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weoP7AgCqRY</ref>
*'''Legal action:''' In 2008, a court case was presented in the Latin American Water Court where CEAMA (the State Water and Environment Commission) and Conagua were blamed for having authorized construction permits without proper assessment and not taking into account the needs of the surrounding communities <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> 


'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2009, three years after the movement's conception, '''the project plans were canceled and the area within a 100 meter radius of the Chihuahuita spring was protected <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> '''
|- style="height: 103px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 103px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 103px;" |
*Several people were injured and arrested. The people of the 13 pueblos were often tear-gassed by police forces, bribed, and some individuals received death threats. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*They had to fight opposing narratives from the government and Conagua, Mexico’s National Water Commission, that falsely claimed there was sufficient water for the construction of the housing units. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref> 
 
|}

=== Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.30.43 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 195px; width: 1138px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 16px;" |
*The Trans Mountain Expansion project (TMX) aims to construct a second pipeline, approximately parallel to the current trans-mountain pipeline that transports crude oil from Edmonton to the coast of British Columbia. The project would triple it's capacity. <ref>https://www.transmountain.com/</ref>
*First proposed by Kinder Morgan in 2013, with an estimated price of $5 billion. The Canadian federal government purchased the pipeline in 2018 after significant resistance and price increases.
***The price tag for the project has increased to over $30 billion today. A net cost that will be passed on to taxpayer. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*The project lacks proper consultation for free, prior, and informed consent by Indigenous peoples.
*Construction causes violence towards women and children due to aggressions from “man camps” that are created to work at these sites. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' Direct action through blocking the pipeline construction has been supported by many academics, activists, and environmental organizations, and was initiated by local Indigenous land defenders. The Tiny House Warriors of the Secwépemc nation, was created as a camp to inhabit areas to be developed and physically resist the project <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*'''Win remains partial:''' Despite increasing '''public opposition, increased costs, countless delays, financial problems, and difficulties finding banks or insurers''' to host the project, its construction has not been halted. It is set to begin operations in 2024 <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
|- style="height: 122px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 122px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 122px;" |
*Both the owner and the judge of the project’s feasibility, the Canadian government, is in a favorable position to impose the expansion project and issue construction permits. This poses ethical questions of the democratic processes behind the project.
*There has been monitoring and policing of activists, including a bill that prohibits approaching any of the construction sites <ref>CBC News. 2019. “Trans Mountain Monitoring Anti-Pipeline Activists through Social Media | CBC News.” CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada. November 25. https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/tmx-docs-reports-1.5370221</ref>
*Over 200 activists have been arrested for their involvement in mobilizations against TMX <ref>Stand Earth. 2023. “Stopping the Trans Mountain Pipeline.” Stand.Earth. September 14. https://stand.earth/our-work/campaigns/stopping-the-trans-mountain-pipeline/#:~:text=The%20pipeline%20is%20opposed%20by,over%20200%20having%20been%20arrested</ref>
|}

=== Atlantic Coast Pipeline (US) ===

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| style="width: 160.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The Atlantic Coast Pipeline was proposed by Dominion Energy and Duke Energy in 2013. It was designed to transport gas daily from the Utica and Marcellus gas fields in West Virginia to Virginia and North Carolina. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
* The proposed project received an Environmental Impact Statement in 2016 and aimed at starting construction in 2017, with an estimated cost of $5.1 billion. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
*The proposed project would have disproportionately affected African American communities and Indigenous communities. <ref>CBF. 2023. “Atlantic Coast Natural Gas Pipeline.” Chesapeake Bay Foundation. Accessed December 16. https://www.cbf.org/about-cbf/locations/virginia/issues/atlantic-coast-natural-gas-pipeline.html</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and legal action: '''Environmental organizations, grassroots groups of residents and landowners, and a legal organization (the Southern Environmental Law Centre) converged in instigating legal battles against the pipeline.
***A coalition of environmental, conservation, and public advocacy groups signed a letter demanding that rigorous environmental assessment be conducted, citing pipeline engineers and environmental specialists. <ref>Southern Environmental Law Center. 2021. “Large Coalition Implores Governor, State Environmental Agency to Protect Virginia Waters.” Southern Environmental Law Center. September 29. https://www.southernenvironment.org/news/large-coalition-implores-governor-state-enviromental-agency-to-protect-virg/</ref> 
*'''Direct action: '''The coalitions mobilization strategies included but were not limited to: signs on homes, marches, letters to relevant authorities, public meetings, and non-violent actions.  
'''SUCCESS:'''
*A significant legal win was the recognition of the impacts on the Appalachian Trail. As a part of the National Parks System, the United States Forest service '''did not have the authority to issue construction permits <ref>Appalachian Voices. 2023. “Canceled: Atlantic Coast Pipeline.” Appalachian Voices. Accessed December 16. https://appvoices.org/pipelines/atlantic-coast-pipeline/</ref> '''
*In July 2020, Dominion Energy and Duke Energy announced the '''cancellation of the pipeline''', citing ongoing delays, the COVID-19 pandemic, legal uncertainty, and increasing costs of construction.
|}

=== Public Power New York (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.35.11 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1108px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project and campaign'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2019, the state of New York adopted the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) which commits to 100% renewable energy by 2040 and at least 70% of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2030. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
*Public Power New York (PPNY) led a campaign that lasted for 3.5 years. They aimed to pass the Build Public Renewables Act in the state budget. The Build Public Renewables Act will require the New York Power Authority (NYPA) to not only provide fully renewable energy to citizens by 2040, but also to ensure that economic, social, and racial justice are considered. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
***The bill will ensure that energy jobs have high labor standards, and that the transition to renewable energy is led by the public sector. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
***The bill will also ensure that the most polluting oil and gas plants, located mainly in low-income communities of color, will be shut down by 2030, and that energy is affordable for lower income communities <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Political organizing:''' The coalition encouraged people to call and send emails to Governor Kathy Hochul, the politician responsible for passing the bill. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*They got members of the movement campaigning for office on platforms that endorsed Public Power NY. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
*'''Public education:''' Public events educated the larger public about the state of the current NY energy system. 
*'''Coalition building: '''The most important tactic; the PPNY grassroots coalition brings together more than 20 environmental justice organizations, labor unions, and thousands of volunteers. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*The coalition pays serious attention to racial and economic justice in the fight for renewable energy.
***Involving labor unions was notably difficult because of the worker’s skepticism of the notoriously anti-union renewable energy industry. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*After nearly four years of campaigning, PPNY successfully achieved its goal when '''the New York State legislature decided to pass the Build Public Renewables Act''' in May 2023 and allocate a budget to the NYPA that would allow for its effective implementation. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
|}

=== Mi’kmaq Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.14.03 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2009, New Brunswick granted Southwestern Energy Resources a permit to explore over a million hectares of land for natural gas extraction <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*New Brunswick citizens opposed this decision by signing many petitions and organizing protests. The citizen-led opposition to fracking was not heard nor taken into account by the government. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*In 2013, South Western Energy Resources and Irving Oil were allowed to conduct exploration for, and extraction of, natural gas on unceded Mi'kma'ki territory. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref>
*The Elsipogtog First Nation was opposed to the project because it was hazardous to their lands and waters. 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
<li class="p1">'''Blockades:''' The Mi’kmaq Warrior Society organized blockades and resisted police repression. Support also came from other Indigenous groups and settler allies. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref> </li>
<li class="p1">'''Day of action:''' The Indigenous-led organization IDLE No More called for a national day of solidarity protest. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> </li>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*The companies finally decided to '''abandon seismic testing and to leave the province until 2015. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> '''
*In 2015, a temporary '''moratorium on fracking''' was announced by the government of New Brunswick and was extended indefinitely in 2016 <ref>CBC News. 2018. “Province extends fracking ban 'indefinitely' after failing to meet its own conditions.” CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/shale-gas-fracking-gallant-moratorium-1.4715225</ref> 
|-
| style="width: 157.641px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faces'''
| style="width: 926.359px;" |
*The government opposition to the protesters and the strong police repression was the main challenge faced by protesters.
|}

=== GNL Quebec (CAN) ===

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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 16px;" |
*GNL Quebec project was a 750-km natural gas pipeline operated by Gazoduq, a gas liquefaction plant managed by Énergie Saguenay, and terminal for the export of methane in Saguenay, QC. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020a. “What GNL Québec Is and Why You Must Block the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. July 28, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/41055/what-gnl-quebec-is-and-why-you-must-say-no-to-it/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 57px;" |
The movement against GNL used multi-level approach, engaging local, national, and international spheres, and created a united front.

Organizing Tactics: 
*'''Direct action: '''The movement began in 2017 with an initial demonstration by Innu Land and Water Protectors. Decentralized actions, like hanging banners at symbolic locations, enhanced visibility and emphasized the project's lack of social acceptability. The global climate strikes on September 27, 2019, that drew half a million people and featured a speech by climate activist Greta Thunberg, provided the GNL Quebec movement with an international platform. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2021. “No to GNL Québec* : Banners Blossom across the Province in Rejection of the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. September 3, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/46568/no-to-gnl-quebec-banners-blossom-across-the-province-in-rejection-of-the-project/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Local citizens, civil society groups, environmental activists, opposition parties, and student associations, all united against GNL Quebec. Forming an informal coalition expanded the movement from a local to National issue. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref>
*'''Political organizing:''' Utilizing petitions, polls, and active participation in official public consultations such as BAPE (The Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec), the movement demonstrated resistance through many formal channels with record-breaking participation. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020b. “BAPE on GNL Québec: HISTORIC PARTICIPATION EXPOSES the FLAWS of an OUTDATED PROJECT.” Greenpeace Canada. November 5, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/44494/bape-on-gnl-quebec-historic-participation-exposes-the-flaws-of-an-outdated-project/</ref> The number of citizens that contributed to the public consultation on the environmental assessment was historic (7000 submissions). 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2020 and 2021, major investors, including Warren Buffett's firm, withdrew support from the project. <ref>Houle, Jean. 2020. “GNL Québec: Un Investisseur Majeur Se Retire à Cause Des Blocus Autochtones.” Www.journaldemontreal.com. March 5, 2020. https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2020/03/05/le-projet-de-gnl-quebec-encaisse-un-veritable-coup-de-masse-1</ref> 
*The BAPE (Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec) report came out in the movement’s favor, and Quebec Premier François Legault rejected the project in 2021. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref> 
|}

=== Standing Rock (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.18.15 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
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| style="width: 160.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 16px;" |
*Energy Transfer Partners proposed the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), intended to traverse sacred Indigenous lands.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 57px;" |
*Standing Rock's primary objectives were: safeguarding the Missouri River, protecting sacred lands and historical sites, and upholding the sovereignty and treaty rights of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. Central to the tribe's argument was the contention that the DAPL breached Article II of the Fort Laramie Treaty, securing the right to the peaceful and uninterrupted utilization of reservation lands. <ref>Smithsonian. 2015. “Standing Rock Sioux and Dakota Access Pipeline | Teacher Resource.” Si.edu. Smithsonian: National Museum of the American Indian. 2015. https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/plains-treaties/dapl</ref>
*In March 2016, a pivotal moment occurred as Tokata Iron Eyes and the Standing Rock Youth uncovered plans to reroute the pipeline through sacred lands. This discovery marked the initiation of the #NoDAPL movement <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Online presence:''' The #NoDAPL movement was led by teenagers. They used online platforms, petitions, and mobilized. Social media, particularly the #NoDAPL hashtag, was crucial in amplifying the movement's message and reaching a global audience. <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
*'''Physical occupation: '''As tensions escalated, encampments like Sacred Stone and Oceti Sakowin became central to resistance. <ref>Yardley, William. 2017. “Last Holdouts Are Cleared from Main Dakota Access Pipeline Protest Camp.” Los Angeles Times. February 23, 2017. https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-standing-rock-20170223-story.html</ref> These encampments served as strategic hubs, fostering communal dynamics and providing a base for legal strategies employed by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe.
*'''Symbolic resistance:''' ReZpect Our Water played a critical role within the broader #NoDAPL movement. They organized relay runs, symbolizing the historic and spiritual practice of running among Native peoples, contributing to the movement's visibility. <ref>Joseph, Alli. 2016. “Running for Their Lives: Native American Relay Tradition Revived to Protest Dakota Access Pipeline.” Salon. Salon.com. September 12, 2016. https://www.salon.com/2016/09/12/running-for-their-lives-native-american-relay-tradition-revived-to-protest-dakota-access-pipeline/</ref> 
*'''International advocacy:''' Efforts included engagements with the UN Human Rights Council and the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. <ref>Medina, Daniel A. 2016. “Standing Rock Sioux Takes Pipeline Fight to UN Human Rights Council in Geneva.” NBC News. NBC News. September 20, 2016. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/standing-rock-sioux-takes-pipeline-fight-un-human-rights-council-n651381</ref> 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2016 the Department of the Army denied an easement under Lake Oahe, halting the pipeline's progression. This decision generated jubilation at the Oceti Sakowin camp, and had broader implications for Indigenous rights. <ref>Healy, Jack, and Nicholas Fandos. 2016. “Protesters Gain Victory in Fight over Dakota Access Oil Pipeline.” The New York Times, December 4, 2016, sec. U.S. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/04/us/federal-officials-to-explore-different-route-for-dakota-pipeline.html</ref>
|-
| style="width: 160.141px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 930.859px;" |
*There was excessive use of force by police and private military personnel during violent confrontations with protestors. <ref>Hersher, Rebecca. 2017. “Key Moments in the Dakota Access Pipeline Fight.” Npr.org. Npr. February 22, 2017. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/22/514988040/key-moments-in-the-dakota-access-pipeline-fight</ref>
*President Trump's memorandum in 2017 accelerated the project. In 2021, there remains hope for Standing Rock protestors to be heard. <ref>Todrys, Katherine Wiltenburg . 2021. Black Snake: Standing Rock, the Dakota Access Pipeline, and Environmental Justice. University of Nebraska Press</ref>
|}

=== Athabasca Tar Sands Resistance (CAN) ===

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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 16px;" |
*Shell proposed development of the Athabasca Tar Sands. The Athabasca-Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN) strongly challenged Shell, seeking compensation for damage already done and legal recognition of native land rights on traditional territories outside of reserves. <ref>Lim, Audrea. 2014. “How First Nations in Canada Are Winning the Fight against Big Oil.” The Nation. September 10. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-first-nations-canada-are-winning-fight-against-big-oil/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Legal opposition:''' The ACFN mounted significant legal opposition against Shell in the form of lawsuits and interventions in the regulatory process. <ref>Narine, Shari, ed. 2015. “Shell Withdraws Pierre Mine Project Application.” Ammsa.Com. https://ammsa.com/publications/alberta-sweetgrass/shell-withdraws-pierre-mine-project-application</ref>
*'''Rejecting government channels:''' Withdrawing from consultative committees proved effective, as these committees often had little impact, and oil companies could no longer claim Indigenous consultation. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
*In 2010, the Tar Sands Healing Walk was founded by a group of Indigenous activists including the ACFN. The Healing Walk, a 14-kilometer walk through the tar sands, was intended to build community and raise awareness about the damage caused by bitumen extraction. The Walk ended in 2014 after organizers felt its goals had been achieved. <ref>Leahy, Derek. 2014. “June 28th: Final ‘Tar Sands Healing Walk’ Simply a New Beginning, Say Organizers.” The Narwhal. March 20. https://thenarwhal.ca/june-28th-final-tar-sands-healing-walk-simply-new-beginning-say-organizers/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Indigenous groups, environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs), labor groups, and religious groups joined forces. These coalitions extended beyond local communities to the international scale, raising public awareness and increasing pressure on oil companies. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
On coalition building, Lubicon Cree activist Melina Laboucan-Massimo said, ''“‘When we work in coalitions – the environmental movement, First Nations and the labor movement – there’s such a convergence of diverse voices…we’re really starting to see growing public accountability and public opposition being seen and taken seriously'’” <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''

'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2014, a series of large development projects, including Shell’s Pierre River Mine, were canceled due to “market forces and public opposition”  It is estimated that public opposition to the tar sands has cost the oil industry over $17 billion.'' <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''
|}

=== Nitaskinan60 (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.37.04 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1103px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 16px;" |
Nitaskinan – Atikamekw territory – has been threatened by the destruction of logging companies.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 57px;" |
*Nitaskinan60, or the Kilometer 60 campaign, is an ongoing campaign in Manawan, Québec, Canada.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' The Dubé family and Manawan community established a blockade and announced a moratorium on logging in Manawan. The blockade has the immediate goal of stopping the illegal logging and the long-term goal of Indigenous sovereignty and unity. <ref>Richardson, Lindsay, and Emelia Fournier. 2022. “Inside the Atikamekw Nation’s Fight against Deforestation of Ancestral Lands.” APTN News. March 18. https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/inside-the-atikamekw-nations-fight-against-the-deforestation-of-its-ancestral-lands/</ref> 
'''SUCCESS (this campaign is ongoing):'''
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) published seven sustainable forestry recommendations for better community consultation and involvement. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) issued a report in May, 2022, concluding that the MFFP and Scerie Saint-Michel were both at fault. However, the report neither offered reparations or compensation to the Dubé family or Manawan community, nor penalized either of the responsible parties. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
|-
| style="width: 145.906px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 931.094px;" |
*While campaigning, some activists expressed fear of danger to individuals, physical or legal.
*The greatest challenge has been a lack of government cooperation and responsibility.  
|}

== Strategy and tactics used ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1138px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Direct action (14/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 28px;" |
*All campaigns participated in a form of '''direct action '''(physical disruption).
**Specific tactics varied: protests, marches, sit-ins, civil disobedience and blockades.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Community engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 37px;" |
*Engagement tactics used; canvassing, '''community meetings, workshops, teach-ins, reading groups, focus groups and speak-ins'''.
**Specific examples include the Standing Rock Relay Runs, the Grassy Narrows River Run, and weekly potlucks for Stop Cop City. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Mass engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*Mass engagement was through''' petitions and letters.'''
**This was important for the involvement of community members who do not have the same time, ability or privilege for actions and events.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 164.141px;" |
'''Coalition building (7/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 28px;" |
*Benefits: creation of a new entity, diverse knowledge/perspectives and increasing the '''size and strength of campaigns'''.
|- style="height: 72px;"
| style="height: 72px; width: 164.141px;" |
'''Legal action and political pressure (7/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 72px;" |
*Formal political and legal processes were used.
**To seek policy change, tactics included; call campaigns, attending public meetings or consultations, running for office or organizing election campaigns. Many campaigns faced high opposition, but many also '''benefited from political alliances.'''
**For legal challenges, tactics included; lawsuits, legal curt appeals, course cases, referendums and legal advocacy '''often delayed projects, but did not always result in material gains.'''
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 164.141px; height: 46px;" | '''Mass communication (5/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*Communication platforms such as social media campaigns, banners, magazines, press conferences, documentaries engaged the public.
*'''Alternative media and social media '''was useful in countering mainstream media which often aligns with government and industry perspectives.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 164.141px; height: 46px;" | '''Independent research (3/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*A small handful of campaigns conducted '''independent research '''to enhance the campaigns credibility and convince of it's importance.
|}

== Participating groups ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1113px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Locally impacted community members/land defenders + grassroots activists + ENGOs = success'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 51px;" |
*Actors varied across campaigns. The most common participants were networks of '''community members, volunteers, Indigenous groups, and environmental organizations (ENGO's).'''
**Research for the Athabasca Tar Sands case study says, “Dominant political and industry actors were largely able to overlook the movement until a diverse and influential set of social movement actors began collaborating and shifting these local struggles transnationally.” <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Unions'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 51px;" |
*Unions participated in 4 out of 14 of the campaigns.
**For the Public Power NY campaign, the involvement of labor unions was identified as a turning point in the struggle. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref> 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Industry professionals and student groups'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 28px;" |
*The least recurrent participants were academics, businesses, legal groups, health groups, and student groups.
**For GNL Quebec campaign, students made up the largest fraction of supporters. Student’s involvement was also identified as crucial.
**Academics were involved in the TMX Pipeline and GNL Quebec campaigns. Academic Tim Takaro camped in a tree for the TMX pipeline and this gathered significant media attention that reached different audiences.
***David Suzuki was involved with the campaign against GNL Quebec. The involvement of academics or well-known experts helped these campaigns gain wider media attention. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
|}

== Challenges faced ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 231px; width: 1102px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Government opposition (7/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Legal challenges and large public demonstrations '''were used to overcome government opposition.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Police repression (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Direct action '''was used both as a counter to repression, and also faced additional repression. Increased project costs and delays to construction helped address the challenges faced using direct action.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Coalition challenges (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Difficulty creating alliances due to diverging opinions and perspectives.
E.g. “There has been a lack of structure in the coalition when it comes to making decisions when it comes to allocation of resources…the lack of structure has meant that we are being pulled in like 25 directions all at once. We need to unravel this notion that structure is our enemy. And if we refuse to define what leadership looks like, on the basis that leadership is hierarchical. It just means that leadership goes, unaccounted [for], and it goes unchecked.” -Activist against TMX pipeline
*'''Coalitions '''were used to strengthen the response to challenges by increasing knowledge and resources
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Legal challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 28px;" |
*Activist arrests, and opposition from industry.
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Health challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Linked directly to the struggle.
|-
| style="width: 205.828px;" | '''Misinformation (2/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*'''Educational efforts''' helped to counter misinformation.
|}
 

== Results and key research findings ==

=== Researcher takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 302px; width: 1118px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Direct action'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 16px;" |
*Most commonly used to successfully overcome government opposition and police repression.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Legal action and political pressure'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 57px;" |
*Most effective for procedural delays, reducing the economic viability of projects, and sometimes, for facilitating the recognition of Indigenous rights and sovereignty.
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''Coalition building'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 76px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, leading to new campaigns and/or activist groups, and providing more perspectives and knowledge
*When facing police repression, coalitions can help support activists and communities more at risk of experiencing direct criminalization or police violence.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Community engagement'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, fostering collaboration, strong community support and diverse campaigns that engage a wide variety of people.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Communication and raising public awareness'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, increasing support for the campaign and lowering acceptability of the target. 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Diversity of actors, strategies and tactics'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Greatly contributed to the effectiveness of a successful intersectional campaign.
|}


'''Direct action, c''''''ommunity engagement and building strong, '''large, and diverse coalitions seem to be the most effective strategies, and the best strategies for overcoming challenges. 
 

=== HUB takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 1033px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 19px;" |
'''To mobilize ''deeper'' (increase commitment and engagement)...'''
| style="height: 19px; width: 77.1094%;" |

*'''One-to-one connections are powerful'''
''"When we went door to door talking to people, what we found was that for a lot of people, the people who live farther away from the forest, the mayor's narrative was winning in so many ways, because people were like, 'Oh, it's just a training facility like what are you mad about?'... But when you began to talk to people about the nuts and bolts of it, when you began to tell people 'what do you think about a Blackhawk helicopter landing pad?' People like we're like, 'what do we need that for?'...Yeah, well, what do you think about the firing range?" ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
<li>'''Know the history of the land you're on, to connect with impacted communities'''</li>''"We're on Tongva Land. The community has been traditionally black... one of the few neighborhoods that black communities could live in, and rapidly converting to large Latino populations. So very much a mixed population on unceded Tongva territory, we refer to it as South Central Los Angeles. Our original offices were on land that was owned by Edward Doheny... the big North American granddaddy oil baron from back in the day... Mount St. Mary's College is built on his former estate. His estate had a petting zoo and all these beautiful Victorian buildings. And that is the neighborhood that our organization started in."'' -Organizer for Stand L.A.
*'''Connect on the land'''
''"When I went back, what I saw was that the community had come in and began to use the land, the community had really started to make it our park. And people were doing teachings there about how to live off of the land, showing you what mushrooms were growing that you could eat, what type of moss you could use to make a poultice for cuts or to any types of wounds, you know, then there was like a weekly potluck that was happening. And people were talking to us about that area of land and what the South River Forest meant to this community." ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 120px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 120px;" | '''To mobilize widely...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 120px;" |
*'''Engage with many forms of media'''
''"We have to work hard for alternative media to get things out. So we have a number of different news crews that work with us; independent journalists, local magazines and newspapers. And then we were able to get NBC to come here to do a short documentary about cop city... and also the documentary done by Al Jazeera. Those have been like the mainstream media documentaries that have really opened people's eyes." -''Organizer for'' ''Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''To get your message across...'''
| style="height: 51px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Use art to grab attention '''
''"[We used] genderless, ageless wig stands, and assaulted each one of them with one symptom... a nosebleed... asthma [with a] puffer, [an inflamed] thyroid, a congested nose with a clothespin. We had several others. My self portrait was a headache that I described by putting two barbecue skewers from the nape of my neck through my forehead... And we set that up on a table with a big boombox with a black tablecloth... just as kids and parents were walking home from school, and they would walk by and say, "hey, hey, hey, what's that with the nosebleed? I had to take my kid three times to the emergency room last week with nosebleeds"... All of these symptoms began to come together and we use that event and events like it to tell people, we want to talk more with you." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Relate to issues concerning community members''' (i.e. rather than a blanket 'stop climate change', campaigns and communication addressed a specific concern, project, proposal or law impacting locals). 
''"One of the things that I started to do was talk to people about how cop city affected the state of childcare... when you're talking about childcare, you are talking about health care. And when you're talking about health care, you have to talk about economic justice and environmental justice together. And you cannot have a conversation about childcare without talking about reproductive justice. Because according to the pillars of reproductive justice, I am supposed to be able to raise the children that I choose to have in a clean, safe environment that is free of state sanctioned interpersonal violence... So when when you looked at... what that intersectionality was, and how we could get people to understand.. '''everybody has a stake in this'''."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Contact press and hold press conferences at strategic times to control the narrative'''
''"There was, at one point it was really like a back and forth of, we're sending a press release, and then a company has to answer that we're sending a press release under industry, and they have to answer, so we kind of we became master the narrative where they had to always answer our communication." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Provide platforms for community members to share their stories'''
 ''"I think [uplifting the] community's voice and just speaking the truth, and providing as many people the opportunity to tell their story... storytelling, personal testimony, community based research, all of those things are very critical.''" -Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Uplift elders, and people who can describe how the community has been impacted over time'''
''"The elders are also important, because they will be the quickest ones to notice that the air has changed... What's making that happen... being privileged to share the community with people who've lived there for a very long time. I think that's really the greatest asset for change, just listening to community." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''To build a stronger force...'''
| style="height: 28px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Form strategic alliances/coalitions between the grassroots, NGOs, unions, associations, academics etc. '''
''"Knock on all these doors and find out key organizational and individual levers that the can help you. I think it's critical to find a way to get the big green NGOs on board. They have a lot of mobilization power, and when they actually show up, they can be instrumental, and then you need to find political allies as well... all the opposition parties were with us... and the mobilization needs to be grassroots-led... that is a prime example of how local grassroots organizing, amplified by others, can become the most powerful tool in the world." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Set goals as a coalition and as individual groups/organizations'''
''"I think that the one of the biggest challenges that I've noticed, is the lack of defining our goals in a meaningful and practical way. There has been a lack of, or an unwillingness, to get specific enough with our goals and what it means to, in my opinion, actually be able to accomplish them. Because... when I talked about the campaign, or the movement or whatever, it's basically a coalition of dozens of organizations that are all united under this banner called protect the planet. And there's very diverse organizations involved in that coalition...There's a lot of overlap between the groups... everyone is united and agrees that our goal is to stop TMX... But that's not enough... it doesn't tell you how we're going to get there. And there's still a distinction between tactics, like tactics, and specific goals are two different things as well. But... what does that actually mean, to stop TMX? What does that look like? Because if we don't get more specific about what that means, we aren't able to tailor our actions in a way that is effective... You know, it ends up with people like, let's hold a rally at City Hall to stop TMX. And it's like, what is that doing? Why are we targeting City Hall? That makes no sense, like City Hall has no power to do anything here? I think there's this kind of something you hear a lot is 'Oh, well, we're raising awareness.' '''I think something that has become really clear in this campaign, and that I've heard other people say in other campaigns is that if your campaigns goal is just to raise awareness, you've already failed'''. Like, that's not enough. Yes, it's a component of any sort of social movement or campaign. But if that's where the goal ends, it's not, it's just not going to do anything. It's just not enough."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Power map as a coalition'''
''"Without defining what needs to happen for the project to be stopped, we can't tailor our actions to target the right people. And I think that's been a challenge, is figuring out who is an effective target... We need to actually target the people and the the entities that have the power to change what we're trying to change."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Map out your spectrum of allies'''
''"You need to analyze where your allies are, active allies, passive allies, who are your active enemies, and really focus on bringing more passive allies to the active side... when this all started, there was a lot of passive allies. The students were concerned with climate, but they weren't specifically involved in the project. At first, the only active allies there was a tiny bit of people from First Nations [communities], and then citizen groups... when you're in that moment, where you're trying to develop a campaign against a big struggle, or a big project like this one, you really need to find, who are those people in society that agree with me, but aren't doing shit about it. And that's a tough part. That's a long process. But you really have to do it." ''-Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Do skill and knowledge shares for sustainable engagement.'''
"''We constantly do teachings with each other. You know, this Friday, we have a teaching with the Palestinian youth movement to help people understand how cop city connects to the struggle for freedom in Palestine. We constantly educate ourselves so that we educate the community. So, we do that by canvassing, we do that by public facing events like movie screenings and townhall meetings, community talkbacks where the community will come and just tell us, hey, this is my concern.''" -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Support action led by directly impacted communities'''
''"The mass education campaigns on hydraulic fracturing that had been ongoing since 2011 were not Indigenous-led. Numerous action and advocacy groups across the province were also not Indigenous-led. The frontlines certainly were Indigenous-led. So, in support of frontline activities, allies were very supportive, financially and materially." -Journalist for Mi'kmaq resistance''
|- style="height: 305px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 305px;" | '''To conserve energy/resources...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 305px;" |
*'''Intentionally define a structure, accountability and how power is shared (avoidance creates more problems)'''
''"There has been, in my experience, a refusal... to even discuss what it might mean to have some sort of structure for the coalition... there's this really problematic assumption that... organizing non hierarchically means that... structure is an enemy because structure is hierarchical. And that has been such a problem because it just means that nothing gets done... if we refuse to define what leadership looks like... it just means that leadership goes, unaccounted, and it goes unchecked. And no one knows what's going on... people are still assuming positions of leadership, but they're not accountable to people for that, and it's not clear, who is responsible for what. And I would actually argue that that ends up resulting in a more hierarchical structure than if the leadership had been defined clearly... '''One of the one of the teachings from my people that we were using in this context that I think explains it really well, is geese. So when you see Canada geese fly, they fly in a V shape, right. And there's a leader at the point of the V, that goose is the one that is setting the direction of where the flock is going. But they get tired, and they swap out. So when the when the lead goose gets tired, they swap positions with another goose that's in the V, and they just swap over like that'''. [Otherwise,] no one is responsible for anything, and everyone is responsible for everything at the same time. And it's so cumbersome. It's restrictive in terms of using our time and our energy and resources in an effective way. And that leads to burnout." -''TMX Organizer''' '''
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 74px;" | '''To maintain momentum...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 74px;" |
*'''Recognize and reflect on your successes'''
''"The biggest victory in this fight against cop city, is that people understand what it is that we do need to be safe and community because this has really opened up a huge conversation about community safety."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Leverage the momentum of other movements by drawing connections'''
"''At the time of the shutdown Canada movement... when the entire world was watching what was going on in the West... [there were great narratives] built between what was going on out west and what was going on here, tying it to basically being the same colonial projects that were that were being forced down the throat of Indigenous communities." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
|- style="height: 125px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 125px;" | '''To strengthen relationships...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 125px;" |
*'''Center joy!'''
"''We started to choir... there are a lot of people who are very good singers, there are people who are instrumentalists. There are people who just want to have good vibes and chill out with each other. So we started singing together, we started doing that. And we've performed in a couple of places, it's been a lot of fun. People are carrying it on, you know, make sure that you definitely do that make time for joy and make space for healing."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 311px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 311px;" | '''To address problematic behaviour internally...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 311px;" |
*'''Make sure structures and policies for accountability are defined; what is not okay, who to speak to when something happens and how unacceptable behaviour is addressed '''
''"It's always these men that have like, this poorly defined power and are operating within this like, very hierarchical system, but because we've refused to define [a clear structure], [abuse/harassment] doesn't get called out."'' -TMX Organizer

''"Part of what I've learned here is that just defining ourselves as [anti-oppressive] doesn't make it so... 'We will not cancel us' by Adrienne Marie Brown, explains... when we are so quick to cancel each other, and she's not talking about abusers here, there's a difference there. If someone is abusive, that requires... a different conversation, though, when it comes to just transgressions and mistakes that people make saying the wrong thing, doing the wrong thing, like that is going to happen because... every single person that is involved in these movements has grown up in a world that has these... systems of oppression that have been built into our lives in all of these ways. And a lot of the work that we have to do is unlearning all of those systems because we can't see how they have impacted us... we need to be able to have the room to make mistakes... we need those skills to be able to''' '''negotiate '''where that line is with what is unacceptable transgression. And how do we handle those mistakes in a way that actually allows people to correct those mistakes and learn from them and grow and do better next time? Without destroying the movement and like pushing people out?'''" -''TMX Organizer
|}

=== HUB observations: additional lessons ===
{| class="wikitable" style="height: 84px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 158.188px;" |
For environmentalists that do not understand how Indigenous sovereignty and police violence relate to the climate crisis...
| style="height: 28px; width: 993.812px;" |
There are 2 critical points to emphasize:

1) How '''structural racism and ongoing settler colonialism impact historic and ongoing climate justice campaigns, specifically on Indigenous Land defenders. '''The degree of criminalization, physical violence, and assassinations during environmental campaigns significantly increases when Indigenous people are involved <ref>Scheidel, Arnim et al. 2020. “Environmental Conflicts and Defenders: A Global Overview.” Global Environmental Change 63: 102104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104</ref>

2) Most climate justice campaigns that have had''' success in the last 20 years across Turtle Island have been initiated and led by impacted Indigenous communities'''.
|-
| style="width: 158.188px;" | For NGOs that want to support grassroots organizers
| style="width: 993.812px;" |
*'''Let the grassroots lead'''! Listen to what support they say they need; media? Funding? Training? They will tell you.
*'''Don't '''craft the message: uplift the voices of grassroots organizers (co-creation ''may'' be more possible if a coalition is formed). 
|}
''''

''If you have corrections or additional resources to share with us related to this content, you can contact kenzie@lehub.ca.''
 

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<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

'''[https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Militant_Wiki Back to Homepage]'''

How we Win! Summary of findings on successful climate justice campaigns in North America

2024-11-06T20:12:09Z

Mediawiki: /* HUB takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns */

''''
<div class="speechify-ipvczq"></div>
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''How we win'' was a 2023 research project supervised by Dr. Jen Gobby, and conducted by McGill students Cassandra Ciafro, Anna Henry, Frida Sofia Morales Mora, Thomas Nakasako, Dafne Ozcan, Nico Serreqi and Lea Vadez Reyes. It investigates the following question: ''What can be learned from the struggles and successes of intersectional climate campaigns across Turtle Island (North America) over the past 20 years, and what factors contribute to the success of these campaigns? '' Case studies, plus 4 semi-structured interviews and 1 survey were used to explore this question.

 
This page includes a summary of the campaigns/movements included in the report and the tactics used, key factors that contributed to the success of multiple campaigns/movements, HUB team observations and suggestions based on key takeaways, plus key quotes from interviews and surveys with successful activists/organizers for more specific suggestions and examples.'''</div>
 
To read the full report, see the following: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1F7tROk8hHlimVEiLAW6AtSDcG_0Pbdm9/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104999225508815189487&rtpof=true&sd=true How We Win! A Qualitative Review of Successful Climate Justice Campaigns in North America in the Last 20 Years]
 
 

== Defining 'success' and study parameters ==

'Success’ was defined as '''''having achieved material gains, or advancements in physical, financial, legal, or electoral conditions.'''''
*14 successful campaigns from Mexico, the so-called United States and so-called Canada were included.
**12 addressed racial justice, 11 Indigenous rights, 8 health and/or water justice, 3 housing justice, 2 disability justice and 1 food justice.
**Almost all of those explored were started by local, directly impacted Indigenous communities. The majority set to stop activities before they began (proposal stage).
**Length of campaign activities ranged from 6 months to over 50 years. Half of the campaigns explored are still ongoing.

 '''The successes of the campaigns included in the study included:'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 315px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 19px;" |
 
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 19px;" |
'''How the Research Team Defined This Success'''
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 19px;" | '''Campaigns Associated with this Success'''
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 51px;" | '''Cancellation of Projects or Practices; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 51px;" |
The temporary or permanent cancellation of projects or practices.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 51px;" |
10/14
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 28px;" | '''Legislation and/or Policy Change; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 28px;" | The enactment of policy or laws that align with the campaign’s goals.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 28px;" |
3/14 +2/14 partially
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Recognition of Indigenous rights/sovereignty; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Formal recognition that Indigenous rights or sovereignty were/would have been violated by a project or practice.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
3/14
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Building new and diverse coalitions;''' immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Building new alliances and partnerships with other individuals, organizations, or movements that did not exist before the campaign.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
4/14

 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 57px;" | '''Community engagement; '''immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 57px;" | A strategy that puts marginalized communities at the forefront of the movement to raise awareness, mobilize support, and foster a sense of collective agency.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 57px;" |
5/14
|}

== Climate justice campaigns ==
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''Suggestion: look for campaigns that most resonate with an issue near you, a campaign you're working on etc. Are there tactics that haven't yet been applied in your context?''

=== Stand LA (US) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 3.41.57 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
“For us [...] it's a justice issue. And it's also an equity issue. If there is a universal good, we have to start with the most vulnerable, because equity never ever trickles down. It has to start from the bottom”.
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 188px;"
|- style="height: 85px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 85px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of group '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 85px;" |
Founded in 2013, Stand-LA formed to halt oil drilling in residential areas in Los Angeles. Their campaigns address environmentally and health hazardous projects that impact marginalized communities. <ref>http://www.stand.la/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''People Not Pozos' (People not wells) campaign'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 57px;" |
Targeted AllenCo drilling site was polluting a low-income, minority community. This had negative health impacts on residents. <ref>Cavallaro, Mara Marques. 2022. “The Deadly Consequences of Urban Oil Drilling,” October 19, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/los-angeles-oil-drilling-nalleli-cobo/</ref>

'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Door-knocking''' to gather data on the various symptoms experienced by residents, followed by making a health report <ref>Andrade, Anakaren, Tony Carrera, Francisca Martinez, Lizet Pantoja, Margaret Rubens, and Erick Zerecero. 2016. “Assessing the Health and Community Impacts of Oil Drilling Near Homes in South Los Angeles,” October. https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/project/stand-la/</ref>
*Making an '''art piece''' of eight styrofoam heads, each suffering from one of the symptoms caused by the drill site pollution.
*Organizing a '''community call-in campaign''' to the Air Quality Management District (AQMD) to bombard phone lines
*Conducting a '''press conference'''. This got the attention of Senator Barbara Boxer, the federal head of the environmental committee.
'''SUCCESS:''' Senator Boxer called on the '''Environmental Protection Agency '''to perform an investigation, and the AllenCo site shut down. Following their success, the STAND-L.A. coalition formalized. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; text-align: left; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''No Drilling Where We Are Living' campaign ''' 
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and community engagement:''' Extensive outreach efforts increased participation. These efforts also strengthened the influence of residents <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref>
*'''Science-based evidence: '''In 2015, AQMD modified the law. It mandated fossil fuel extraction sites to disclose their chemicals. Activists found that each chemical caused the symptoms they identified in their door-knocking. This strengthened their arguments when communicating the problem.
'''SUCCESSES:'''
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">E&B Natural Resources electrified and enclosed the Murphy drill site to keep toxic fumes out of nearby homes and reduce pollution.</li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Won a resolution''' prohibiting new oil drilling in the Inglewood oil field <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref> </li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Influenced legislative changes'''. For example, Senate Bill 1137 bans new oil and gas wells within 3,200 feet of sensitive areas. It has contributed to significant oil phaseout resolutions in Los Angeles, both at the city and county levels <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Major challenges faced by STAND-LA '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" | <li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Oil lobbying to oppose legislative measures</li>
<li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Reports the oil industry is employing canvassers to use misleading tactics when gathering signatures to qualify the referendum for ballots <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|}

 

=== Stop Cop City (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 4.11.48 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

'''“Whether the win comes through the ballot, in the courts or in the streets, Cop City must never be built”'''
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 90px; width: 1145px;"
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 10px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of campaign and project'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 10px;" |
[https://www.instagram.com/stopcopcity/?hl=en Stop Cop City] began in 2017 in response to the city of Atlanta's plan to build the biggest police and firefighter training facility in the country. 
<li class="p1">'''Economic: '''The majority of the funding is expected to come from taxpayers, despite no public consultation on the project.</li>
*'''Environment: '''The proposed site is the Weelanee forest. It comprises the South River, one of the most endangered rivers in the United States due to sewage pollution. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Indigenous sovereignty''': The land belonged to the Muscogee Creek Nation before they were displaced. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Racism:''' The land was the site of a low-security prison farm. Accounts of torture and violence against black inmates were recorded. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
***Today, the forest serves as an important green space for the residents of the predominantly Black surrounding neighborhoods. <ref>Mock, Brentin. 2023. “Atlanta’s ‘Cop City’ Neighbors Have No Voting Rights to Stop It,” Bloomberg. October 4, 2023 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-10-04/-cop-city-referendum-aims-to-repeal-planned-atlanta-police-training-center</ref>
*'''Settler colonialism: '''Officers trained at the facility will not only target predominantly BIPOC communities in the USA; their exchange program will also train members of the Israeli Defense Forces <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CytGWtyOr0M/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 57px;" |
After the project was announced, the Atlanta City Council solicited a session of public feedback. Over 1000 people attended and it lasted over 17 hours. The majority of people were against the project. <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref> 
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Weekly safe space events '''by community members in the Welanee forest, such as '''potlucks, reading groups, and teach-ins.''' The goal was for people across Atlanta to learn about the issue, and connect with the forest.  
*'''Direct action''' in the form of protests all over the city to spread awareness. 
*'''A ballot referendum campaign''' to allow constituents to vote on the issue.  
*'''Door-knocking/canvassing '''in various neighborhoods to educate on the issue and collect signatures.
*'''Community outreach '''via postering, zines
*'''Media engagement '''i.e. press conferences, alternative media coverage.


'''SUCCESS:'''
*DeKalb County, being an unincorporated borough of Atlanta, barred its residents from participating in the voting or signature collection process for the referendum. Four county residents took legal action with a lawsuit against the City of Atlanta. They won the right for DeKalb residents to both collect signatures and initiate a new 60-day countdown <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref>
*Activists needed 58,000 signatures from registered voters in 60-day timeframe. They gathered over 116,000 signatures. <ref>Franzen, Timothy. 2023. “Stop Cop City Ballot Initiative Has over 116,000 Signatures.” American Friends Service Committee. September 14, 2023. https://afsc.org/news/stop-cop-city-ballot-initiative-has-over-116000-signatures</ref>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 23px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Major challenges faced by Stop Cop City'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 23px;" |
*Police violence has been a major challenge throughout the campaign. During a protest, activist Manuel Terán (“Tortuguita”) was shot fourteen times by Georgia state troopers <ref>Goldberg, Shoshana K. 2023. “Remembering Tortuguita.” Human Rights Campaign. March 21, 2023. https://www.hrc.org/news/remembering-tortuguita-indigenous-queer-and-non-binary-environmental-activist-and-forest-defender</ref>
*Many protesters have been arrested and charged for racketeering and domestic terrorism <ref>Rico, R.J. 2023. “61 Indicted in Georgia on Racketeering Charges Connected to ‘Stop Cop City’ Movement.” AP News. September 5, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/atlanta-cop-city-protests-rico-charges-3177a63ac1bd31a1594bed6584e9f330</ref>
*Most recently in November 2023, the coalition planned a peaceful protest and tree planting in the forest, but they were met with physical resistance and tear gassed by the police.
*At the time of writing the report, the government was delaying the signature approval process. Cop City may not be included on the ballot.  
|}

=== Keystone XL Pipeline (US/CAN) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.20.50 PM.png|700x700px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1133px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.484px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 949.516px; height: 16px;" |
*Proposed in 2008 by TC Energy, the Keystone XL pipeline extension was designed to increase the transport of crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands to refineries on the Gulf Coast of Texas. The pipeline extension project would transport crude oil per day across the Canada-U.S. border. <ref>Denchak, Melissa and Lindwall, Courtney. 2022. “The Keystone XL Pipeline: Everything You Need To Know.”  March 15, 2022. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*The pipeline would have affected '''Indigenous communities''' in Montana and South Dakota. <ref>Lindwall, Courtney. 2021. “The Unlikely Takedown of Keystone XL.” 2021. June 29, 2021. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/unlikely-takedown-keystone-xl</ref> The proposed path was altered to not cross Indigenous reservations but still risked multiple Indigenous lands and important sources for drinking water. E.g. the Ogallala Aquifer serves as the main '''water source''' for millions of people 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.484px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 949.516px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building''': Many grassroots activists, including Indigenous communities and environmentalists, were involved before larger organizers, such as 350.org. They aided in the organizing of the initial coalition, consisting of national environmental organizations including the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), the Sierra Club, and First Nations and Native American activist groups such as Idle No More and local landowners. <ref>Adler, Ben. 2015. “The inside Story of the Campaign That Killed Keystone XL.” Vox. November 7, 2015. https://www.vox.com/2015/11/7/9684012/keystone-pipeline-won</ref>
*'''Legal petitions'''
*'''Civil resistance and protest''' along the construction route/in Washington
'''SUCCESS:'''
*An initial win for campaigners came in 2015: President Obama rejected a cross-border permit for Keystone XL after years of large acts of civil disobedience and protest. <ref>Henn, Jamie. 2021.“Here’s How We Defeated the Keystone XL Pipeline | Sierra Club.” n.d. Accessed October 28, 2023. https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/here-s-how-we-defeated-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*NRDC and their partners legal petitions effectively delayed the completion of the project. <ref>National Defense Resource Council. 2021. “Keystone XL Pipeline Lawsuits.” NRDC. Accessed November 5, 2023. https://www.nrdc.org/court-battles/keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*Finally, the project was '''fully put to an end in 2021''', as the newly elected Biden administration rescinded a permit for the KXL pipeline, effectively killing it <ref>Engelfried, Nick. 2021. “How Defeating Keystone XL Built a Bolder, Savvier Climate Movement.” The Commons. February 10, 2021. https://commonslibrary.org/how-defeating-keystone-xl-built-a-bolder-savvier-climate-movement/</ref> 
|}

=== Grassy Narrows (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.22.45 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1143px;"
|-
| style="width: 161.281px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 955.719px;" |
*Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek community members of the Ojibwe First Nations Reserve in Grassy Narrows have faced unregulated mercury pollution in the Wabigoon River.
*'''Environmental racism:''' In the 1960s, Dryden Paper Company Ltd. dumped 9,000 kg of untreated mercury into the English-Wabigoon river system, upstream from Grassy Narrows and Whitedog First Nations.
*'''Food sovereignty: '''The Canadian Government banned the consumption of fish from the local river system. Community members still remained reliant on the fish as a diet staple, and the resulting mercury poisoning has devastated the health of the community. <ref>Anderson, Charnel. 2020. “Grassy Narrows.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Accessed November 11, 2023. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/grassy-narrows</ref>
*'''Poverty:''' 60% of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog’s inhabitants had lost their jobs from the fish ban and were placed on welfare. <ref>Charlebois, Clarence T. 1978.  High Mercury Levels in Indians and Inuits (Eskimos) in Canada. Ambio 7, no. 5/6: 204–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4312386</ref>
*'''Health:''' Many community members were diagnosed with Minamata Disease. The most common symptoms are sensory disturbances, poor muscle control (ataxia) and tunnel vision. Researchers also found evidence of Congenital Minamata Disease, which has resulted in cerebral palsy and intellectual development delays.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 161.281px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 955.719px; height: 57px;" |
*Grassy Narrows continued to demand fair compensation for mercury poisoning, which had been impacting 90% of the population, and ending all logging and mining plans in the area.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Letter-writing campaigns'''
*'''Hunger strikes'''
*'''Blockades'''
*'''Yearly protests and marches '''(Saku 2021; Gilson 2019)
*'''Formation of alliances''' with environmental NGOs like Rainforest Action Network (RAN) and other grassroots organizers <ref>Saku, James C. 2021. Environmental Activism on the Ground: Small Green and Indigenous Organizing. American Review of Canadian Studies 51 (2): 355–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2021.1914997</ref>
***Solidarity and support of non-Indigenous grassroots organizers can be crucial when it comes to funding, direct action, media relations and legal advocacy, evident through RAN’s support during the 2004 blockade. 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2017, the Ontario government '''pledged $85 million '''towards cleaning up the industrial mercury contamination in the Wabigoon River almost 50 years after the pollution had been identified <ref>Porter, Jody. 2021. “Grassy Narrows to Get $68.9M More from Ottawa for Centre to Care for People with Mercury Poisoning.” CBC News. Accessed October 20, 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/grassy-narrows-mercury-care-facility-ottawa-funding-1.6117975</ref>
*By 2021, the Liberal Government agreed to spend $90 million to build and operate the much needed public infrastructure to support those suffering from Minamata Disease.
Note: In 2023, the specialized infrastructure project failed to be granted any funding by the Government, citing soaring costs.
|}

=== #RightToBreathe/PES (US) ===

[[File:13124855 1091918740874230 6670651396523488360 n.jpg|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

Photo from: [https://www.phillythrive.org/_righttobreathe_mobilization Philly Thrive]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1080px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The 2016 Southport Campaign set out to stop Philadelphia Energy Solutions (PES) oil refinery expansion. PES was the second largest oil refinery in the United States. <ref>Xiao, Yin. 2017. “Environmentalist groups stop construction of oil export terminal in Philadelphia, 2016”.https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/environmentalist-groups-stop-construction-oil-export-terminal-philadelphia-2016</ref>
*The PES refinery was responsible for over 50% of Philadelphia’s toxic air emissions. This is one of the main reasons for the high rates of asthma, cancer, and other respiratory problems amongst Philadelphians. <ref>Philly Thrive. 2017. “Philly Thrive Review”. Accessed November 20, 2023. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/phillythrive/pages/111/attachments/original/1486401882/Philly_Thrive_Review.pdf?1486401882</ref>
*The residents who were at higher exposure from the pollution were low-income people of colour <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 57px;" |
*Philly Thrive, an organization led by Black, disabled, and chronically ill activists was a main organizer for the #RightToBreathe campaign <ref>Brockmeier, Erica K. 2022. “After the shutdown, what comes next for the former Philadelphia Energy Solutions refinery?”.  Accessed October 15, 2023 https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/after-shutdown-what-comes-next-former-philadelphia-energy-solutions-refinery</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Teach-ins and community outreach;''' Philly Thrive collaborated with ACTION united to mobilize community members to demand their “Right to Breathe” in 2016. This coincided with “Break Free 2016,” a wave of resistance to fossil fuels infrastructure by activists across the globe. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Social media and hopeful imagery: '''Throughout the campaign the hashtag #RightToBreathe was used across social media channels, and the image of sunflowers, symbolizing the belief in “a better future for Philadelphia with clean air, healthy families and a green economy,” were seen during protests <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Working groups: '''Momentum was maintained throughout the campaign due to the organization of small working groups.
*'''Direct actions and storytelling: '''More protests and take-overs were planned, including a “Toxic Tour” of the oil refinery on July 26th led by Philly Thrive, ACTION United, LeftRoots, and Global Grassroots Justice Alliance. At this event, frontline activists shared global and local personal stories of how they have been impacted by the fossil fuel economies. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*Victory was declared in December when the '''expansion plans were officially canceled <ref>Thompson, Zalaka. “Our Victory”. Accessed November 18, 2023. https://www.phillythrive.org/our_victory</ref> '''
*Despite the cancellations, Philly Thrive continued with advocacy and mobilization of more campaigns until '''PES refinery went bankrupt in 2018 and finally shut down in 2019''' after a series of explosions. <ref>Hanley, Steve. 2020. “Biggest Oil Refinery Cleanup In US History Begins In Philadelphia”. Accessed October 12, 2023.https://cleantechnica.com/2021/02/22/biggest-oil-refinery-clean-up-in-us-history-begins-in-philadelphia</ref>
Philly Thrive continues to organize for environmental justice with their campaigns. They are now advocating for their “RightToThrive”, to repair and clean up 154 years of violence and pollution in their communities. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
|}

=== 13 Pueblos (Mexico) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.25.23 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 176px; width: 1094px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of  project'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 16px;" |
*13 pueblos started in 2006 to cancel the development of the La Ciénega housing units, around the area of the Chihuahuita spring in Morelos, Mexico. There was no prior consultation or Environmental Impact Assessment. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>   
*The infrastructure to deliver water from the Chihuahuita spring had been donated by President Lázaro Cárdenas, to provide water to Xoxocotla and the neighboring pueblos in 1934. The communities had been struggling from a lack of water access  throughout the Mexican Revolution, due to hoarding and misuse for the production of sugar cane. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
*Access to water was threatened by the La Ciénega housing units, as their planned locations were in the water replenishment areas of the spring. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 57px;" |
*The 13 pueblos involved were Tepetzingo, Tetecalita, Temimilcingo, Acamilpa, Pueblo Nuevo, Tlaltizapan, Huatecalco, El Mirador, Benito Juárez, Tetelpa, Santa Rosa Treinta, San Miguel Treinta, and Xoxocotla. <ref>Velazco, Salvador. 2018.  “(Des) colonialidad del poder en 13 pueblos en defensa del agua, el aire y la tierra.” 5, no. 9 (2018): 22–44. https://doi.org/10.5195/ct/2017.249</ref> Most pueblos were made up of Indigenous communities, and campesinos or farmers. They came together to advocate for their land sovereignty and water access. <ref>Hernández Navarro, Luis. 2007. “Morelos: siembra de concreto, cosecha de ira”. https://www.jornada.com.mx/2007/08/07/index.php?section=opinion&article=019a1pol</ref>
'''Organizing tactics''':
*'''Development of a council: '''The council of the pueblos was created for members from each pueblo to meet every Sunday. They exchanged about one another’s concerns, devised their strategies, and found alternative solutions without government authority. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Blockades and protests: '''For three years, they protested, organized blockades, and counter-reports despite strong government opposition and police brutality. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Convening and a manifesto: '''153 Indigenous leaders from so-called Canada, the US, Peru, and other counties in Latin America came together in Xochicalco for the Council of the 13 pueblos and the presentation of their manifesto. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
***The manifesto was made in defense of the land, air, and water, and it outlined the current crisis and visions for the future (Pueblos de Morelos 2007; Casiba 2007, 1:08). It also accused the government and corporations of labeling the areas as “unproductive” to justify construction plans despite the presence of Indigenous and farmer communities <ref>Casiba. 2007. “Los 13 pueblos hacen entrega de Manifiesto”. YouTube video, 1:08. Accessed November 28, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weoP7AgCqRY</ref>
*'''Legal action:''' In 2008, a court case was presented in the Latin American Water Court where CEAMA (the State Water and Environment Commission) and Conagua were blamed for having authorized construction permits without proper assessment and not taking into account the needs of the surrounding communities <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> 


'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2009, three years after the movement's conception, '''the project plans were canceled and the area within a 100 meter radius of the Chihuahuita spring was protected <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> '''
|- style="height: 103px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 103px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 103px;" |
*Several people were injured and arrested. The people of the 13 pueblos were often tear-gassed by police forces, bribed, and some individuals received death threats. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*They had to fight opposing narratives from the government and Conagua, Mexico’s National Water Commission, that falsely claimed there was sufficient water for the construction of the housing units. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref> 
 
|}

=== Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.30.43 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 16px;" |
*The Trans Mountain Expansion project (TMX) aims to construct a second pipeline, approximately parallel to the current trans-mountain pipeline that transports crude oil from Edmonton to the coast of British Columbia. The project would triple it's capacity. <ref>https://www.transmountain.com/</ref>
*First proposed by Kinder Morgan in 2013, with an estimated price of $5 billion. The Canadian federal government purchased the pipeline in 2018 after significant resistance and price increases.
***The price tag for the project has increased to over $30 billion today. A net cost that will be passed on to taxpayer. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*The project lacks proper consultation for free, prior, and informed consent by Indigenous peoples.
*Construction causes violence towards women and children due to aggressions from “man camps” that are created to work at these sites. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' Direct action through blocking the pipeline construction has been supported by many academics, activists, and environmental organizations, and was initiated by local Indigenous land defenders. The Tiny House Warriors of the Secwépemc nation, was created as a camp to inhabit areas to be developed and physically resist the project <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*'''Win remains partial:''' Despite increasing '''public opposition, increased costs, countless delays, financial problems, and difficulties finding banks or insurers''' to host the project, its construction has not been halted. It is set to begin operations in 2024 <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
|- style="height: 122px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 122px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 122px;" |
*Both the owner and the judge of the project’s feasibility, the Canadian government, is in a favorable position to impose the expansion project and issue construction permits. This poses ethical questions of the democratic processes behind the project.
*There has been monitoring and policing of activists, including a bill that prohibits approaching any of the construction sites <ref>CBC News. 2019. “Trans Mountain Monitoring Anti-Pipeline Activists through Social Media | CBC News.” CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada. November 25. https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/tmx-docs-reports-1.5370221</ref>
*Over 200 activists have been arrested for their involvement in mobilizations against TMX <ref>Stand Earth. 2023. “Stopping the Trans Mountain Pipeline.” Stand.Earth. September 14. https://stand.earth/our-work/campaigns/stopping-the-trans-mountain-pipeline/#:~:text=The%20pipeline%20is%20opposed%20by,over%20200%20having%20been%20arrested</ref>
|}

=== Atlantic Coast Pipeline (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.32.55 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
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| style="width: 160.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The Atlantic Coast Pipeline was proposed by Dominion Energy and Duke Energy in 2013. It was designed to transport gas daily from the Utica and Marcellus gas fields in West Virginia to Virginia and North Carolina. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
* The proposed project received an Environmental Impact Statement in 2016 and aimed at starting construction in 2017, with an estimated cost of $5.1 billion. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
*The proposed project would have disproportionately affected African American communities and Indigenous communities. <ref>CBF. 2023. “Atlantic Coast Natural Gas Pipeline.” Chesapeake Bay Foundation. Accessed December 16. https://www.cbf.org/about-cbf/locations/virginia/issues/atlantic-coast-natural-gas-pipeline.html</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and legal action: '''Environmental organizations, grassroots groups of residents and landowners, and a legal organization (the Southern Environmental Law Centre) converged in instigating legal battles against the pipeline.
***A coalition of environmental, conservation, and public advocacy groups signed a letter demanding that rigorous environmental assessment be conducted, citing pipeline engineers and environmental specialists. <ref>Southern Environmental Law Center. 2021. “Large Coalition Implores Governor, State Environmental Agency to Protect Virginia Waters.” Southern Environmental Law Center. September 29. https://www.southernenvironment.org/news/large-coalition-implores-governor-state-enviromental-agency-to-protect-virg/</ref> 
*'''Direct action: '''The coalitions mobilization strategies included but were not limited to: signs on homes, marches, letters to relevant authorities, public meetings, and non-violent actions.  
'''SUCCESS:'''
*A significant legal win was the recognition of the impacts on the Appalachian Trail. As a part of the National Parks System, the United States Forest service '''did not have the authority to issue construction permits <ref>Appalachian Voices. 2023. “Canceled: Atlantic Coast Pipeline.” Appalachian Voices. Accessed December 16. https://appvoices.org/pipelines/atlantic-coast-pipeline/</ref> '''
*In July 2020, Dominion Energy and Duke Energy announced the '''cancellation of the pipeline''', citing ongoing delays, the COVID-19 pandemic, legal uncertainty, and increasing costs of construction.
|}

=== Public Power New York (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.35.11 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project and campaign'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2019, the state of New York adopted the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) which commits to 100% renewable energy by 2040 and at least 70% of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2030. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
*Public Power New York (PPNY) led a campaign that lasted for 3.5 years. They aimed to pass the Build Public Renewables Act in the state budget. The Build Public Renewables Act will require the New York Power Authority (NYPA) to not only provide fully renewable energy to citizens by 2040, but also to ensure that economic, social, and racial justice are considered. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
***The bill will ensure that energy jobs have high labor standards, and that the transition to renewable energy is led by the public sector. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
***The bill will also ensure that the most polluting oil and gas plants, located mainly in low-income communities of color, will be shut down by 2030, and that energy is affordable for lower income communities <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Political organizing:''' The coalition encouraged people to call and send emails to Governor Kathy Hochul, the politician responsible for passing the bill. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*They got members of the movement campaigning for office on platforms that endorsed Public Power NY. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
*'''Public education:''' Public events educated the larger public about the state of the current NY energy system. 
*'''Coalition building: '''The most important tactic; the PPNY grassroots coalition brings together more than 20 environmental justice organizations, labor unions, and thousands of volunteers. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*The coalition pays serious attention to racial and economic justice in the fight for renewable energy.
***Involving labor unions was notably difficult because of the worker’s skepticism of the notoriously anti-union renewable energy industry. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*After nearly four years of campaigning, PPNY successfully achieved its goal when '''the New York State legislature decided to pass the Build Public Renewables Act''' in May 2023 and allocate a budget to the NYPA that would allow for its effective implementation. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
|}

=== Mi’kmaq Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.14.03 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
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| style="width: 157.641px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2009, New Brunswick granted Southwestern Energy Resources a permit to explore over a million hectares of land for natural gas extraction <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*New Brunswick citizens opposed this decision by signing many petitions and organizing protests. The citizen-led opposition to fracking was not heard nor taken into account by the government. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*In 2013, South Western Energy Resources and Irving Oil were allowed to conduct exploration for, and extraction of, natural gas on unceded Mi'kma'ki territory. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref>
*The Elsipogtog First Nation was opposed to the project because it was hazardous to their lands and waters. 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
<li class="p1">'''Blockades:''' The Mi’kmaq Warrior Society organized blockades and resisted police repression. Support also came from other Indigenous groups and settler allies. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref> </li>
<li class="p1">'''Day of action:''' The Indigenous-led organization IDLE No More called for a national day of solidarity protest. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> </li>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*The companies finally decided to '''abandon seismic testing and to leave the province until 2015. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> '''
*In 2015, a temporary '''moratorium on fracking''' was announced by the government of New Brunswick and was extended indefinitely in 2016 <ref>CBC News. 2018. “Province extends fracking ban 'indefinitely' after failing to meet its own conditions.” CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/shale-gas-fracking-gallant-moratorium-1.4715225</ref> 
|-
| style="width: 157.641px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faces'''
| style="width: 926.359px;" |
*The government opposition to the protesters and the strong police repression was the main challenge faced by protesters.
|}

=== GNL Quebec (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.16.31 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
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| style="width: 157.344px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 16px;" |
*GNL Quebec project was a 750-km natural gas pipeline operated by Gazoduq, a gas liquefaction plant managed by Énergie Saguenay, and terminal for the export of methane in Saguenay, QC. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020a. “What GNL Québec Is and Why You Must Block the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. July 28, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/41055/what-gnl-quebec-is-and-why-you-must-say-no-to-it/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 57px;" |
The movement against GNL used multi-level approach, engaging local, national, and international spheres, and created a united front.

Organizing Tactics: 
*'''Direct action: '''The movement began in 2017 with an initial demonstration by Innu Land and Water Protectors. Decentralized actions, like hanging banners at symbolic locations, enhanced visibility and emphasized the project's lack of social acceptability. The global climate strikes on September 27, 2019, that drew half a million people and featured a speech by climate activist Greta Thunberg, provided the GNL Quebec movement with an international platform. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2021. “No to GNL Québec* : Banners Blossom across the Province in Rejection of the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. September 3, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/46568/no-to-gnl-quebec-banners-blossom-across-the-province-in-rejection-of-the-project/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Local citizens, civil society groups, environmental activists, opposition parties, and student associations, all united against GNL Quebec. Forming an informal coalition expanded the movement from a local to National issue. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref>
*'''Political organizing:''' Utilizing petitions, polls, and active participation in official public consultations such as BAPE (The Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec), the movement demonstrated resistance through many formal channels with record-breaking participation. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020b. “BAPE on GNL Québec: HISTORIC PARTICIPATION EXPOSES the FLAWS of an OUTDATED PROJECT.” Greenpeace Canada. November 5, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/44494/bape-on-gnl-quebec-historic-participation-exposes-the-flaws-of-an-outdated-project/</ref> The number of citizens that contributed to the public consultation on the environmental assessment was historic (7000 submissions). 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2020 and 2021, major investors, including Warren Buffett's firm, withdrew support from the project. <ref>Houle, Jean. 2020. “GNL Québec: Un Investisseur Majeur Se Retire à Cause Des Blocus Autochtones.” Www.journaldemontreal.com. March 5, 2020. https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2020/03/05/le-projet-de-gnl-quebec-encaisse-un-veritable-coup-de-masse-1</ref> 
*The BAPE (Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec) report came out in the movement’s favor, and Quebec Premier François Legault rejected the project in 2021. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref> 
|}

=== Standing Rock (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.18.15 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
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| style="width: 160.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 16px;" |
*Energy Transfer Partners proposed the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), intended to traverse sacred Indigenous lands.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 57px;" |
*Standing Rock's primary objectives were: safeguarding the Missouri River, protecting sacred lands and historical sites, and upholding the sovereignty and treaty rights of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. Central to the tribe's argument was the contention that the DAPL breached Article II of the Fort Laramie Treaty, securing the right to the peaceful and uninterrupted utilization of reservation lands. <ref>Smithsonian. 2015. “Standing Rock Sioux and Dakota Access Pipeline | Teacher Resource.” Si.edu. Smithsonian: National Museum of the American Indian. 2015. https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/plains-treaties/dapl</ref>
*In March 2016, a pivotal moment occurred as Tokata Iron Eyes and the Standing Rock Youth uncovered plans to reroute the pipeline through sacred lands. This discovery marked the initiation of the #NoDAPL movement <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Online presence:''' The #NoDAPL movement was led by teenagers. They used online platforms, petitions, and mobilized. Social media, particularly the #NoDAPL hashtag, was crucial in amplifying the movement's message and reaching a global audience. <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
*'''Physical occupation: '''As tensions escalated, encampments like Sacred Stone and Oceti Sakowin became central to resistance. <ref>Yardley, William. 2017. “Last Holdouts Are Cleared from Main Dakota Access Pipeline Protest Camp.” Los Angeles Times. February 23, 2017. https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-standing-rock-20170223-story.html</ref> These encampments served as strategic hubs, fostering communal dynamics and providing a base for legal strategies employed by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe.
*'''Symbolic resistance:''' ReZpect Our Water played a critical role within the broader #NoDAPL movement. They organized relay runs, symbolizing the historic and spiritual practice of running among Native peoples, contributing to the movement's visibility. <ref>Joseph, Alli. 2016. “Running for Their Lives: Native American Relay Tradition Revived to Protest Dakota Access Pipeline.” Salon. Salon.com. September 12, 2016. https://www.salon.com/2016/09/12/running-for-their-lives-native-american-relay-tradition-revived-to-protest-dakota-access-pipeline/</ref> 
*'''International advocacy:''' Efforts included engagements with the UN Human Rights Council and the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. <ref>Medina, Daniel A. 2016. “Standing Rock Sioux Takes Pipeline Fight to UN Human Rights Council in Geneva.” NBC News. NBC News. September 20, 2016. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/standing-rock-sioux-takes-pipeline-fight-un-human-rights-council-n651381</ref> 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2016 the Department of the Army denied an easement under Lake Oahe, halting the pipeline's progression. This decision generated jubilation at the Oceti Sakowin camp, and had broader implications for Indigenous rights. <ref>Healy, Jack, and Nicholas Fandos. 2016. “Protesters Gain Victory in Fight over Dakota Access Oil Pipeline.” The New York Times, December 4, 2016, sec. U.S. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/04/us/federal-officials-to-explore-different-route-for-dakota-pipeline.html</ref>
|-
| style="width: 160.141px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 930.859px;" |
*There was excessive use of force by police and private military personnel during violent confrontations with protestors. <ref>Hersher, Rebecca. 2017. “Key Moments in the Dakota Access Pipeline Fight.” Npr.org. Npr. February 22, 2017. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/22/514988040/key-moments-in-the-dakota-access-pipeline-fight</ref>
*President Trump's memorandum in 2017 accelerated the project. In 2021, there remains hope for Standing Rock protestors to be heard. <ref>Todrys, Katherine Wiltenburg . 2021. Black Snake: Standing Rock, the Dakota Access Pipeline, and Environmental Justice. University of Nebraska Press</ref>
|}

=== Athabasca Tar Sands Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.33.03 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1124px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 16px;" |
*Shell proposed development of the Athabasca Tar Sands. The Athabasca-Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN) strongly challenged Shell, seeking compensation for damage already done and legal recognition of native land rights on traditional territories outside of reserves. <ref>Lim, Audrea. 2014. “How First Nations in Canada Are Winning the Fight against Big Oil.” The Nation. September 10. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-first-nations-canada-are-winning-fight-against-big-oil/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Legal opposition:''' The ACFN mounted significant legal opposition against Shell in the form of lawsuits and interventions in the regulatory process. <ref>Narine, Shari, ed. 2015. “Shell Withdraws Pierre Mine Project Application.” Ammsa.Com. https://ammsa.com/publications/alberta-sweetgrass/shell-withdraws-pierre-mine-project-application</ref>
*'''Rejecting government channels:''' Withdrawing from consultative committees proved effective, as these committees often had little impact, and oil companies could no longer claim Indigenous consultation. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
*In 2010, the Tar Sands Healing Walk was founded by a group of Indigenous activists including the ACFN. The Healing Walk, a 14-kilometer walk through the tar sands, was intended to build community and raise awareness about the damage caused by bitumen extraction. The Walk ended in 2014 after organizers felt its goals had been achieved. <ref>Leahy, Derek. 2014. “June 28th: Final ‘Tar Sands Healing Walk’ Simply a New Beginning, Say Organizers.” The Narwhal. March 20. https://thenarwhal.ca/june-28th-final-tar-sands-healing-walk-simply-new-beginning-say-organizers/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Indigenous groups, environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs), labor groups, and religious groups joined forces. These coalitions extended beyond local communities to the international scale, raising public awareness and increasing pressure on oil companies. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
On coalition building, Lubicon Cree activist Melina Laboucan-Massimo said, ''“‘When we work in coalitions – the environmental movement, First Nations and the labor movement – there’s such a convergence of diverse voices…we’re really starting to see growing public accountability and public opposition being seen and taken seriously'’” <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''

'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2014, a series of large development projects, including Shell’s Pierre River Mine, were canceled due to “market forces and public opposition”  It is estimated that public opposition to the tar sands has cost the oil industry over $17 billion.'' <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''
|}

=== Nitaskinan60 (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.37.04 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1103px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 16px;" |
Nitaskinan – Atikamekw territory – has been threatened by the destruction of logging companies.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 57px;" |
*Nitaskinan60, or the Kilometer 60 campaign, is an ongoing campaign in Manawan, Québec, Canada.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' The Dubé family and Manawan community established a blockade and announced a moratorium on logging in Manawan. The blockade has the immediate goal of stopping the illegal logging and the long-term goal of Indigenous sovereignty and unity. <ref>Richardson, Lindsay, and Emelia Fournier. 2022. “Inside the Atikamekw Nation’s Fight against Deforestation of Ancestral Lands.” APTN News. March 18. https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/inside-the-atikamekw-nations-fight-against-the-deforestation-of-its-ancestral-lands/</ref> 
'''SUCCESS (this campaign is ongoing):'''
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) published seven sustainable forestry recommendations for better community consultation and involvement. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) issued a report in May, 2022, concluding that the MFFP and Scerie Saint-Michel were both at fault. However, the report neither offered reparations or compensation to the Dubé family or Manawan community, nor penalized either of the responsible parties. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
|-
| style="width: 145.906px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 931.094px;" |
*While campaigning, some activists expressed fear of danger to individuals, physical or legal.
*The greatest challenge has been a lack of government cooperation and responsibility.  
|}

== Strategy and tactics used ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1138px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Direct action (14/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 28px;" |
*All campaigns participated in a form of '''direct action '''(physical disruption).
**Specific tactics varied: protests, marches, sit-ins, civil disobedience and blockades.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Community engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 37px;" |
*Engagement tactics used; canvassing, '''community meetings, workshops, teach-ins, reading groups, focus groups and speak-ins'''.
**Specific examples include the Standing Rock Relay Runs, the Grassy Narrows River Run, and weekly potlucks for Stop Cop City. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Mass engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*Mass engagement was through''' petitions and letters.'''
**This was important for the involvement of community members who do not have the same time, ability or privilege for actions and events.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 164.141px;" |
'''Coalition building (7/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 28px;" |
*Benefits: creation of a new entity, diverse knowledge/perspectives and increasing the '''size and strength of campaigns'''.
|- style="height: 72px;"
| style="height: 72px; width: 164.141px;" |
'''Legal action and political pressure (7/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 72px;" |
*Formal political and legal processes were used.
**To seek policy change, tactics included; call campaigns, attending public meetings or consultations, running for office or organizing election campaigns. Many campaigns faced high opposition, but many also '''benefited from political alliances.'''
**For legal challenges, tactics included; lawsuits, legal curt appeals, course cases, referendums and legal advocacy '''often delayed projects, but did not always result in material gains.'''
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 164.141px; height: 46px;" | '''Mass communication (5/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*Communication platforms such as social media campaigns, banners, magazines, press conferences, documentaries engaged the public.
*'''Alternative media and social media '''was useful in countering mainstream media which often aligns with government and industry perspectives.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 164.141px; height: 46px;" | '''Independent research (3/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*A small handful of campaigns conducted '''independent research '''to enhance the campaigns credibility and convince of it's importance.
|}

== Participating groups ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1113px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Locally impacted community members/land defenders + grassroots activists + ENGOs = success'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 51px;" |
*Actors varied across campaigns. The most common participants were networks of '''community members, volunteers, Indigenous groups, and environmental organizations (ENGO's).'''
**Research for the Athabasca Tar Sands case study says, “Dominant political and industry actors were largely able to overlook the movement until a diverse and influential set of social movement actors began collaborating and shifting these local struggles transnationally.” <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Unions'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 51px;" |
*Unions participated in 4 out of 14 of the campaigns.
**For the Public Power NY campaign, the involvement of labor unions was identified as a turning point in the struggle. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref> 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Industry professionals and student groups'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 28px;" |
*The least recurrent participants were academics, businesses, legal groups, health groups, and student groups.
**For GNL Quebec campaign, students made up the largest fraction of supporters. Student’s involvement was also identified as crucial.
**Academics were involved in the TMX Pipeline and GNL Quebec campaigns. Academic Tim Takaro camped in a tree for the TMX pipeline and this gathered significant media attention that reached different audiences.
***David Suzuki was involved with the campaign against GNL Quebec. The involvement of academics or well-known experts helped these campaigns gain wider media attention. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
|}

== Challenges faced ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 231px; width: 1102px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Government opposition (7/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Legal challenges and large public demonstrations '''were used to overcome government opposition.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Police repression (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Direct action '''was used both as a counter to repression, and also faced additional repression. Increased project costs and delays to construction helped address the challenges faced using direct action.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Coalition challenges (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Difficulty creating alliances due to diverging opinions and perspectives.
E.g. “There has been a lack of structure in the coalition when it comes to making decisions when it comes to allocation of resources…the lack of structure has meant that we are being pulled in like 25 directions all at once. We need to unravel this notion that structure is our enemy. And if we refuse to define what leadership looks like, on the basis that leadership is hierarchical. It just means that leadership goes, unaccounted [for], and it goes unchecked.” -Activist against TMX pipeline
*'''Coalitions '''were used to strengthen the response to challenges by increasing knowledge and resources
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Legal challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 28px;" |
*Activist arrests, and opposition from industry.
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Health challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Linked directly to the struggle.
|-
| style="width: 205.828px;" | '''Misinformation (2/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*'''Educational efforts''' helped to counter misinformation.
|}
 

== Results and key research findings ==

=== Researcher takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 302px; width: 1118px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Direct action'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 16px;" |
*Most commonly used to successfully overcome government opposition and police repression.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Legal action and political pressure'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 57px;" |
*Most effective for procedural delays, reducing the economic viability of projects, and sometimes, for facilitating the recognition of Indigenous rights and sovereignty.
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''Coalition building'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 76px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, leading to new campaigns and/or activist groups, and providing more perspectives and knowledge
*When facing police repression, coalitions can help support activists and communities more at risk of experiencing direct criminalization or police violence.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Community engagement'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, fostering collaboration, strong community support and diverse campaigns that engage a wide variety of people.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Communication and raising public awareness'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, increasing support for the campaign and lowering acceptability of the target. 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Diversity of actors, strategies and tactics'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Greatly contributed to the effectiveness of a successful intersectional campaign.
|}


'''Direct action, c''''''ommunity engagement and building strong, '''large, and diverse coalitions seem to be the most effective strategies, and the best strategies for overcoming challenges. 
 

=== HUB takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 1033px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 19px;" |
'''To mobilize ''deeper'' (increase commitment and engagement)...'''
| style="height: 19px; width: 77.1094%;" |

*'''One-to-one connections are powerful'''
''"When we went door to door talking to people, what we found was that for a lot of people, the people who live farther away from the forest, the mayor's narrative was winning in so many ways, because people were like, 'Oh, it's just a training facility like what are you mad about?'... But when you began to talk to people about the nuts and bolts of it, when you began to tell people 'what do you think about a Blackhawk helicopter landing pad?' People like we're like, 'what do we need that for?'...Yeah, well, what do you think about the firing range?" ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
<li>'''Know the history of the land you're on, to connect with impacted communities'''</li>''"We're on Tongva Land. The community has been traditionally black... one of the few neighborhoods that black communities could live in, and rapidly converting to large Latino populations. So very much a mixed population on unceded Tongva territory, we refer to it as South Central Los Angeles. Our original offices were on land that was owned by Edward Doheny... the big North American granddaddy oil baron from back in the day... Mount St. Mary's College is built on his former estate. His estate had a petting zoo and all these beautiful Victorian buildings. And that is the neighborhood that our organization started in."'' -Organizer for Stand L.A.
*'''Connect on the land'''
''"When I went back, what I saw was that the community had come in and began to use the land, the community had really started to make it our park. And people were doing teachings there about how to live off of the land, showing you what mushrooms were growing that you could eat, what type of moss you could use to make a poultice for cuts or to any types of wounds, you know, then there was like a weekly potluck that was happening. And people were talking to us about that area of land and what the South River Forest meant to this community." ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 120px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 120px;" | '''To mobilize widely...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 120px;" |
*'''Engage with many forms of media'''
''"We have to work hard for alternative media to get things out. So we have a number of different news crews that work with us; independent journalists, local magazines and newspapers. And then we were able to get NBC to come here to do a short documentary about cop city... and also the documentary done by Al Jazeera. Those have been like the mainstream media documentaries that have really opened people's eyes." -''Organizer for'' ''Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''To get your message across...'''
| style="height: 51px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Use art to grab attention '''
''"[We used] genderless, ageless wig stands, and assaulted each one of them with one symptom... a nosebleed... asthma [with a] puffer, [an inflamed] thyroid, a congested nose with a clothespin. We had several others. My self portrait was a headache that I described by putting two barbecue skewers from the nape of my neck through my forehead... And we set that up on a table with a big boombox with a black tablecloth... just as kids and parents were walking home from school, and they would walk by and say, "hey, hey, hey, what's that with the nosebleed? I had to take my kid three times to the emergency room last week with nosebleeds"... All of these symptoms began to come together and we use that event and events like it to tell people, we want to talk more with you." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Relate to issues concerning community members''' (i.e. rather than a blanket 'stop climate change', campaigns and communication addressed a specific concern, project, proposal or law impacting locals). 
''"One of the things that I started to do was talk to people about how cop city affected the state of childcare... when you're talking about childcare, you are talking about health care. And when you're talking about health care, you have to talk about economic justice and environmental justice together. And you cannot have a conversation about childcare without talking about reproductive justice. Because according to the pillars of reproductive justice, I am supposed to be able to raise the children that I choose to have in a clean, safe environment that is free of state sanctioned interpersonal violence... So when when you looked at... what that intersectionality was, and how we could get people to understand.. '''everybody has a stake in this'''."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Contact press and hold press conferences at strategic times to control the narrative'''
''"There was, at one point it was really like a back and forth of, we're sending a press release, and then a company has to answer that we're sending a press release under industry, and they have to answer, so we kind of we became master the narrative where they had to always answer our communication." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Provide platforms for community members to share their stories'''
 ''"I think [uplifting the] community's voice and just speaking the truth, and providing as many people the opportunity to tell their story... storytelling, personal testimony, community based research, all of those things are very critical.''" -Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Uplift elders, and people who can describe how the community has been impacted over time'''
''"The elders are also important, because they will be the quickest ones to notice that the air has changed... What's making that happen... being privileged to share the community with people who've lived there for a very long time. I think that's really the greatest asset for change, just listening to community." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''To build a stronger force...'''
| style="height: 28px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Form strategic alliances/coalitions between the grassroots, NGOs, unions, associations, academics etc. '''
''"Knock on all these doors and find out key organizational and individual levers that the can help you. I think it's critical to find a way to get the big green NGOs on board. They have a lot of mobilization power, and when they actually show up, they can be instrumental, and then you need to find political allies as well... all the opposition parties were with us... and the mobilization needs to be grassroots-led... that is a prime example of how local grassroots organizing, amplified by others, can become the most powerful tool in the world." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Set goals as a coalition and as individual groups/organizations'''
''"I think that the one of the biggest challenges that I've noticed, is the lack of defining our goals in a meaningful and practical way. There has been a lack of, or an unwillingness, to get specific enough with our goals and what it means to, in my opinion, actually be able to accomplish them. Because... when I talked about the campaign, or the movement or whatever, it's basically a coalition of dozens of organizations that are all united under this banner called protect the planet. And there's very diverse organizations involved in that coalition...There's a lot of overlap between the groups... everyone is united and agrees that our goal is to stop TMX... But that's not enough... it doesn't tell you how we're going to get there. And there's still a distinction between tactics, like tactics, and specific goals are two different things as well. But... what does that actually mean, to stop TMX? What does that look like? Because if we don't get more specific about what that means, we aren't able to tailor our actions in a way that is effective... You know, it ends up with people like, let's hold a rally at City Hall to stop TMX. And it's like, what is that doing? Why are we targeting City Hall? That makes no sense, like City Hall has no power to do anything here? I think there's this kind of something you hear a lot is 'Oh, well, we're raising awareness.' '''I think something that has become really clear in this campaign, and that I've heard other people say in other campaigns is that if your campaigns goal is just to raise awareness, you've already failed'''. Like, that's not enough. Yes, it's a component of any sort of social movement or campaign. But if that's where the goal ends, it's not, it's just not going to do anything. It's just not enough."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Power map as a coalition'''
''"Without defining what needs to happen for the project to be stopped, we can't tailor our actions to target the right people. And I think that's been a challenge, is figuring out who is an effective target... We need to actually target the people and the the entities that have the power to change what we're trying to change."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Map out your spectrum of allies'''
''"You need to analyze where your allies are, active allies, passive allies, who are your active enemies, and really focus on bringing more passive allies to the active side... when this all started, there was a lot of passive allies. The students were concerned with climate, but they weren't specifically involved in the project. At first, the only active allies there was a tiny bit of people from First Nations [communities], and then citizen groups... when you're in that moment, where you're trying to develop a campaign against a big struggle, or a big project like this one, you really need to find, who are those people in society that agree with me, but aren't doing shit about it. And that's a tough part. That's a long process. But you really have to do it." ''-Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Do skill and knowledge shares for sustainable engagement.'''
"''We constantly do teachings with each other. You know, this Friday, we have a teaching with the Palestinian youth movement to help people understand how cop city connects to the struggle for freedom in Palestine. We constantly educate ourselves so that we educate the community. So, we do that by canvassing, we do that by public facing events like movie screenings and townhall meetings, community talkbacks where the community will come and just tell us, hey, this is my concern.''" -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Support action led by directly impacted communities'''
''"The mass education campaigns on hydraulic fracturing that had been ongoing since 2011 were not Indigenous-led. Numerous action and advocacy groups across the province were also not Indigenous-led. The frontlines certainly were Indigenous-led. So, in support of frontline activities, allies were very supportive, financially and materially." -Journalist for Mi'kmaq resistance''
|- style="height: 305px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 305px;" | '''To conserve energy/resources...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 305px;" |
*'''Intentionally define a structure, accountability and how power is shared (avoidance creates more problems)'''
''"There has been, in my experience, a refusal... to even discuss what it might mean to have some sort of structure for the coalition... there's this really problematic assumption that... organizing non hierarchically means that... structure is an enemy because structure is hierarchical. And that has been such a problem because it just means that nothing gets done... if we refuse to define what leadership looks like... it just means that leadership goes, unaccounted, and it goes unchecked. And no one knows what's going on... people are still assuming positions of leadership, but they're not accountable to people for that, and it's not clear, who is responsible for what. And I would actually argue that that ends up resulting in a more hierarchical structure than if the leadership had been defined clearly... '''One of the one of the teachings from my people that we were using in this context that I think explains it really well, is geese. So when you see Canada geese fly, they fly in a V shape, right. And there's a leader at the point of the V, that goose is the one that is setting the direction of where the flock is going. But they get tired, and they swap out. So when the when the lead goose gets tired, they swap positions with another goose that's in the V, and they just swap over like that'''. [Otherwise,] no one is responsible for anything, and everyone is responsible for everything at the same time. And it's so cumbersome. It's restrictive in terms of using our time and our energy and resources in an effective way. And that leads to burnout." -''TMX Organizer''' '''
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 74px;" | '''To maintain momentum...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 74px;" |
*'''Recognize and reflect on your successes'''
''"The biggest victory in this fight against cop city, is that people understand what it is that we do need to be safe and community because this has really opened up a huge conversation about community safety."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Leverage the momentum of other movements by drawing connections'''
"''At the time of the shutdown Canada movement... when the entire world was watching what was going on in the West... [there were great narratives] built between what was going on out west and what was going on here, tying it to basically being the same colonial projects that were that were being forced down the throat of Indigenous communities." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
|- style="height: 125px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 125px;" | '''To strengthen relationships...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 125px;" |
*'''Center joy!'''
"''We started to choir... there are a lot of people who are very good singers, there are people who are instrumentalists. There are people who just want to have good vibes and chill out with each other. So we started singing together, we started doing that. And we've performed in a couple of places, it's been a lot of fun. People are carrying it on, you know, make sure that you definitely do that make time for joy and make space for healing."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 311px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 311px;" | '''To address problematic behaviour internally...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 311px;" |
*'''Make sure structures and policies for accountability are defined; what is not okay, who to speak to when something happens and how unacceptable behaviour is addressed '''
''"It's always these men that have like, this poorly defined power and are operating within this like, very hierarchical system, but because we've refused to define [a clear structure], [abuse/harassment] doesn't get called out."'' -TMX Organizer

''"Part of what I've learned here is that just defining ourselves as [anti-oppressive] doesn't make it so... 'We will not cancel us' by Adrienne Marie Brown, explains... when we are so quick to cancel each other, and she's not talking about abusers here, there's a difference there. If someone is abusive, that requires... a different conversation, though, when it comes to just transgressions and mistakes that people make saying the wrong thing, doing the wrong thing, like that is going to happen because... every single person that is involved in these movements has grown up in a world that has these... systems of oppression that have been built into our lives in all of these ways. And a lot of the work that we have to do is unlearning all of those systems because we can't see how they have impacted us... we need to be able to have the room to make mistakes... we need those skills to be able to''' '''negotiate '''where that line is with what is unacceptable transgression. And how do we handle those mistakes in a way that actually allows people to correct those mistakes and learn from them and grow and do better next time? Without destroying the movement and like pushing people out?'''" -''TMX Organizer
|}

=== HUB observations: additional lessons ===
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For environmentalists that do not understand how Indigenous sovereignty and police violence relate to the climate crisis...
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There are 2 critical points to emphasize:

1) How '''structural racism and ongoing settler colonialism impact historic and ongoing climate justice campaigns, specifically on Indigenous Land defenders. '''The degree of criminalization, physical violence, and assassinations during environmental campaigns significantly increases when Indigenous people are involved <ref>Scheidel, Arnim et al. 2020. “Environmental Conflicts and Defenders: A Global Overview.” Global Environmental Change 63: 102104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104</ref>

2) Most climate justice campaigns that have had''' success in the last 20 years across Turtle Island have been initiated and led by impacted Indigenous communities'''.
|-
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| style="width: 993.812px;" |
*'''Let the grassroots lead'''! Listen to what support they say they need; media? Funding? Training? They will tell you.
*'''Don't '''craft the message: uplift the voices of grassroots organizers (co-creation ''may'' be more possible if a coalition is formed). 
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More to come!
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''''

''If you have corrections or additional resources to share with us related to this content, you can contact kenzie@lehub.ca.''
 

''''[[File:Creative commons.png|300px|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/|center|frameless]]

<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

'''[https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Militant_Wiki Back to Homepage]'''

How we Win! Summary of findings on successful climate justice campaigns in North America

2024-10-07T14:58:59Z

Mediawiki:

''''
<div class="speechify-ipvczq"></div>
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''How we win'' was a 2023 research project supervised by Dr. Jen Gobby, and conducted by McGill students Cassandra Ciafro, Anna Henry, Frida Sofia Morales Mora, Thomas Nakasako, Dafne Ozcan, Nico Serreqi and Lea Vadez Reyes. It investigates the following question: ''What can be learned from the struggles and successes of intersectional climate campaigns across Turtle Island (North America) over the past 20 years, and what factors contribute to the success of these campaigns? '' Case studies, plus 4 semi-structured interviews and 1 survey were used to explore this question.

 
This page includes a summary of the campaigns/movements included in the report and the tactics used, key factors that contributed to the success of multiple campaigns/movements, HUB team observations and suggestions based on key takeaways, plus key quotes from interviews and surveys with successful activists/organizers for more specific suggestions and examples.'''</div>
 
To read the full report, see the following: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1F7tROk8hHlimVEiLAW6AtSDcG_0Pbdm9/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104999225508815189487&rtpof=true&sd=true How We Win! A Qualitative Review of Successful Climate Justice Campaigns in North America in the Last 20 Years]
 
 

== Defining 'success' and study parameters ==

'Success’ was defined as '''''having achieved material gains, or advancements in physical, financial, legal, or electoral conditions.'''''
*14 successful campaigns from Mexico, the so-called United States and so-called Canada were included.
**12 addressed racial justice, 11 Indigenous rights, 8 health and/or water justice, 3 housing justice, 2 disability justice and 1 food justice.
**Almost all of those explored were started by local, directly impacted Indigenous communities. The majority set to stop activities before they began (proposal stage).
**Length of campaign activities ranged from 6 months to over 50 years. Half of the campaigns explored are still ongoing.

 '''The successes of the campaigns included in the study included:'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 315px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 19px;" |
 
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 19px;" |
'''How the Research Team Defined This Success'''
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 19px;" | '''Campaigns Associated with this Success'''
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 51px;" | '''Cancellation of Projects or Practices; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 51px;" |
The temporary or permanent cancellation of projects or practices.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 51px;" |
10/14
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 28px;" | '''Legislation and/or Policy Change; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 28px;" | The enactment of policy or laws that align with the campaign’s goals.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 28px;" |
3/14 +2/14 partially
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Recognition of Indigenous rights/sovereignty; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Formal recognition that Indigenous rights or sovereignty were/would have been violated by a project or practice.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
3/14
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Building new and diverse coalitions;''' immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Building new alliances and partnerships with other individuals, organizations, or movements that did not exist before the campaign.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
4/14

 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 57px;" | '''Community engagement; '''immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 57px;" | A strategy that puts marginalized communities at the forefront of the movement to raise awareness, mobilize support, and foster a sense of collective agency.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 57px;" |
5/14
|}

== Climate justice campaigns ==
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''Suggestion: look for campaigns that most resonate with an issue near you, a campaign you're working on etc. Are there tactics that haven't yet been applied in your context?''

=== Stand LA (US) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 3.41.57 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
“For us [...] it's a justice issue. And it's also an equity issue. If there is a universal good, we have to start with the most vulnerable, because equity never ever trickles down. It has to start from the bottom”.
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 188px;"
|- style="height: 85px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 85px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of group '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 85px;" |
Founded in 2013, Stand-LA formed to halt oil drilling in residential areas in Los Angeles. Their campaigns address environmentally and health hazardous projects that impact marginalized communities. <ref>http://www.stand.la/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''People Not Pozos' (People not wells) campaign'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 57px;" |
Targeted AllenCo drilling site was polluting a low-income, minority community. This had negative health impacts on residents. <ref>Cavallaro, Mara Marques. 2022. “The Deadly Consequences of Urban Oil Drilling,” October 19, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/los-angeles-oil-drilling-nalleli-cobo/</ref>

'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Door-knocking''' to gather data on the various symptoms experienced by residents, followed by making a health report <ref>Andrade, Anakaren, Tony Carrera, Francisca Martinez, Lizet Pantoja, Margaret Rubens, and Erick Zerecero. 2016. “Assessing the Health and Community Impacts of Oil Drilling Near Homes in South Los Angeles,” October. https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/project/stand-la/</ref>
*Making an '''art piece''' of eight styrofoam heads, each suffering from one of the symptoms caused by the drill site pollution.
*Organizing a '''community call-in campaign''' to the Air Quality Management District (AQMD) to bombard phone lines
*Conducting a '''press conference'''. This got the attention of Senator Barbara Boxer, the federal head of the environmental committee.
'''SUCCESS:''' Senator Boxer called on the '''Environmental Protection Agency '''to perform an investigation, and the AllenCo site shut down. Following their success, the STAND-L.A. coalition formalized. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; text-align: left; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''No Drilling Where We Are Living' campaign ''' 
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and community engagement:''' Extensive outreach efforts increased participation. These efforts also strengthened the influence of residents <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref>
*'''Science-based evidence: '''In 2015, AQMD modified the law. It mandated fossil fuel extraction sites to disclose their chemicals. Activists found that each chemical caused the symptoms they identified in their door-knocking. This strengthened their arguments when communicating the problem.
'''SUCCESSES:'''
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">E&B Natural Resources electrified and enclosed the Murphy drill site to keep toxic fumes out of nearby homes and reduce pollution.</li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Won a resolution''' prohibiting new oil drilling in the Inglewood oil field <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref> </li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Influenced legislative changes'''. For example, Senate Bill 1137 bans new oil and gas wells within 3,200 feet of sensitive areas. It has contributed to significant oil phaseout resolutions in Los Angeles, both at the city and county levels <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Major challenges faced by STAND-LA '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" | <li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Oil lobbying to oppose legislative measures</li>
<li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Reports the oil industry is employing canvassers to use misleading tactics when gathering signatures to qualify the referendum for ballots <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|}

 

=== Stop Cop City (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 4.11.48 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

'''“Whether the win comes through the ballot, in the courts or in the streets, Cop City must never be built”'''
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 90px; width: 1145px;"
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 10px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of campaign and project'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 10px;" |
[https://www.instagram.com/stopcopcity/?hl=en Stop Cop City] began in 2017 in response to the city of Atlanta's plan to build the biggest police and firefighter training facility in the country. 
<li class="p1">'''Economic: '''The majority of the funding is expected to come from taxpayers, despite no public consultation on the project.</li>
*'''Environment: '''The proposed site is the Weelanee forest. It comprises the South River, one of the most endangered rivers in the United States due to sewage pollution. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Indigenous sovereignty''': The land belonged to the Muscogee Creek Nation before they were displaced. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Racism:''' The land was the site of a low-security prison farm. Accounts of torture and violence against black inmates were recorded. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
***Today, the forest serves as an important green space for the residents of the predominantly Black surrounding neighborhoods. <ref>Mock, Brentin. 2023. “Atlanta’s ‘Cop City’ Neighbors Have No Voting Rights to Stop It,” Bloomberg. October 4, 2023 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-10-04/-cop-city-referendum-aims-to-repeal-planned-atlanta-police-training-center</ref>
*'''Settler colonialism: '''Officers trained at the facility will not only target predominantly BIPOC communities in the USA; their exchange program will also train members of the Israeli Defense Forces <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CytGWtyOr0M/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 57px;" |
After the project was announced, the Atlanta City Council solicited a session of public feedback. Over 1000 people attended and it lasted over 17 hours. The majority of people were against the project. <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref> 
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Weekly safe space events '''by community members in the Welanee forest, such as '''potlucks, reading groups, and teach-ins.''' The goal was for people across Atlanta to learn about the issue, and connect with the forest.  
*'''Direct action''' in the form of protests all over the city to spread awareness. 
*'''A ballot referendum campaign''' to allow constituents to vote on the issue.  
*'''Door-knocking/canvassing '''in various neighborhoods to educate on the issue and collect signatures.
*'''Community outreach '''via postering, zines
*'''Media engagement '''i.e. press conferences, alternative media coverage.


'''SUCCESS:'''
*DeKalb County, being an unincorporated borough of Atlanta, barred its residents from participating in the voting or signature collection process for the referendum. Four county residents took legal action with a lawsuit against the City of Atlanta. They won the right for DeKalb residents to both collect signatures and initiate a new 60-day countdown <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref>
*Activists needed 58,000 signatures from registered voters in 60-day timeframe. They gathered over 116,000 signatures. <ref>Franzen, Timothy. 2023. “Stop Cop City Ballot Initiative Has over 116,000 Signatures.” American Friends Service Committee. September 14, 2023. https://afsc.org/news/stop-cop-city-ballot-initiative-has-over-116000-signatures</ref>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 23px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Major challenges faced by Stop Cop City'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 23px;" |
*Police violence has been a major challenge throughout the campaign. During a protest, activist Manuel Terán (“Tortuguita”) was shot fourteen times by Georgia state troopers <ref>Goldberg, Shoshana K. 2023. “Remembering Tortuguita.” Human Rights Campaign. March 21, 2023. https://www.hrc.org/news/remembering-tortuguita-indigenous-queer-and-non-binary-environmental-activist-and-forest-defender</ref>
*Many protesters have been arrested and charged for racketeering and domestic terrorism <ref>Rico, R.J. 2023. “61 Indicted in Georgia on Racketeering Charges Connected to ‘Stop Cop City’ Movement.” AP News. September 5, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/atlanta-cop-city-protests-rico-charges-3177a63ac1bd31a1594bed6584e9f330</ref>
*Most recently in November 2023, the coalition planned a peaceful protest and tree planting in the forest, but they were met with physical resistance and tear gassed by the police.
*At the time of writing the report, the government was delaying the signature approval process. Cop City may not be included on the ballot.  
|}

=== Keystone XL Pipeline (US/CAN) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.20.50 PM.png|700x700px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1133px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.484px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 949.516px; height: 16px;" |
*Proposed in 2008 by TC Energy, the Keystone XL pipeline extension was designed to increase the transport of crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands to refineries on the Gulf Coast of Texas. The pipeline extension project would transport crude oil per day across the Canada-U.S. border. <ref>Denchak, Melissa and Lindwall, Courtney. 2022. “The Keystone XL Pipeline: Everything You Need To Know.”  March 15, 2022. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*The pipeline would have affected '''Indigenous communities''' in Montana and South Dakota. <ref>Lindwall, Courtney. 2021. “The Unlikely Takedown of Keystone XL.” 2021. June 29, 2021. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/unlikely-takedown-keystone-xl</ref> The proposed path was altered to not cross Indigenous reservations but still risked multiple Indigenous lands and important sources for drinking water. E.g. the Ogallala Aquifer serves as the main '''water source''' for millions of people 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.484px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 949.516px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building''': Many grassroots activists, including Indigenous communities and environmentalists, were involved before larger organizers, such as 350.org. They aided in the organizing of the initial coalition, consisting of national environmental organizations including the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), the Sierra Club, and First Nations and Native American activist groups such as Idle No More and local landowners. <ref>Adler, Ben. 2015. “The inside Story of the Campaign That Killed Keystone XL.” Vox. November 7, 2015. https://www.vox.com/2015/11/7/9684012/keystone-pipeline-won</ref>
*'''Legal petitions'''
*'''Civil resistance and protest''' along the construction route/in Washington
'''SUCCESS:'''
*An initial win for campaigners came in 2015: President Obama rejected a cross-border permit for Keystone XL after years of large acts of civil disobedience and protest. <ref>Henn, Jamie. 2021.“Here’s How We Defeated the Keystone XL Pipeline | Sierra Club.” n.d. Accessed October 28, 2023. https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/here-s-how-we-defeated-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*NRDC and their partners legal petitions effectively delayed the completion of the project. <ref>National Defense Resource Council. 2021. “Keystone XL Pipeline Lawsuits.” NRDC. Accessed November 5, 2023. https://www.nrdc.org/court-battles/keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*Finally, the project was '''fully put to an end in 2021''', as the newly elected Biden administration rescinded a permit for the KXL pipeline, effectively killing it <ref>Engelfried, Nick. 2021. “How Defeating Keystone XL Built a Bolder, Savvier Climate Movement.” The Commons. February 10, 2021. https://commonslibrary.org/how-defeating-keystone-xl-built-a-bolder-savvier-climate-movement/</ref> 
|}

=== Grassy Narrows (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.22.45 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1143px;"
|-
| style="width: 161.281px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
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*Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek community members of the Ojibwe First Nations Reserve in Grassy Narrows have faced unregulated mercury pollution in the Wabigoon River.
*'''Environmental racism:''' In the 1960s, Dryden Paper Company Ltd. dumped 9,000 kg of untreated mercury into the English-Wabigoon river system, upstream from Grassy Narrows and Whitedog First Nations.
*'''Food sovereignty: '''The Canadian Government banned the consumption of fish from the local river system. Community members still remained reliant on the fish as a diet staple, and the resulting mercury poisoning has devastated the health of the community. <ref>Anderson, Charnel. 2020. “Grassy Narrows.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Accessed November 11, 2023. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/grassy-narrows</ref>
*'''Poverty:''' 60% of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog’s inhabitants had lost their jobs from the fish ban and were placed on welfare. <ref>Charlebois, Clarence T. 1978.  High Mercury Levels in Indians and Inuits (Eskimos) in Canada. Ambio 7, no. 5/6: 204–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4312386</ref>
*'''Health:''' Many community members were diagnosed with Minamata Disease. The most common symptoms are sensory disturbances, poor muscle control (ataxia) and tunnel vision. Researchers also found evidence of Congenital Minamata Disease, which has resulted in cerebral palsy and intellectual development delays.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 161.281px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
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*Grassy Narrows continued to demand fair compensation for mercury poisoning, which had been impacting 90% of the population, and ending all logging and mining plans in the area.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Letter-writing campaigns'''
*'''Hunger strikes'''
*'''Blockades'''
*'''Yearly protests and marches '''(Saku 2021; Gilson 2019)
*'''Formation of alliances''' with environmental NGOs like Rainforest Action Network (RAN) and other grassroots organizers <ref>Saku, James C. 2021. Environmental Activism on the Ground: Small Green and Indigenous Organizing. American Review of Canadian Studies 51 (2): 355–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2021.1914997</ref>
***Solidarity and support of non-Indigenous grassroots organizers can be crucial when it comes to funding, direct action, media relations and legal advocacy, evident through RAN’s support during the 2004 blockade. 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2017, the Ontario government '''pledged $85 million '''towards cleaning up the industrial mercury contamination in the Wabigoon River almost 50 years after the pollution had been identified <ref>Porter, Jody. 2021. “Grassy Narrows to Get $68.9M More from Ottawa for Centre to Care for People with Mercury Poisoning.” CBC News. Accessed October 20, 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/grassy-narrows-mercury-care-facility-ottawa-funding-1.6117975</ref>
*By 2021, the Liberal Government agreed to spend $90 million to build and operate the much needed public infrastructure to support those suffering from Minamata Disease.
Note: In 2023, the specialized infrastructure project failed to be granted any funding by the Government, citing soaring costs.
|}

=== #RightToBreathe/PES (US) ===

[[File:13124855 1091918740874230 6670651396523488360 n.jpg|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

Photo from: [https://www.phillythrive.org/_righttobreathe_mobilization Philly Thrive]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1080px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The 2016 Southport Campaign set out to stop Philadelphia Energy Solutions (PES) oil refinery expansion. PES was the second largest oil refinery in the United States. <ref>Xiao, Yin. 2017. “Environmentalist groups stop construction of oil export terminal in Philadelphia, 2016”.https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/environmentalist-groups-stop-construction-oil-export-terminal-philadelphia-2016</ref>
*The PES refinery was responsible for over 50% of Philadelphia’s toxic air emissions. This is one of the main reasons for the high rates of asthma, cancer, and other respiratory problems amongst Philadelphians. <ref>Philly Thrive. 2017. “Philly Thrive Review”. Accessed November 20, 2023. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/phillythrive/pages/111/attachments/original/1486401882/Philly_Thrive_Review.pdf?1486401882</ref>
*The residents who were at higher exposure from the pollution were low-income people of colour <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 57px;" |
*Philly Thrive, an organization led by Black, disabled, and chronically ill activists was a main organizer for the #RightToBreathe campaign <ref>Brockmeier, Erica K. 2022. “After the shutdown, what comes next for the former Philadelphia Energy Solutions refinery?”.  Accessed October 15, 2023 https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/after-shutdown-what-comes-next-former-philadelphia-energy-solutions-refinery</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Teach-ins and community outreach;''' Philly Thrive collaborated with ACTION united to mobilize community members to demand their “Right to Breathe” in 2016. This coincided with “Break Free 2016,” a wave of resistance to fossil fuels infrastructure by activists across the globe. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Social media and hopeful imagery: '''Throughout the campaign the hashtag #RightToBreathe was used across social media channels, and the image of sunflowers, symbolizing the belief in “a better future for Philadelphia with clean air, healthy families and a green economy,” were seen during protests <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Working groups: '''Momentum was maintained throughout the campaign due to the organization of small working groups.
*'''Direct actions and storytelling: '''More protests and take-overs were planned, including a “Toxic Tour” of the oil refinery on July 26th led by Philly Thrive, ACTION United, LeftRoots, and Global Grassroots Justice Alliance. At this event, frontline activists shared global and local personal stories of how they have been impacted by the fossil fuel economies. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*Victory was declared in December when the '''expansion plans were officially canceled <ref>Thompson, Zalaka. “Our Victory”. Accessed November 18, 2023. https://www.phillythrive.org/our_victory</ref> '''
*Despite the cancellations, Philly Thrive continued with advocacy and mobilization of more campaigns until '''PES refinery went bankrupt in 2018 and finally shut down in 2019''' after a series of explosions. <ref>Hanley, Steve. 2020. “Biggest Oil Refinery Cleanup In US History Begins In Philadelphia”. Accessed October 12, 2023.https://cleantechnica.com/2021/02/22/biggest-oil-refinery-clean-up-in-us-history-begins-in-philadelphia</ref>
Philly Thrive continues to organize for environmental justice with their campaigns. They are now advocating for their “RightToThrive”, to repair and clean up 154 years of violence and pollution in their communities. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
|}

=== 13 Pueblos (Mexico) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.25.23 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of  project'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 16px;" |
*13 pueblos started in 2006 to cancel the development of the La Ciénega housing units, around the area of the Chihuahuita spring in Morelos, Mexico. There was no prior consultation or Environmental Impact Assessment. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>   
*The infrastructure to deliver water from the Chihuahuita spring had been donated by President Lázaro Cárdenas, to provide water to Xoxocotla and the neighboring pueblos in 1934. The communities had been struggling from a lack of water access  throughout the Mexican Revolution, due to hoarding and misuse for the production of sugar cane. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
*Access to water was threatened by the La Ciénega housing units, as their planned locations were in the water replenishment areas of the spring. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 57px;" |
*The 13 pueblos involved were Tepetzingo, Tetecalita, Temimilcingo, Acamilpa, Pueblo Nuevo, Tlaltizapan, Huatecalco, El Mirador, Benito Juárez, Tetelpa, Santa Rosa Treinta, San Miguel Treinta, and Xoxocotla. <ref>Velazco, Salvador. 2018.  “(Des) colonialidad del poder en 13 pueblos en defensa del agua, el aire y la tierra.” 5, no. 9 (2018): 22–44. https://doi.org/10.5195/ct/2017.249</ref> Most pueblos were made up of Indigenous communities, and campesinos or farmers. They came together to advocate for their land sovereignty and water access. <ref>Hernández Navarro, Luis. 2007. “Morelos: siembra de concreto, cosecha de ira”. https://www.jornada.com.mx/2007/08/07/index.php?section=opinion&article=019a1pol</ref>
'''Organizing tactics''':
*'''Development of a council: '''The council of the pueblos was created for members from each pueblo to meet every Sunday. They exchanged about one another’s concerns, devised their strategies, and found alternative solutions without government authority. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Blockades and protests: '''For three years, they protested, organized blockades, and counter-reports despite strong government opposition and police brutality. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Convening and a manifesto: '''153 Indigenous leaders from so-called Canada, the US, Peru, and other counties in Latin America came together in Xochicalco for the Council of the 13 pueblos and the presentation of their manifesto. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
***The manifesto was made in defense of the land, air, and water, and it outlined the current crisis and visions for the future (Pueblos de Morelos 2007; Casiba 2007, 1:08). It also accused the government and corporations of labeling the areas as “unproductive” to justify construction plans despite the presence of Indigenous and farmer communities <ref>Casiba. 2007. “Los 13 pueblos hacen entrega de Manifiesto”. YouTube video, 1:08. Accessed November 28, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weoP7AgCqRY</ref>
*'''Legal action:''' In 2008, a court case was presented in the Latin American Water Court where CEAMA (the State Water and Environment Commission) and Conagua were blamed for having authorized construction permits without proper assessment and not taking into account the needs of the surrounding communities <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> 


'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2009, three years after the movement's conception, '''the project plans were canceled and the area within a 100 meter radius of the Chihuahuita spring was protected <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> '''
|- style="height: 103px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 103px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 103px;" |
*Several people were injured and arrested. The people of the 13 pueblos were often tear-gassed by police forces, bribed, and some individuals received death threats. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*They had to fight opposing narratives from the government and Conagua, Mexico’s National Water Commission, that falsely claimed there was sufficient water for the construction of the housing units. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref> 
 
|}

=== Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.30.43 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
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| style="width: 160.547px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 16px;" |
*The Trans Mountain Expansion project (TMX) aims to construct a second pipeline, approximately parallel to the current trans-mountain pipeline that transports crude oil from Edmonton to the coast of British Columbia. The project would triple it's capacity. <ref>https://www.transmountain.com/</ref>
*First proposed by Kinder Morgan in 2013, with an estimated price of $5 billion. The Canadian federal government purchased the pipeline in 2018 after significant resistance and price increases.
***The price tag for the project has increased to over $30 billion today. A net cost that will be passed on to taxpayer. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*The project lacks proper consultation for free, prior, and informed consent by Indigenous peoples.
*Construction causes violence towards women and children due to aggressions from “man camps” that are created to work at these sites. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' Direct action through blocking the pipeline construction has been supported by many academics, activists, and environmental organizations, and was initiated by local Indigenous land defenders. The Tiny House Warriors of the Secwépemc nation, was created as a camp to inhabit areas to be developed and physically resist the project <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*'''Win remains partial:''' Despite increasing '''public opposition, increased costs, countless delays, financial problems, and difficulties finding banks or insurers''' to host the project, its construction has not been halted. It is set to begin operations in 2024 <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
|- style="height: 122px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 122px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 122px;" |
*Both the owner and the judge of the project’s feasibility, the Canadian government, is in a favorable position to impose the expansion project and issue construction permits. This poses ethical questions of the democratic processes behind the project.
*There has been monitoring and policing of activists, including a bill that prohibits approaching any of the construction sites <ref>CBC News. 2019. “Trans Mountain Monitoring Anti-Pipeline Activists through Social Media | CBC News.” CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada. November 25. https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/tmx-docs-reports-1.5370221</ref>
*Over 200 activists have been arrested for their involvement in mobilizations against TMX <ref>Stand Earth. 2023. “Stopping the Trans Mountain Pipeline.” Stand.Earth. September 14. https://stand.earth/our-work/campaigns/stopping-the-trans-mountain-pipeline/#:~:text=The%20pipeline%20is%20opposed%20by,over%20200%20having%20been%20arrested</ref>
|}

=== Atlantic Coast Pipeline (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.32.55 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The Atlantic Coast Pipeline was proposed by Dominion Energy and Duke Energy in 2013. It was designed to transport gas daily from the Utica and Marcellus gas fields in West Virginia to Virginia and North Carolina. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
* The proposed project received an Environmental Impact Statement in 2016 and aimed at starting construction in 2017, with an estimated cost of $5.1 billion. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
*The proposed project would have disproportionately affected African American communities and Indigenous communities. <ref>CBF. 2023. “Atlantic Coast Natural Gas Pipeline.” Chesapeake Bay Foundation. Accessed December 16. https://www.cbf.org/about-cbf/locations/virginia/issues/atlantic-coast-natural-gas-pipeline.html</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and legal action: '''Environmental organizations, grassroots groups of residents and landowners, and a legal organization (the Southern Environmental Law Centre) converged in instigating legal battles against the pipeline.
***A coalition of environmental, conservation, and public advocacy groups signed a letter demanding that rigorous environmental assessment be conducted, citing pipeline engineers and environmental specialists. <ref>Southern Environmental Law Center. 2021. “Large Coalition Implores Governor, State Environmental Agency to Protect Virginia Waters.” Southern Environmental Law Center. September 29. https://www.southernenvironment.org/news/large-coalition-implores-governor-state-enviromental-agency-to-protect-virg/</ref> 
*'''Direct action: '''The coalitions mobilization strategies included but were not limited to: signs on homes, marches, letters to relevant authorities, public meetings, and non-violent actions.  
'''SUCCESS:'''
*A significant legal win was the recognition of the impacts on the Appalachian Trail. As a part of the National Parks System, the United States Forest service '''did not have the authority to issue construction permits <ref>Appalachian Voices. 2023. “Canceled: Atlantic Coast Pipeline.” Appalachian Voices. Accessed December 16. https://appvoices.org/pipelines/atlantic-coast-pipeline/</ref> '''
*In July 2020, Dominion Energy and Duke Energy announced the '''cancellation of the pipeline''', citing ongoing delays, the COVID-19 pandemic, legal uncertainty, and increasing costs of construction.
|}

=== Public Power New York (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.35.11 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project and campaign'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2019, the state of New York adopted the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) which commits to 100% renewable energy by 2040 and at least 70% of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2030. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
*Public Power New York (PPNY) led a campaign that lasted for 3.5 years. They aimed to pass the Build Public Renewables Act in the state budget. The Build Public Renewables Act will require the New York Power Authority (NYPA) to not only provide fully renewable energy to citizens by 2040, but also to ensure that economic, social, and racial justice are considered. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
***The bill will ensure that energy jobs have high labor standards, and that the transition to renewable energy is led by the public sector. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
***The bill will also ensure that the most polluting oil and gas plants, located mainly in low-income communities of color, will be shut down by 2030, and that energy is affordable for lower income communities <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Political organizing:''' The coalition encouraged people to call and send emails to Governor Kathy Hochul, the politician responsible for passing the bill. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*They got members of the movement campaigning for office on platforms that endorsed Public Power NY. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
*'''Public education:''' Public events educated the larger public about the state of the current NY energy system. 
*'''Coalition building: '''The most important tactic; the PPNY grassroots coalition brings together more than 20 environmental justice organizations, labor unions, and thousands of volunteers. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*The coalition pays serious attention to racial and economic justice in the fight for renewable energy.
***Involving labor unions was notably difficult because of the worker’s skepticism of the notoriously anti-union renewable energy industry. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*After nearly four years of campaigning, PPNY successfully achieved its goal when '''the New York State legislature decided to pass the Build Public Renewables Act''' in May 2023 and allocate a budget to the NYPA that would allow for its effective implementation. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
|}

=== Mi’kmaq Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.14.03 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2009, New Brunswick granted Southwestern Energy Resources a permit to explore over a million hectares of land for natural gas extraction <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*New Brunswick citizens opposed this decision by signing many petitions and organizing protests. The citizen-led opposition to fracking was not heard nor taken into account by the government. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*In 2013, South Western Energy Resources and Irving Oil were allowed to conduct exploration for, and extraction of, natural gas on unceded Mi'kma'ki territory. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref>
*The Elsipogtog First Nation was opposed to the project because it was hazardous to their lands and waters. 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
<li class="p1">'''Blockades:''' The Mi’kmaq Warrior Society organized blockades and resisted police repression. Support also came from other Indigenous groups and settler allies. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref> </li>
<li class="p1">'''Day of action:''' The Indigenous-led organization IDLE No More called for a national day of solidarity protest. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> </li>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*The companies finally decided to '''abandon seismic testing and to leave the province until 2015. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> '''
*In 2015, a temporary '''moratorium on fracking''' was announced by the government of New Brunswick and was extended indefinitely in 2016 <ref>CBC News. 2018. “Province extends fracking ban 'indefinitely' after failing to meet its own conditions.” CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/shale-gas-fracking-gallant-moratorium-1.4715225</ref> 
|-
| style="width: 157.641px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faces'''
| style="width: 926.359px;" |
*The government opposition to the protesters and the strong police repression was the main challenge faced by protesters.
|}

=== GNL Quebec (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.16.31 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1137px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 16px;" |
*GNL Quebec project was a 750-km natural gas pipeline operated by Gazoduq, a gas liquefaction plant managed by Énergie Saguenay, and terminal for the export of methane in Saguenay, QC. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020a. “What GNL Québec Is and Why You Must Block the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. July 28, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/41055/what-gnl-quebec-is-and-why-you-must-say-no-to-it/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 57px;" |
The movement against GNL used multi-level approach, engaging local, national, and international spheres, and created a united front.

Organizing Tactics: 
*'''Direct action: '''The movement began in 2017 with an initial demonstration by Innu Land and Water Protectors. Decentralized actions, like hanging banners at symbolic locations, enhanced visibility and emphasized the project's lack of social acceptability. The global climate strikes on September 27, 2019, that drew half a million people and featured a speech by climate activist Greta Thunberg, provided the GNL Quebec movement with an international platform. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2021. “No to GNL Québec* : Banners Blossom across the Province in Rejection of the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. September 3, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/46568/no-to-gnl-quebec-banners-blossom-across-the-province-in-rejection-of-the-project/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Local citizens, civil society groups, environmental activists, opposition parties, and student associations, all united against GNL Quebec. Forming an informal coalition expanded the movement from a local to National issue. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref>
*'''Political organizing:''' Utilizing petitions, polls, and active participation in official public consultations such as BAPE (The Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec), the movement demonstrated resistance through many formal channels with record-breaking participation. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020b. “BAPE on GNL Québec: HISTORIC PARTICIPATION EXPOSES the FLAWS of an OUTDATED PROJECT.” Greenpeace Canada. November 5, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/44494/bape-on-gnl-quebec-historic-participation-exposes-the-flaws-of-an-outdated-project/</ref> The number of citizens that contributed to the public consultation on the environmental assessment was historic (7000 submissions). 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2020 and 2021, major investors, including Warren Buffett's firm, withdrew support from the project. <ref>Houle, Jean. 2020. “GNL Québec: Un Investisseur Majeur Se Retire à Cause Des Blocus Autochtones.” Www.journaldemontreal.com. March 5, 2020. https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2020/03/05/le-projet-de-gnl-quebec-encaisse-un-veritable-coup-de-masse-1</ref> 
*The BAPE (Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec) report came out in the movement’s favor, and Quebec Premier François Legault rejected the project in 2021. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref> 
|}

=== Standing Rock (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.18.15 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1117px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 16px;" |
*Energy Transfer Partners proposed the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), intended to traverse sacred Indigenous lands.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 57px;" |
*Standing Rock's primary objectives were: safeguarding the Missouri River, protecting sacred lands and historical sites, and upholding the sovereignty and treaty rights of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. Central to the tribe's argument was the contention that the DAPL breached Article II of the Fort Laramie Treaty, securing the right to the peaceful and uninterrupted utilization of reservation lands. <ref>Smithsonian. 2015. “Standing Rock Sioux and Dakota Access Pipeline | Teacher Resource.” Si.edu. Smithsonian: National Museum of the American Indian. 2015. https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/plains-treaties/dapl</ref>
*In March 2016, a pivotal moment occurred as Tokata Iron Eyes and the Standing Rock Youth uncovered plans to reroute the pipeline through sacred lands. This discovery marked the initiation of the #NoDAPL movement <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Online presence:''' The #NoDAPL movement was led by teenagers. They used online platforms, petitions, and mobilized. Social media, particularly the #NoDAPL hashtag, was crucial in amplifying the movement's message and reaching a global audience. <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
*'''Physical occupation: '''As tensions escalated, encampments like Sacred Stone and Oceti Sakowin became central to resistance. <ref>Yardley, William. 2017. “Last Holdouts Are Cleared from Main Dakota Access Pipeline Protest Camp.” Los Angeles Times. February 23, 2017. https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-standing-rock-20170223-story.html</ref> These encampments served as strategic hubs, fostering communal dynamics and providing a base for legal strategies employed by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe.
*'''Symbolic resistance:''' ReZpect Our Water played a critical role within the broader #NoDAPL movement. They organized relay runs, symbolizing the historic and spiritual practice of running among Native peoples, contributing to the movement's visibility. <ref>Joseph, Alli. 2016. “Running for Their Lives: Native American Relay Tradition Revived to Protest Dakota Access Pipeline.” Salon. Salon.com. September 12, 2016. https://www.salon.com/2016/09/12/running-for-their-lives-native-american-relay-tradition-revived-to-protest-dakota-access-pipeline/</ref> 
*'''International advocacy:''' Efforts included engagements with the UN Human Rights Council and the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. <ref>Medina, Daniel A. 2016. “Standing Rock Sioux Takes Pipeline Fight to UN Human Rights Council in Geneva.” NBC News. NBC News. September 20, 2016. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/standing-rock-sioux-takes-pipeline-fight-un-human-rights-council-n651381</ref> 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2016 the Department of the Army denied an easement under Lake Oahe, halting the pipeline's progression. This decision generated jubilation at the Oceti Sakowin camp, and had broader implications for Indigenous rights. <ref>Healy, Jack, and Nicholas Fandos. 2016. “Protesters Gain Victory in Fight over Dakota Access Oil Pipeline.” The New York Times, December 4, 2016, sec. U.S. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/04/us/federal-officials-to-explore-different-route-for-dakota-pipeline.html</ref>
|-
| style="width: 160.141px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 930.859px;" |
*There was excessive use of force by police and private military personnel during violent confrontations with protestors. <ref>Hersher, Rebecca. 2017. “Key Moments in the Dakota Access Pipeline Fight.” Npr.org. Npr. February 22, 2017. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/22/514988040/key-moments-in-the-dakota-access-pipeline-fight</ref>
*President Trump's memorandum in 2017 accelerated the project. In 2021, there remains hope for Standing Rock protestors to be heard. <ref>Todrys, Katherine Wiltenburg . 2021. Black Snake: Standing Rock, the Dakota Access Pipeline, and Environmental Justice. University of Nebraska Press</ref>
|}

=== Athabasca Tar Sands Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.33.03 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1124px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 16px;" |
*Shell proposed development of the Athabasca Tar Sands. The Athabasca-Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN) strongly challenged Shell, seeking compensation for damage already done and legal recognition of native land rights on traditional territories outside of reserves. <ref>Lim, Audrea. 2014. “How First Nations in Canada Are Winning the Fight against Big Oil.” The Nation. September 10. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-first-nations-canada-are-winning-fight-against-big-oil/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Legal opposition:''' The ACFN mounted significant legal opposition against Shell in the form of lawsuits and interventions in the regulatory process. <ref>Narine, Shari, ed. 2015. “Shell Withdraws Pierre Mine Project Application.” Ammsa.Com. https://ammsa.com/publications/alberta-sweetgrass/shell-withdraws-pierre-mine-project-application</ref>
*'''Rejecting government channels:''' Withdrawing from consultative committees proved effective, as these committees often had little impact, and oil companies could no longer claim Indigenous consultation. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
*In 2010, the Tar Sands Healing Walk was founded by a group of Indigenous activists including the ACFN. The Healing Walk, a 14-kilometer walk through the tar sands, was intended to build community and raise awareness about the damage caused by bitumen extraction. The Walk ended in 2014 after organizers felt its goals had been achieved. <ref>Leahy, Derek. 2014. “June 28th: Final ‘Tar Sands Healing Walk’ Simply a New Beginning, Say Organizers.” The Narwhal. March 20. https://thenarwhal.ca/june-28th-final-tar-sands-healing-walk-simply-new-beginning-say-organizers/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Indigenous groups, environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs), labor groups, and religious groups joined forces. These coalitions extended beyond local communities to the international scale, raising public awareness and increasing pressure on oil companies. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
On coalition building, Lubicon Cree activist Melina Laboucan-Massimo said, ''“‘When we work in coalitions – the environmental movement, First Nations and the labor movement – there’s such a convergence of diverse voices…we’re really starting to see growing public accountability and public opposition being seen and taken seriously'’” <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''

'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2014, a series of large development projects, including Shell’s Pierre River Mine, were canceled due to “market forces and public opposition”  It is estimated that public opposition to the tar sands has cost the oil industry over $17 billion.'' <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''
|}

=== Nitaskinan60 (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.37.04 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1103px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 16px;" |
Nitaskinan – Atikamekw territory – has been threatened by the destruction of logging companies.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 57px;" |
*Nitaskinan60, or the Kilometer 60 campaign, is an ongoing campaign in Manawan, Québec, Canada.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' The Dubé family and Manawan community established a blockade and announced a moratorium on logging in Manawan. The blockade has the immediate goal of stopping the illegal logging and the long-term goal of Indigenous sovereignty and unity. <ref>Richardson, Lindsay, and Emelia Fournier. 2022. “Inside the Atikamekw Nation’s Fight against Deforestation of Ancestral Lands.” APTN News. March 18. https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/inside-the-atikamekw-nations-fight-against-the-deforestation-of-its-ancestral-lands/</ref> 
'''SUCCESS (this campaign is ongoing):'''
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) published seven sustainable forestry recommendations for better community consultation and involvement. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) issued a report in May, 2022, concluding that the MFFP and Scerie Saint-Michel were both at fault. However, the report neither offered reparations or compensation to the Dubé family or Manawan community, nor penalized either of the responsible parties. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
|-
| style="width: 145.906px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 931.094px;" |
*While campaigning, some activists expressed fear of danger to individuals, physical or legal.
*The greatest challenge has been a lack of government cooperation and responsibility.  
|}

== Strategy and tactics used ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1138px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Direct action (14/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 28px;" |
*All campaigns participated in a form of '''direct action '''(physical disruption).
**Specific tactics varied: protests, marches, sit-ins, civil disobedience and blockades.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Community engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 37px;" |
*Engagement tactics used; canvassing, '''community meetings, workshops, teach-ins, reading groups, focus groups and speak-ins'''.
**Specific examples include the Standing Rock Relay Runs, the Grassy Narrows River Run, and weekly potlucks for Stop Cop City. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Mass engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*Mass engagement was through''' petitions and letters.'''
**This was important for the involvement of community members who do not have the same time, ability or privilege for actions and events.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 164.141px;" |
'''Coalition building (7/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 28px;" |
*Benefits: creation of a new entity, diverse knowledge/perspectives and increasing the '''size and strength of campaigns'''.
|- style="height: 72px;"
| style="height: 72px; width: 164.141px;" |
'''Legal action and political pressure (7/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 72px;" |
*Formal political and legal processes were used.
**To seek policy change, tactics included; call campaigns, attending public meetings or consultations, running for office or organizing election campaigns. Many campaigns faced high opposition, but many also '''benefited from political alliances.'''
**For legal challenges, tactics included; lawsuits, legal curt appeals, course cases, referendums and legal advocacy '''often delayed projects, but did not always result in material gains.'''
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 164.141px; height: 46px;" | '''Mass communication (5/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*Communication platforms such as social media campaigns, banners, magazines, press conferences, documentaries engaged the public.
*'''Alternative media and social media '''was useful in countering mainstream media which often aligns with government and industry perspectives.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 164.141px; height: 46px;" | '''Independent research (3/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*A small handful of campaigns conducted '''independent research '''to enhance the campaigns credibility and convince of it's importance.
|}

== Participating groups ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1113px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Locally impacted community members/land defenders + grassroots activists + ENGOs = success'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 51px;" |
*Actors varied across campaigns. The most common participants were networks of '''community members, volunteers, Indigenous groups, and environmental organizations (ENGO's).'''
**Research for the Athabasca Tar Sands case study says, “Dominant political and industry actors were largely able to overlook the movement until a diverse and influential set of social movement actors began collaborating and shifting these local struggles transnationally.” <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Unions'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 51px;" |
*Unions participated in 4 out of 14 of the campaigns.
**For the Public Power NY campaign, the involvement of labor unions was identified as a turning point in the struggle. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref> 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Industry professionals and student groups'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 28px;" |
*The least recurrent participants were academics, businesses, legal groups, health groups, and student groups.
**For GNL Quebec campaign, students made up the largest fraction of supporters. Student’s involvement was also identified as crucial.
**Academics were involved in the TMX Pipeline and GNL Quebec campaigns. Academic Tim Takaro camped in a tree for the TMX pipeline and this gathered significant media attention that reached different audiences.
***David Suzuki was involved with the campaign against GNL Quebec. The involvement of academics or well-known experts helped these campaigns gain wider media attention. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
|}

== Challenges faced ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 231px; width: 1102px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Government opposition (7/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Legal challenges and large public demonstrations '''were used to overcome government opposition.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Police repression (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Direct action '''was used both as a counter to repression, and also faced additional repression. Increased project costs and delays to construction helped address the challenges faced using direct action.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Coalition challenges (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Difficulty creating alliances due to diverging opinions and perspectives.
E.g. “There has been a lack of structure in the coalition when it comes to making decisions when it comes to allocation of resources…the lack of structure has meant that we are being pulled in like 25 directions all at once. We need to unravel this notion that structure is our enemy. And if we refuse to define what leadership looks like, on the basis that leadership is hierarchical. It just means that leadership goes, unaccounted [for], and it goes unchecked.” -Activist against TMX pipeline
*'''Coalitions '''were used to strengthen the response to challenges by increasing knowledge and resources
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Legal challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 28px;" |
*Activist arrests, and opposition from industry.
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Health challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Linked directly to the struggle.
|-
| style="width: 205.828px;" | '''Misinformation (2/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*'''Educational efforts''' helped to counter misinformation.
|}
 

== Results and key research findings ==

=== Researcher takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 302px; width: 1118px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Direct action'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 16px;" |
*Most commonly used to successfully overcome government opposition and police repression.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Legal action and political pressure'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 57px;" |
*Most effective for procedural delays, reducing the economic viability of projects, and sometimes, for facilitating the recognition of Indigenous rights and sovereignty.
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''Coalition building'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 76px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, leading to new campaigns and/or activist groups, and providing more perspectives and knowledge
*When facing police repression, coalitions can help support activists and communities more at risk of experiencing direct criminalization or police violence.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Community engagement'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, fostering collaboration, strong community support and diverse campaigns that engage a wide variety of people.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Communication and raising public awareness'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, increasing support for the campaign and lowering acceptability of the target. 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Diversity of actors, strategies and tactics'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Greatly contributed to the effectiveness of a successful intersectional campaign.
|}


'''Direct action, c''''''ommunity engagement and building strong, '''large, and diverse coalitions seem to be the most effective strategies, and the best strategies for overcoming challenges. 
 

=== HUB takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 1033px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 19px;" |
'''To mobilize ''deeper'' (increase commitment and engagement)...'''
| style="height: 19px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Connect and engage directly with community members (e.g. canvassing, potlucks, skill shares etc).'''
''"Why in the world would I go to a public park next to a police training facility like I wasn't going to do that. I wasn't going. But when I went back, what I saw was that the community had come in and began to use the land, the community had really started to make it our park. And people were doing teachings there about how to live off of the land, showing you what mushrooms were growing that you could eat, what type of moss you could use to make a poultice for cuts or to any types of wounds, you know, then there was like a weekly potluck that was happening. And people were talking to us about that area of land and what the South River Forest meant to this community." ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''One-to-one conversations are particularly helpful.'''
''"When we went door to door talking to people, what we found was that for a lot of people, the people who live farther away from the forest, the mayor's narrative was winning in so many ways, because people were like, 'Oh, it's just a training facility like what are you mad about?'... But when you began to talk to people about the nuts and bolts of it, when you began to tell people 'what do you think about a Blackhawk helicopter landing pad?' People like we're like, 'what do we need that for?'...Yeah, well, what do you think about the firing range?" ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Connect on the land.'''
''"We kept having events in the forest for as long as we could. We kept up our potluck. We started doing distribution with that. So we had food distribution... clothing that people wanted to bring, hygiene kits... whatever you don't need, pretty much just became like the community swap meet and potluck on every Wednesday... we continue to have skill shares in the forest and we continued to do things like the music festival, where a bunch of people got arrested for just being at a music festival. We kept doing those things so that people could see, like, this is where we are, this is what we're doing this is, this is where we congregate as a community. This is where we come together and do things. You know, this is what we are fighting so hard for not only for this land, we're fighting for our community, we're fighting for our bond, we're fighting for this thing that brings us together, but also keeps us alive, keeps us going gives us a greater quality of life."'' ''-''Organizer for Stop Cop City
<li>'''Know the history of the land you're on, to connect with impacted communities'''</li>''"We're on Tongva Land. The community has been traditionally black... one of the few neighborhoods that black communities could live in, and rapidly converting to large Latino populations. So very much a mixed population on unceded Tongva territory, we refer to it as South Central Los Angeles. Our original offices were on land that was owned by Edward Doheny... the big North American granddaddy oil baron from back in the day... Mount St. Mary's College is built on his former estate. His estate had a petting zoo and all these beautiful Victorian buildings. And that is the neighborhood that our organization started in."'' -Organizer for Stand L.A.
|- style="height: 120px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 120px;" | '''To mobilize widely...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 120px;" |
*'''Engage with many forms of media'''
''"We have to work hard for alternative media to get things out. So we have a number of different news crews that work with us; independent journalists, local magazines and newspapers. And then we were able to get NBC to come here to do a short documentary about cop city... and also the documentary done by Al Jazeera. Those have been like the mainstream media documentaries that have really opened people's eyes." -''Organizer for'' ''Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''To get your message across...'''
| style="height: 51px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Relate to issues concerning community members''' (i.e. rather than a blanket 'stop climate change', campaigns and communication addressed a specific concern, project, proposal or law impacting locals). 
''"At the time, I was working for voting rights organization, and I was the lead childcare organizer. And one of the things that I started to do was talk to people about how cop city affected the state of childcare... when you're talking about childcare, you are talking about health care. And when you're talking about health care, you have to talk about economic justice and environmental justice together. And you cannot have a conversation about childcare without talking about reproductive justice. Because according to the pillars of reproductive justice, I am supposed to be able to raise the children that I choose to have in a clean, safe environment that is free of state sanctioned interpersonal violence... So when when you looked at... what that intersectionality was, and how we could get people to understand.. '''everybody has a stake in this'''."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Contact press and hold press conferences at strategic times to control the narrative'''
''"There was, at one point it was really like a back and forth of, we're sending a press release, and then a company has to answer that we're sending a press release under industry, and they have to answer, so we kind of we became master the narrative where they had to always answer our communication." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Use art to grab attention, visualize the story, and help people relate'''
''"[We used] genderless, ageless wig stands, and assaulted each one of them with one symptom... a nosebleed... asthma [with a] puffer, [an inflamed] thyroid, a congested nose with a clothespin. We had several others. My self portrait was a headache that I described by putting two barbecue skewers from the nape of my neck through my forehead... And we set that up on a table with a big boombox with a black tablecloth... just as kids and parents were walking home from school, and they would walk by and say, "hey, hey, hey, what's that with the nosebleed? I had to take my kid three times to the emergency room last week with nosebleeds"... All of these symptoms began to come together and we use that event and events like it to tell people, we want to talk more with you." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Provide platforms for community members to share their stories'''
 ''"I think [uplifting the] community's voice and just speaking the truth, and providing as many people the opportunity to tell their story... storytelling, personal testimony, community based research, all of those things are very critical.''" -Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Uplift elders, and people who can describe how the community has been impacted over time'''
''"The elders are also important, because they will be the quickest ones to notice that the air has changed... What's making that happen... being privileged to share the community with people who've lived there for a very long time. I think that's really the greatest asset for change, just listening to community." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''To build a stronger force...'''
| style="height: 28px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Form strategic alliances/coalitions between the grassroots, NGOs, unions, associations, academics etc. '''
''"Knock on all these doors and find out key organizational and individual levers that the can help you. I think it's critical to find a way to get the big green NGOs on board. They have a lot of mobilization power, and when they actually show up, they can be instrumental, and then you need to find political allies as well... all the opposition parties were with us... and the mobilization needs to be grassroots-led... that is a prime example of how local grassroots organizing, amplified by others, can become the most powerful tool in the world." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Set goals as a coalition and as individual groups/organizations'''
''"I think that the one of the biggest challenges that I've noticed, is the lack of defining our goals in a meaningful and practical way. There has been a lack of, or an unwillingness, to get specific enough with our goals and what it means to, in my opinion, actually be able to accomplish them. Because... when I talked about the campaign, or the movement or whatever, it's basically a coalition of dozens of organizations that are all united under this banner called protect the planet. And there's very diverse organizations involved in that coalition...There's a lot of overlap between the groups... everyone is united and agrees that our goal is to stop TMX... But that's not enough... it doesn't tell you how we're going to get there. And there's still a distinction between tactics, like tactics, and specific goals are two different things as well. But... what does that actually mean, to stop TMX? What does that look like? Because if we don't get more specific about what that means, we aren't able to tailor our actions in a way that is effective... You know, it ends up with people like, let's hold a rally at City Hall to stop TMX. And it's like, what is that doing? Why are we targeting City Hall? That makes no sense, like City Hall has no power to do anything here? I think there's this kind of something you hear a lot is 'Oh, well, we're raising awareness.' '''I think something that has become really clear in this campaign, and that I've heard other people say in other campaigns is that if your campaigns goal is just to raise awareness, you've already failed'''. Like, that's not enough. Yes, it's a component of any sort of social movement or campaign. But if that's where the goal ends, it's not, it's just not going to do anything. It's just not enough."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Power map as a coalition'''
''"Without defining what needs to happen for the project to be stopped, we can't tailor our actions to target the right people. And I think that's been a challenge, is figuring out who is an effective target... We need to actually target the people and the the entities that have the power to change what we're trying to change."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Map out your spectrum of allies'''
''"You need to analyze where your allies are, active allies, passive allies, who are your active enemies, and really focus on bringing more passive allies to the active side... when this all started, there was a lot of passive allies. The students were concerned with climate, but they weren't specifically involved in the project. At first, the only active allies there was a tiny bit of people from First Nations [communities], and then citizen groups... when you're in that moment, where you're trying to develop a campaign against a big struggle, or a big project like this one, you really need to find, who are those people in society that agree with me, but aren't doing shit about it. And that's a tough part. That's a long process. But you really have to do it." ''-Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Do skill and knowledge shares for sustainable engagement.'''
"''We constantly do teachings with each other. You know, this Friday, we have a teaching with the Palestinian youth movement to help people understand how cop city connects to the struggle for freedom in Palestine. We constantly educate ourselves so that we educate the community. So, we do that by canvassing, we do that by public facing events like movie screenings and townhall meetings, community talkbacks where the community will come and just tell us, hey, this is my concern.''" -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Support action led by directly impacted communities'''
''"The mass education campaigns on hydraulic fracturing that had been ongoing since 2011 were not Indigenous-led. Numerous action and advocacy groups across the province were also not Indigenous-led. The frontlines certainly were Indigenous-led. So, in support of frontline activities, allies were very supportive, financially and materially." -Journalist for Mi'kmaq resistance''
|- style="height: 305px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 305px;" | '''To conserve energy/resources...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 305px;" |
*'''Intentionally define a structure, accountability and how power is shared (avoidance creates more problems)'''
''"There has been, in my experience, a refusal... to even discuss what it might mean to have some sort of structure for the coalition... there's this really problematic assumption that... organizing non hierarchically means that... structure is an enemy because structure is hierarchical. And that has been such a problem because it just means that nothing gets done... if we refuse to define what leadership looks like... it just means that leadership goes, unaccounted, and it goes unchecked. And no one knows what's going on... people are still assuming positions of leadership, but they're not accountable to people for that, and it's not clear, who is responsible for what. And I would actually argue that that ends up resulting in a more hierarchical structure than if the leadership had been defined clearly... '''One of the one of the teachings from my people that we were using in this context that I think explains it really well, is geese. So when you see Canada geese fly, they fly in a V shape, right. And there's a leader at the point of the V, that goose is the one that is setting the direction of where the flock is going. But they get tired, and they swap out. So when the when the lead goose gets tired, they swap positions with another goose that's in the V, and they just swap over like that'''. [Otherwise,] no one is responsible for anything, and everyone is responsible for everything at the same time. And it's so cumbersome. It's restrictive in terms of using our time and our energy and resources in an effective way. And that leads to burnout." -''TMX Organizer''' '''
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 74px;" | '''To maintain momentum...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 74px;" |
*'''Recognize and reflect on your successes'''
''"The biggest victory in this fight against cop city, is that people understand what it is that we do need to be safe and community because this has really opened up a huge conversation about community safety."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Leverage the momentum of other movements by drawing connections'''
"''At the time of the shutdown Canada movement... when the entire world was watching what was going on in the West... [there were great narratives] built between what was going on out west and what was going on here, tying it to basically being the same colonial projects that were that were being forced down the throat of Indigenous communities." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
|- style="height: 125px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 125px;" | '''To strengthen relationships...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 125px;" |
*'''Center joy!'''
"''We started to choir... there are a lot of people who are very good singers, there are people who are instrumentalists. There are people who just want to have good vibes and chill out with each other. So we started singing together, we started doing that. And we've performed in a couple of places, it's been a lot of fun. People are carrying it on, you know, make sure that you definitely do that make time for joy and make space for healing."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 311px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 311px;" | '''To address problematic behaviour internally...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 311px;" |
*'''Make sure structures and policies for accountability are defined; what is not okay, who to speak to when something happens and how unacceptable behaviour is addressed '''
''"It's always these men that have like, this poorly defined power and are operating within this like, very hierarchical system, but because we've refused to define [a clear structure], [abuse/harassment] doesn't get called out."'' -TMX Organizer

''"Part of what I've learned here is that just defining ourselves as [anti-oppressive] doesn't make it so... 'We will not cancel us' by Adrienne Marie Brown, explains... when we are so quick to cancel each other, and she's not talking about abusers here, there's a difference there. If someone is abusive, that requires... a different conversation, though, when it comes to just transgressions and mistakes that people make saying the wrong thing, doing the wrong thing, like that is going to happen because... every single person that is involved in these movements has grown up in a world that has these... systems of oppression that have been built into our lives in all of these ways. And a lot of the work that we have to do is unlearning all of those systems because we can't see how they have impacted us... we need to be able to have the room to make mistakes... we need those skills to be able to''' '''negotiate '''where that line is with what is unacceptable transgression. And how do we handle those mistakes in a way that actually allows people to correct those mistakes and learn from them and grow and do better next time? Without destroying the movement and like pushing people out?'''" -''TMX Organizer
|}

=== HUB observations: additional lessons ===
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For environmentalists that do not understand how Indigenous sovereignty and police violence relate to the climate crisis...
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There are 2 critical points to emphasize:

1) How '''structural racism and ongoing settler colonialism impact historic and ongoing climate justice campaigns, specifically on Indigenous Land defenders. '''The degree of criminalization, physical violence, and assassinations during environmental campaigns significantly increases when Indigenous people are involved <ref>Scheidel, Arnim et al. 2020. “Environmental Conflicts and Defenders: A Global Overview.” Global Environmental Change 63: 102104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104</ref>

2) Most climate justice campaigns that have had''' success in the last 20 years across Turtle Island have been initiated and led by impacted Indigenous communities'''.
|-
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*'''Let the grassroots lead'''! Listen to what support they say they need; media? Funding? Training? They will tell you.
*'''Don't '''craft the message: uplift the voices of grassroots organizers (co-creation ''may'' be more possible if a coalition is formed). 
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More to come!
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|}
''''

''If you have corrections or additional resources to share with us related to this content, you can contact kenzie@lehub.ca.''
 

''''[[File:Creative commons.png|300px|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/|center|frameless]]

<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

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Mobilizing and activating members: recruitment and retention 101

2024-10-01T00:36:37Z

Mediawiki: /* Retention suggestions */

Grassroots groups often struggle with the challenge of mobilizing new members. Many also face challenges with [[retention]], that is, members burn out and/or stop participating. Challenges to membership can make momentum building difficult, and may result in a reduced motivation of existing group members. Challenges to recruitment and retention can, in many cases, be mitigated and navigated by including some key structures and strategies in grassroots organizing spaces.
 
 
The following resource was compiled using existing organizer databases and resources by movement thinkers on mobilizing new members, and using thoughts from grassroots organizers who attended our learning circle on mobilizing new members. This guide was developed in response to request from grassroots groups asking for tips on growing their membership, that is, on effective recruitment and retention strategies.

 Highlighted text is knowledge shared during our Learning Circle on this topic.

= Beginning the planning process <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> =

Before you begin building or defining your recruitment and retention plan, reflect as a team on the following:

=== 1) Why are we here, and how did we get here? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why they joined their group...

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 235px;"
|- style="height: 88px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 88px;" | '''To connect with others who care'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 88px;" |
*A desire for shared spaces, connection and collectivity. 
*To be in the company of like-minded people who want to act on the climate crisis.
*Coming from Alberta where it's scary to be a climate activist, I want to be surrounded by those who feel the same way to feel less alone.
*To find those with the same worldview, shared concerns and a commitment to fighting for change to build solutions.
|- style="height: 91px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 91px;" | '''To combat climate grief and anxiety'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 91px;" |
*I want to feel less alone with feelings of climate grief and anxiety. 
*I feel compelled to direct climate anxiety into action.
































*I'm searching for solidarity and hope amidst climate chaos.
*To combat fear, grief and disillusionment with the lack of political will and action.
*I'm deeply concerned about climate impacts. I want a better future for my grandchildren. 
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''To take action'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Because of my personal responsibility, passion and agency. 
*To use each of our skills and potential to do our part.
*I want to advance; to learn, unlearn, and co-create the systems change needed to move us towards a just future.
*I have the desire to create something from the ground up rather than just being involved in a campaign that tells you what to do.
*For hope, power and optimism through collective action.
*Localized changemaking helps make wins feel more tangible. I realized changing the scale of climate issues to my neighbourhood broke the paralysis I was in.
*To hold those in power accountable.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Folks 'got there' by...'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Attending a virtual event.
*Founding their own group.
*Being asked directly to join!
|}


















=== 2) Who used to be around and why did they leave? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why group members leave...
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Burnout and overwhelm'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*It is hard to delegate and get people to follow through without sacrificing wellbeing. 














Burnout can feel like an inevitable part of organizing!
*There's a lack of real care for each other under capitalism and a need to learn how we can turn to each other for support.
*We don't have resources to do this work in a sustainable way, especially for marginalized folks.
*Being passionate can make it hard to step back.
*We are a small team, so everyone takes on a lot.
*Not knowing when to say no; stretched too thin.
*Many people have numerous other responsibilities and commitments such as caretaking, school, work etc.















People may be limited in the amount of free labour they can provide with bills to pay.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''The onboarding process isn't strong'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*It can help to have someone whose done a task before pass on knowledge and support by training new recruits.
A buddy system has new members pair with older members doing work they were interested in. This also helps build team relationships.
*There could be confusion around how to get involved with organizing because there's not a clear roadmap for what happens after onboarding. 
For example, there's a lack of simpler/smaller tasks for those just starting our or being onboarded. 
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | '''Spaces aren't accessible, caring or managing conflict'''
| style="height: 109px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*Spaces don't feel safe for BIPOC and youth.
The culture of climate organizations is still steeped in colonialism and white supremacy.
*There's a lack of community care and opportunities for building strong relationships.
*There can be interpersonal conflict with not enough skills for conflict management and repairing relationships.
*'Clubhouse culture' where new members don't feel comfortable engaging as they aren't invited to.
*Virtue signalling having an access culture, without having any actual practices in place; too difficult to contribute with disabilities.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" | '''A lack of direction and openness to ideas'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*A lack of direction and focus. It can feel disorganized and ineffective.



















A lack of clear goals leads to ineffective campaigns and meetings that don't go anywhere.
*A lack of openness to ideas.
*There can be rigidity about what the group will/will not engage in.

(E.g. It's difficult when founding members have pre-determined what the team will do, without leaving room for new member input).
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" | '''Feeling a lack of change'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*The slow pace of change can be frustrating.

|}

=== 3) What keeps people sticking around? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why group members stay...
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; height: 379px;"
|- style="height: 151px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 151px;" | '''Joy and celebration'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 151px;" |
*Holding space for joy and celebration.
*Debriefs after actions are a great way to celebrate with the team.
*Sharing food!
*A pleasure person. We used to have someone on our team volunteer to bring something (activity, song, video) to lighten up the end of each meeting, so folks didn't leave feeling low.
|- style="height: 91px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 91px;" | '''Learning skills and using strengths to take action'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 91px;" |
*Opportunities to learn, build skills, share interests, passions and talents.
*Acquiring new leadership skills and feeling encouraged to take on more responsibility.
*Using art and storytelling as vehicles for connection and communication.
|- style="height: 54px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 54px;" | '''Diversity of engagement'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 54px;" | 





*Having a diversity of tasks and projects.
*Having a balance between short-term campaigns to make tangible wins, and longer campaigns for the long haul.
*Taking action in a variety of ways!
|- style="height: 83px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 83px;" | '''Cultures of care and relationships'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 83px;" |
*A sense of belonging, community, camaraderie and appreciation. (E.g. telling our group members when they've done a good job!)

*Encouraging people to respect their capacities and support each other.

*Being around like-minded people and building friendships.
*Engaging with active listening and holding thoughtful discussions.

*
Actually addressing access needs; having processes in place to ensure people's needs aren't forgotten/neglected.

|-
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Feeling empowered'''
| style="width: 990.844px;" |

*Being recognized as a group in the community.

*Sharing responsibility as 'point person', facilitator, other directive-type roles.
|}

= Models to help guide recruitment and retention strategies =

Each stage, depending on where folks fall in the following models, requires a targeted set of strategies.

== Ladder of engagement <ref>https://trainings.350.org/resource/increase-your-volunteers-involvement/</ref> ==
The ladder of engagement can be a helpful tool for describing''' calls to action folks who are not involved in your group can take to become engaged, whilst also considering how people can increase their engagement towards becoming more active members'''. Someone who is a “1,” or at the bottom of the ladder in the model has no connection to your campaign or issue, and a “5” is someone who is ready to show up at an action.

Actions on the ladder escalate in intensity and/or demand or requirements of the individual as they move up and become more active. Consider what people might need to feel confident in moving up the ladder, and how you can support.

Of course, the ladder should serve as an outline only. Some people might be more willing to participate in an action that make phone calls. The idea, however, is to paint a picture of which actions have the fewest barriers to entry, that can encourage folks to get more involved as active members.

[[File:Screen Shot 2022-12-08 at 5.36.48 PM.png|500px|center|border]]

Image by: [https://trainings.350.org/resource/increase-your-volunteers-involvement/ 350.org]

== Circles of commitment <ref>https://www.momentumcommunity.org/</ref> ==
The circles of commitment helps to''' model the involvement of people engaging with or in your group, by acting as an outline for you plan to move people from the outer circles (low commitment) to the inner circles (high commitment).'''[[File:Screen Shot 2022-12-12 at 4.20.31 PM.png|500px|center|middle|border]]

Diagram from: [https://www.momentumcommunity.org/ Momentum Training Community]

'''Levels of the circles of commitment'''

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Community targets'''
| style="height: 82px;" |
Audiences you try to reach out to and engage; those not yet involved with your group in any capacity. See the section on community mapping for more on defining your targets.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''Crowd'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
Your mailing list and/or social media following.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | '''Membership'''
| style="height: 109px;" |
Those who regularly participate; e.g. those who respond to calls to action.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 23px;" | '''Committed'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
High action takers and people who would consider themselves formal 'members' of a group.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 23px;" | '''Core'''
| style="height: 23px;" | Steers a lot of the group's direction; typically includes those who have been in the group the longest, or who have the most lived and/or organizing experience. (In smaller teams, the committed and core may be combined).
|}

= Engaging community members to join your base =

The following describes strategies for moving people from community targets to the crowd/membership levels of the circles of commitment model.

== Defining community targets using community mapping <ref>https://commonslibrary.org/community-mapping/</ref> ==

A helpful first step for moving community targets is to define who they are! Who are you trying to reach?
 

Community mapping aims to gather information about how a community operates to develop the right strategies to mobilize and involve them. Rather than taking a broad approach to recruitment, this longer-term process of listening develops more targeted messaging and approaches, and builds foundations of relationships that are more likely to lead to involvement.

Community mapping can help you identify:
*organizing opportunities
*campaign partners and opportunities for solidarity
*potential threats
*the political climate
This information can support you when developing outreach plans, as well as when building coalitions and deciding on messaging.

=== Steps of community mapping <ref>https://commonslibrary.org/community-mapping/</ref> ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 191px;"
|- style="height: 176px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 176px;" | '''1. Define a community'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 176px;" |
This might include a community...
*being impacted most heavily by an issue (e.g. people living near a construction zone)
*where some level of protest or activity has already taken place (e.g. a local union) 
*that your organization already has links to (e.g. local school)
*that simply has people who are willing to work with you (e.g. parents or teachers at local schools)
Questions to ask that can help you define a community to work with include...
*What are we currently doing locally?
*Who are our current and potential allies and partners?
*Who cares about this issue (consider demographics) and why? (e.g. high school/university students taken an environmental course)
*What's in the area? '''('''Resources or organizations, Institutions such as churches, schools, hospitals, universities, city hall, etc., unique or problematic features such as amusement parks, factories, etc.)
|- style="height: 15px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 15px;" |  

'''2. Hold initial meetings to identify what you need to learn and who will help you '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 15px;" |
Invite a few members of the community to engage in some discussion. For example, if you want to engage teachers in your community, can you think of a couple teachers who would be willing enough to chat over coffee? Make this as inviting as possible, and ensure it meets their needs! (e.g. is online or over lunch best?)
*Initial meetings are held to clarify information and discuss who might be contacted next and how.
*Ideally, initial meetings will enthuse community members to engage in the next steps.
*Further meetings can be held in informal and culturally appropriate settings
Questions to ask during these meetings include...
*What's the best way of approaching people?
*Where can people be reached?
*How can the process be widened?
*What language(s) are used?
*What activities do people enjoy?
*What do people care about?
*What are the sources of tension? What are our threats?
*Where can we meet?
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''3. Document and carry out the plan outlined through discussion with community members'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Define your audience and outreach strategies to prepare for action. E.g. "our target audience is teachers, who care about the planet and the wellbeing of their students. There is tension to get everything in the curriculum done. They can be best reached over email, and enjoy when people from outside the classroom visit for presentations while they are on PREP time." 
*Draft the pitch you'll use for outreach, or a message if you're doing online outreach. 
*Note that direct, '''one-on-one outreach''' or asks to join an action or group are often much more successful than general call outs. Get in touch with people directly as much as possible.
*Carry out mobilization strategies tailored to target the audience you identified. Repeat the process again for another community target group!
The following were suggested in our learning circle as strategies/considerations when trying to engage with specific communities:
*If possible, building a relationship of trust before asking anything from the targeted community. 
(E.g. showing up at their community events if they host any. If it's a community group, attending their group's meetings to learn what's important to them, and eventually to share information about one another's groups and how you could work together)
*Consider who is most appropriate to reach certain groups; do you have any connections that could help? 
*Developing social media pages so people can quickly learn more (i.e. facebook and instagram pages)
*If you can get together with one individual from the community, do fun things while you chat and learn more! 
*For politicians: We phoned our mayor and council asking for a one on one meeting….it worked, whereas they didn't respond to previous emails.
 
|}

 

== Choosing engagement strategies ==

Strategies used to mobilize community targets OR people with capacity concerns tend to fall on the''' lower end of the ladder of engagement '''(meaning engagement isn't a huge commitment, and these actions can be great for building relationships and the motivation to join). For example:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 462px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Social media/online'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*Posts should use messaging targeted to the particular audience you want to engage.
*Use calls to action such as watching and sharing videos, signing online petitions, sending out pre-drafted emails or open letters
*Virtual meetings or events can reduce barriers to participation for many (i.e. documentary screenings and discussion).
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Showing up to an action'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
Ways to increase engagement at actions include:
*Handing out info sheets.
*Offering petitions to sign and/or collecting emails.
*Offering numbers and scripts for phone banking.
*Livestreaming the event.
*Sharing the level of risk and being transparent about actions that may involve arrest.
Participants in our learning circle said the following actions were easy to engage in: 
*Online actions (e.g. phone banking, webinars etc.)
*Rallies/marches (held at accessible times)
*Fun events held in public spaces (i.e. kid-friendly)
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Local news coverage'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*Write opinion pieces or reaching out to the local media to amplify your group's message and/or actions. Smaller newspapers are often happy to share events from local groups.
*Contact the editor through your local newspaper's website.
*You could also ask to share a call for people to join your team.
|- style="height: 15px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 15px;" |
'''Postering'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 15px;" |
*Make sure to include information about meeting time/location (if available), and how to contact you. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Direct, one-on-one recruitment conversations (canvassing, door-knocking)'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
(See the below section for more details)
|- style="height: 102px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 102px;" | '''Community gatherings'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 102px;" |
*Community BBQ's/picnics
*Gathering in public spaces that are physically, geographically and digitally accessible.
*Poster making, letter writing, phone banking sessions
*Item/donation collections (e.g. the Red Dress collection as a show of resistance against TMX and colonial violence)
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 53px;" | '''Responding to what people want to do!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 53px;" |
*Engage in their different skills and abilities.
*Move at the speed of trust.
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 80px;" | '''Keeping barriers to engagement low/reducing barriers to engagement'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 80px;" |
*Consider virtual and in-person accessibility of the actions you're telling your audience to take. See our page on [[making your activism accessible]] for more.
*Provide things like food, childcare, transportation, virtual participation etc. to reduce barriers to participation.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Outdoor gathering spaces'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: In my group at university, we had the privilege of having a garden on campus. This was a big plus for students who wanted to come out and join us in the garden. An outdoor space helps with recruitment!
|}



 

If you're a university-based group, check out [https://www.powershift.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/%5BResource%5D%20Recruitment%20Ideas.pdf this resource by Divest Ed] for '''more strategies'''!

== One-on-one recruitment <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> ==

Canvassing means "talking to someone on the street, inviting them into your shared purpose or campaign goal and trying to get their signature and contact information." -[https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070 The Future Ground Network]. Stay tuned for more from our 'deep canvassing' offering. In the meantime, you can learn more about how to engage with people directly to join your group through [https://wecprotects.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Grassroots-101_Canvassing.pdf this resource.]

=== Your recruitment pitch ===
'''A recruitment pitch, which shouldn't be longer than about 30 seconds, should include ''' <ref>http://marshallganz.usmblogs.com/files/2012/08/Public-Narrative-Worksheet-Fall-2013-.pdf</ref> :
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | a) An explanation of the '''purpose of your team''' in general. 
| style="height: 82px;" |

*Who are the people being called to action? What challenge do you hope to inspire others to take action on? What is your vision of successful action? How can we act together to achieve this? And how can they begin now, at this moment? Describe this in two or three sentences.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
b) An explanation of '''why you chose to be a part of the team''' and why you care about the issue.
| style="height: 23px;" |

*To what values, experiences, or aspirations of your community, will you appeal when you call on them to join you in action? What stories do you share that can express these values? Describe this in two or three sentences.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | c) Your '''hard ask'''
| style="height: 109px;" |
*Explain what’s happening at the next meeting and directly ask them if they'd like to attend. Specify the time, place and location of the meeting. Make them feel that you want them to be there, but not like they are doing you a favour.
*Make sure your ask is not just a suggestion or statement, but a clear and direct question that elicits a specific commitment. i.e. Will you come out on Tuesday evening at 7pm to our meeting? 
|}

=== Responding to 'no' <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> ===
Your response will depend on the type of no communicated. 
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 171px;"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); height: 82px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Not now'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"Sorry, those times don’t work. Can you email me later?"
*Make an explicit follow-up plan. i.e. "Can I set up a time with you to check in again in a couple of weeks?"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); height: 23px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" |
'''Not that'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"I don’t really feel comfortable doing xyz."
*Listen to your person’s concerns, and try to find a solution that will work for them. i.e. "Is there a way I can support you, such as if we meet early to go over the script together? Or would you prefer to come for data entry this Friday at 5 p.m.?"
|- style="height: 66px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 66px;" | '''Not ever'''
| style="height: 66px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"I’m not interested."
*If appropriate, asking why may yield helpful feedback. i.e. "Sure, that's no problem. Do you mind if I ask why?"
|}

= Engaging your base to increase involvement =

== Choosing engagement strategies ==

The following describes strategies for moving people from the crowd into membership/committed circles of the circles of commitment model.

Strategies used to activate current members of your crowd who do not have consistent capacity issues should fall primarily on the '''mid to upper end of the ladder of engagement ''' (they take and encourage commitment) For example:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 350px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Taking action!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
Participants in our learning circle said the following actions required more effort to engage in (and that they increased their commitment):
*Sit ins
*Marches, rallies and sit-ins (because it feels invigorating to visibly see support) 
*Community outreach (i.e. door knocking, hosting a booth etc).
*Creating a social media campaign
*Meeting with or lobbying local politicians
*Art builds
*Banner drops
*Road blockages/shutdowns
*Representing the group at a coalition meeting or event
*A garage sale to raise funds for the group's work
*Fun actions such as dressing up in costumes (the opportunity to be silly) and having food and music
*A sign making event
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Opportunities for providing support'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
*Promote positions or tasks that need filling on social media.
*Put an open call out for folks to help organize an upcoming event.
*Being invited to take on more responsibility and tasks.
*Ask people what they're good at and how they want to contribute.
*It helps to be encouraged to step out of one's comfort zone with support from the team and mentorship of trusted peers.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Opportunities for discussion and spreading the word.'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*Develop a teach-in presentation for folks to deliver, for example.
*Engaging in discussion to exchange knowledge that empowers further action.
|- style="height: 104px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 104px;" | '''Training sessions '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 104px;" |
*E.g. FREESKOOL is a convening of many groups for a day of teachings/trainings.
*Opportunity to learn from each other, establish community and solidarity.
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: In some schools, a bootcamp (3 day online intensive) to get people up to speed on information, and bring the information to new people, is helpful. The important thing is to keep the relationships.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Coalition gatherings'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*E.g. Climate Justice Toronto hosted a convening of groups coming from many issue spaces to converge on how they could work together and support one another. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Direct, one-on-one recruitment conversations'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
(See the above section for more details)
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 55px;" | '''Taking over space!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 55px;" |
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: "we took over space on campus for 3 days, so lots of community building and recruitment was achieved."
|}





== How to welcome new members ==

Have a '''welcome plan '''prepared for new joiners to welcome them and provide the information they need about the group they're joining! The following are some suggestions for welcoming new members using a presentation, meeting and follow up
'''  <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> '''
'''''':
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Scheduled in advance with few people'''
| style="height: 82px;" |
*Keep it to no more than 30-40 minutes in length if possible.
*Keep it small so participants can gain personal connections.
*The following were suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: Do not organize a meeting too soon after sending a message (allow people to free up their time). Mention an understanding for the lack of time of those who commit.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''A loose agenda could look like...'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
*Sharing stories. i.e. why you care and why you want to be involved now, more about the group
*Share goals, strategy, project plans and/or emerging directions. 
*The following were suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle:''' '''Divest McGill made a document to inform incoming members of who the board of directors (the targets) for their campaign were, complete with their names, photos and info on each. This helps new members plug in.
*Explain the different roles available on the team, and discuss the skills or interests they have that might fit. Come up with creative ideas for how they can use their unique skills and passions to further the purpose of the team. 
*Give them a specific task to do, based on the role they want to take on and what tasks the project needs.
*Sharing the notes and a summary of what happened in the last team meeting.
*Share the next meeting date!
|-
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Assign a buddy or contact person'''
|
*Assign a buddy or new contact support person. This person can help answer questions and create a sense of community and confidence in the group.
|}

 For more on welcoming new members see [https://beautifultrouble.org/toolbox/tool/make-new-folks-welcome/ this resource by Beautiful Trouble].
 
=== Question: How can we merge new members in the group while balancing prior group dynamic (e.g. inside jokes, team culture etc.)? ===
Hub team members had the following suggestions:
*Create more opportunities for '''regular group bonding'''. You could embed it in meetings (via check-ins/check-outs, gathering around food, having social time after the meeting).
*Set up a buddy system for new people by pairing them up with someone who has been with the group for a long time. It helps build a sense of inclusion, they can explain dynamics etc. 
Further suggestions include:
*Document as much of this 'insider knowledge' as you can for new joiners, and go through it together!
*Part of the onboarding process for '[https://www.thehum.org/post/onboarding-new-team-members the Hum]' is to fill out a page in the team's 'user manual', which they use to describe how each individuals works best. See the [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1VGbdHhLCAssy1hgKpzRfJIG8YXOcmar28DCZIgnES-o/edit?usp=sharing template and an example here]. This can be a great way to support the merge process for new members.

= Retention suggestions =
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 140px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Take action!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*Actions are not only a great opportunity to hand out flyers to people passing by. They also give existing members the feeling of having an impact, which keeps everyone motivated (rather than sitting through endless meetings). 
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Don't neglect the value of joy and connection'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
*These are the elements that both draw people in and help them to stay.
*Invest intentional time into getting to now one another, and having fun together! Examples might include going out for coffee together, having a potluck, attending a local music event etc.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Ask people for their''' '''accessibility needs, and incorporate new practices'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*What is keeping people from participating? How can you make engagement more accessible to them?
*DO NOT leave it up to disabled people or others with capacity concerns to explain how an access culture or anti-oppressive practices work. Prioritize this before problems arise.
*See our wiki on [[making your activism accessible]] for more.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Include''' '''various forms of participation and meet people where they're at'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*People should take on roles and tasks that suit their availability, and recognize that capacities fluctuate.
*Check in with one another often. Is anyone overextended or willing to take on more?
*Track the amount of time members can commit early on, or develop a system to share capacity on an ongoing basis, to prevent burnout. (I.e. ask group members to share a number 1-5 estimating their capacity to contribute to action planning until the next meeting).
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Articulate purpose''' '''often'''

''' '''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Include a quick mention of the purpose of each meeting in your agenda.
*Every so often it can be helpful to remind of the group's mission, so folks are refreshed on why they've come together.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" |
'''Plan for breaks'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Group-wide breaks are great because you can easily commit to a date that you'll return to working together.
*Rotating breaks for members can also be helpful for maintaining capacity and avoiding burnout. You can set an approximate date of return, and/or have a group member reach out to check on the teammate about their return.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Show appreciation and care'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Engage in expressions of gratitude and happiness about team members' presence.
*Have a care team that actively checks in with people throughout the duration of actions.
|}

See this [https://www.themovementhub.org/resources/retain-members/ tree of engagement tool] by the Movement Hub, which can be used to guide your discussions and outline your retainment strategies.
 
 
 
 
If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
 
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<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

How we Win! Summary of findings on successful climate justice campaigns in North America

2024-09-18T00:54:44Z

Mediawiki: /* Participating groups */

''''
<div class="speechify-ipvczq"></div>
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''How we win'' was a 2023 research project supervised by Dr. Jen Gobby, and conducted by McGill students Cassandra Ciafro, Anna Henry, Frida Sofia Morales Mora, Thomas Nakasako, Dafne Ozcan, Nico Serreqi and Lea Vadez Reyes. It investigates the following question: ''What can be learned from the struggles and successes of intersectional climate campaigns across Turtle Island (North America) over the past 20 years, and what factors contribute to the success of these campaigns? '' Case studies, plus 4 semi-structured interviews and 1 survey were used to explore this question.

 
This page includes a summary of the campaigns/movements included in the report and the tactics used, key factors that contributed to the success of multiple campaigns/movements, HUB team observations and suggestions based on key takeaways, plus key quotes from interviews and surveys with successful activists/organizers for more specific suggestions and examples.'''</div>
 
To read the full report, see the following: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/18U4F6Hf3ht4CSw6zYw6HXjJsE8QMX640TW6eMD0ZSeo/edit?usp=sharing How We Win! A Qualitative Review of Successful Climate Justice Campaigns in North America in the Last 20 Years]
 
 

== Defining 'success' and study parameters ==

'Success’ was defined as '''''having achieved material gains, or advancements in physical, financial, legal, or electoral conditions.'''''
*14 successful campaigns from Mexico, the so-called United States and so-called Canada were included.
**12 addressed racial justice, 11 Indigenous rights, 8 health and/or water justice, 3 housing justice, 2 disability justice and 1 food justice.
**Almost all of those explored were started by local, directly impacted Indigenous communities. The majority set to stop activities before they began (proposal stage).
**Length of campaign activities ranged from 6 months to over 50 years. Half of the campaigns explored are still ongoing.

 '''The successes of the campaigns included in the study included:'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 315px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 19px;" |
 
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 19px;" |
'''How the Research Team Defined This Success'''
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 19px;" | '''Campaigns Associated with this Success'''
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 51px;" | '''Cancellation of Projects or Practices; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 51px;" |
The temporary or permanent cancellation of projects or practices.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 51px;" |
10/14
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 28px;" | '''Legislation and/or Policy Change; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 28px;" | The enactment of policy or laws that align with the campaign’s goals.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 28px;" |
3/14 +2/14 partially
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Recognition of Indigenous rights/sovereignty; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Formal recognition that Indigenous rights or sovereignty were/would have been violated by a project or practice.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
3/14
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Building new and diverse coalitions;''' immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Building new alliances and partnerships with other individuals, organizations, or movements that did not exist before the campaign.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
4/14

 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 57px;" | '''Community engagement; '''immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 57px;" | A strategy that puts marginalized communities at the forefront of the movement to raise awareness, mobilize support, and foster a sense of collective agency.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 57px;" |
5/14
|}

== Climate justice campaigns ==
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''Suggestion: look for campaigns that most resonate with an issue near you, a campaign you're working on etc. Are there tactics that haven't yet been applied in your context?''

=== Stand LA (US) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 3.41.57 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
“For us [...] it's a justice issue. And it's also an equity issue. If there is a universal good, we have to start with the most vulnerable, because equity never ever trickles down. It has to start from the bottom”.
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 188px;"
|- style="height: 85px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 85px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of group '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 85px;" |
Founded in 2013, Stand-LA formed to halt oil drilling in residential areas in Los Angeles. Their campaigns address environmentally and health hazardous projects that impact marginalized communities. <ref>http://www.stand.la/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''People Not Pozos' (People not wells) campaign'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 57px;" |
Targeted AllenCo drilling site was polluting a low-income, minority community. This had negative health impacts on residents. <ref>Cavallaro, Mara Marques. 2022. “The Deadly Consequences of Urban Oil Drilling,” October 19, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/los-angeles-oil-drilling-nalleli-cobo/</ref>

'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Door-knocking''' to gather data on the various symptoms experienced by residents, followed by making a health report <ref>Andrade, Anakaren, Tony Carrera, Francisca Martinez, Lizet Pantoja, Margaret Rubens, and Erick Zerecero. 2016. “Assessing the Health and Community Impacts of Oil Drilling Near Homes in South Los Angeles,” October. https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/project/stand-la/</ref>
*Making an '''art piece''' of eight styrofoam heads, each suffering from one of the symptoms caused by the drill site pollution.
*Organizing a '''community call-in campaign''' to the Air Quality Management District (AQMD) to bombard phone lines
*Conducting a '''press conference'''. This got the attention of Senator Barbara Boxer, the federal head of the environmental committee.
'''SUCCESS:''' Senator Boxer called on the '''Environmental Protection Agency '''to perform an investigation, and the AllenCo site shut down. Following their success, the STAND-L.A. coalition formalized. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; text-align: left; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''No Drilling Where We Are Living' campaign ''' 
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and community engagement:''' Extensive outreach efforts increased participation. These efforts also strengthened the influence of residents <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref>
*'''Science-based evidence: '''In 2015, AQMD modified the law. It mandated fossil fuel extraction sites to disclose their chemicals. Activists found that each chemical caused the symptoms they identified in their door-knocking. This strengthened their arguments when communicating the problem.
'''SUCCESSES:'''
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">E&B Natural Resources electrified and enclosed the Murphy drill site to keep toxic fumes out of nearby homes and reduce pollution.</li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Won a resolution''' prohibiting new oil drilling in the Inglewood oil field <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref> </li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Influenced legislative changes'''. For example, Senate Bill 1137 bans new oil and gas wells within 3,200 feet of sensitive areas. It has contributed to significant oil phaseout resolutions in Los Angeles, both at the city and county levels <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Major challenges faced by STAND-LA '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" | <li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Oil lobbying to oppose legislative measures</li>
<li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Reports the oil industry is employing canvassers to use misleading tactics when gathering signatures to qualify the referendum for ballots <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|}

 

=== Stop Cop City (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 4.11.48 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

'''“Whether the win comes through the ballot, in the courts or in the streets, Cop City must never be built”'''
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 90px; width: 1145px;"
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 10px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of campaign and project'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 10px;" |
[https://www.instagram.com/stopcopcity/?hl=en Stop Cop City] began in 2017 in response to the city of Atlanta's plan to build the biggest police and firefighter training facility in the country. 
<li class="p1">'''Economic: '''The majority of the funding is expected to come from taxpayers, despite no public consultation on the project.</li>
*'''Environment: '''The proposed site is the Weelanee forest. It comprises the South River, one of the most endangered rivers in the United States due to sewage pollution. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Indigenous sovereignty''': The land belonged to the Muscogee Creek Nation before they were displaced. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Racism:''' The land was the site of a low-security prison farm. Accounts of torture and violence against black inmates were recorded. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
***Today, the forest serves as an important green space for the residents of the predominantly Black surrounding neighborhoods. <ref>Mock, Brentin. 2023. “Atlanta’s ‘Cop City’ Neighbors Have No Voting Rights to Stop It,” Bloomberg. October 4, 2023 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-10-04/-cop-city-referendum-aims-to-repeal-planned-atlanta-police-training-center</ref>
*'''Settler colonialism: '''Officers trained at the facility will not only target predominantly BIPOC communities in the USA; their exchange program will also train members of the Israeli Defense Forces <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CytGWtyOr0M/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 57px;" |
After the project was announced, the Atlanta City Council solicited a session of public feedback. Over 1000 people attended and it lasted over 17 hours. The majority of people were against the project. <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref> 
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Weekly safe space events '''by community members in the Welanee forest, such as '''potlucks, reading groups, and teach-ins.''' The goal was for people across Atlanta to learn about the issue, and connect with the forest.  
*'''Direct action''' in the form of protests all over the city to spread awareness. 
*'''A ballot referendum campaign''' to allow constituents to vote on the issue.  
*'''Door-knocking/canvassing '''in various neighborhoods to educate on the issue and collect signatures.
*'''Community outreach '''via postering, zines
*'''Media engagement '''i.e. press conferences, alternative media coverage.


'''SUCCESS:'''
*DeKalb County, being an unincorporated borough of Atlanta, barred its residents from participating in the voting or signature collection process for the referendum. Four county residents took legal action with a lawsuit against the City of Atlanta. They won the right for DeKalb residents to both collect signatures and initiate a new 60-day countdown <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref>
*Activists needed 58,000 signatures from registered voters in 60-day timeframe. They gathered over 116,000 signatures. <ref>Franzen, Timothy. 2023. “Stop Cop City Ballot Initiative Has over 116,000 Signatures.” American Friends Service Committee. September 14, 2023. https://afsc.org/news/stop-cop-city-ballot-initiative-has-over-116000-signatures</ref>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 23px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Major challenges faced by Stop Cop City'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 23px;" |
*Police violence has been a major challenge throughout the campaign. During a protest, activist Manuel Terán (“Tortuguita”) was shot fourteen times by Georgia state troopers <ref>Goldberg, Shoshana K. 2023. “Remembering Tortuguita.” Human Rights Campaign. March 21, 2023. https://www.hrc.org/news/remembering-tortuguita-indigenous-queer-and-non-binary-environmental-activist-and-forest-defender</ref>
*Many protesters have been arrested and charged for racketeering and domestic terrorism <ref>Rico, R.J. 2023. “61 Indicted in Georgia on Racketeering Charges Connected to ‘Stop Cop City’ Movement.” AP News. September 5, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/atlanta-cop-city-protests-rico-charges-3177a63ac1bd31a1594bed6584e9f330</ref>
*Most recently in November 2023, the coalition planned a peaceful protest and tree planting in the forest, but they were met with physical resistance and tear gassed by the police.
*At the time of writing the report, the government was delaying the signature approval process. Cop City may not be included on the ballot.  
|}

=== Keystone XL Pipeline (US/CAN) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.20.50 PM.png|700x700px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1133px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.484px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 949.516px; height: 16px;" |
*Proposed in 2008 by TC Energy, the Keystone XL pipeline extension was designed to increase the transport of crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands to refineries on the Gulf Coast of Texas. The pipeline extension project would transport crude oil per day across the Canada-U.S. border. <ref>Denchak, Melissa and Lindwall, Courtney. 2022. “The Keystone XL Pipeline: Everything You Need To Know.”  March 15, 2022. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*The pipeline would have affected '''Indigenous communities''' in Montana and South Dakota. <ref>Lindwall, Courtney. 2021. “The Unlikely Takedown of Keystone XL.” 2021. June 29, 2021. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/unlikely-takedown-keystone-xl</ref> The proposed path was altered to not cross Indigenous reservations but still risked multiple Indigenous lands and important sources for drinking water. E.g. the Ogallala Aquifer serves as the main '''water source''' for millions of people 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.484px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 949.516px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building''': Many grassroots activists, including Indigenous communities and environmentalists, were involved before larger organizers, such as 350.org. They aided in the organizing of the initial coalition, consisting of national environmental organizations including the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), the Sierra Club, and First Nations and Native American activist groups such as Idle No More and local landowners. <ref>Adler, Ben. 2015. “The inside Story of the Campaign That Killed Keystone XL.” Vox. November 7, 2015. https://www.vox.com/2015/11/7/9684012/keystone-pipeline-won</ref>
*'''Legal petitions'''
*'''Civil resistance and protest''' along the construction route/in Washington
'''SUCCESS:'''
*An initial win for campaigners came in 2015: President Obama rejected a cross-border permit for Keystone XL after years of large acts of civil disobedience and protest. <ref>Henn, Jamie. 2021.“Here’s How We Defeated the Keystone XL Pipeline | Sierra Club.” n.d. Accessed October 28, 2023. https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/here-s-how-we-defeated-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*NRDC and their partners legal petitions effectively delayed the completion of the project. <ref>National Defense Resource Council. 2021. “Keystone XL Pipeline Lawsuits.” NRDC. Accessed November 5, 2023. https://www.nrdc.org/court-battles/keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*Finally, the project was '''fully put to an end in 2021''', as the newly elected Biden administration rescinded a permit for the KXL pipeline, effectively killing it <ref>Engelfried, Nick. 2021. “How Defeating Keystone XL Built a Bolder, Savvier Climate Movement.” The Commons. February 10, 2021. https://commonslibrary.org/how-defeating-keystone-xl-built-a-bolder-savvier-climate-movement/</ref> 
|}

=== Grassy Narrows (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.22.45 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1143px;"
|-
| style="width: 161.281px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 955.719px;" |
*Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek community members of the Ojibwe First Nations Reserve in Grassy Narrows have faced unregulated mercury pollution in the Wabigoon River.
*'''Environmental racism:''' In the 1960s, Dryden Paper Company Ltd. dumped 9,000 kg of untreated mercury into the English-Wabigoon river system, upstream from Grassy Narrows and Whitedog First Nations.
*'''Food sovereignty: '''The Canadian Government banned the consumption of fish from the local river system. Community members still remained reliant on the fish as a diet staple, and the resulting mercury poisoning has devastated the health of the community. <ref>Anderson, Charnel. 2020. “Grassy Narrows.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Accessed November 11, 2023. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/grassy-narrows</ref>
*'''Poverty:''' 60% of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog’s inhabitants had lost their jobs from the fish ban and were placed on welfare. <ref>Charlebois, Clarence T. 1978.  High Mercury Levels in Indians and Inuits (Eskimos) in Canada. Ambio 7, no. 5/6: 204–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4312386</ref>
*'''Health:''' Many community members were diagnosed with Minamata Disease. The most common symptoms are sensory disturbances, poor muscle control (ataxia) and tunnel vision. Researchers also found evidence of Congenital Minamata Disease, which has resulted in cerebral palsy and intellectual development delays.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 161.281px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 955.719px; height: 57px;" |
*Grassy Narrows continued to demand fair compensation for mercury poisoning, which had been impacting 90% of the population, and ending all logging and mining plans in the area.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Letter-writing campaigns'''
*'''Hunger strikes'''
*'''Blockades'''
*'''Yearly protests and marches '''(Saku 2021; Gilson 2019)
*'''Formation of alliances''' with environmental NGOs like Rainforest Action Network (RAN) and other grassroots organizers <ref>Saku, James C. 2021. Environmental Activism on the Ground: Small Green and Indigenous Organizing. American Review of Canadian Studies 51 (2): 355–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2021.1914997</ref>
***Solidarity and support of non-Indigenous grassroots organizers can be crucial when it comes to funding, direct action, media relations and legal advocacy, evident through RAN’s support during the 2004 blockade. 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2017, the Ontario government '''pledged $85 million '''towards cleaning up the industrial mercury contamination in the Wabigoon River almost 50 years after the pollution had been identified <ref>Porter, Jody. 2021. “Grassy Narrows to Get $68.9M More from Ottawa for Centre to Care for People with Mercury Poisoning.” CBC News. Accessed October 20, 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/grassy-narrows-mercury-care-facility-ottawa-funding-1.6117975</ref>
*By 2021, the Liberal Government agreed to spend $90 million to build and operate the much needed public infrastructure to support those suffering from Minamata Disease.
Note: In 2023, the specialized infrastructure project failed to be granted any funding by the Government, citing soaring costs.
|}

=== #RightToBreathe/PES (US) ===

[[File:13124855 1091918740874230 6670651396523488360 n.jpg|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

Photo from: [https://www.phillythrive.org/_righttobreathe_mobilization Philly Thrive]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1080px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The 2016 Southport Campaign set out to stop Philadelphia Energy Solutions (PES) oil refinery expansion. PES was the second largest oil refinery in the United States. <ref>Xiao, Yin. 2017. “Environmentalist groups stop construction of oil export terminal in Philadelphia, 2016”.https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/environmentalist-groups-stop-construction-oil-export-terminal-philadelphia-2016</ref>
*The PES refinery was responsible for over 50% of Philadelphia’s toxic air emissions. This is one of the main reasons for the high rates of asthma, cancer, and other respiratory problems amongst Philadelphians. <ref>Philly Thrive. 2017. “Philly Thrive Review”. Accessed November 20, 2023. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/phillythrive/pages/111/attachments/original/1486401882/Philly_Thrive_Review.pdf?1486401882</ref>
*The residents who were at higher exposure from the pollution were low-income people of colour <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 57px;" |
*Philly Thrive, an organization led by Black, disabled, and chronically ill activists was a main organizer for the #RightToBreathe campaign <ref>Brockmeier, Erica K. 2022. “After the shutdown, what comes next for the former Philadelphia Energy Solutions refinery?”.  Accessed October 15, 2023 https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/after-shutdown-what-comes-next-former-philadelphia-energy-solutions-refinery</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Teach-ins and community outreach;''' Philly Thrive collaborated with ACTION united to mobilize community members to demand their “Right to Breathe” in 2016. This coincided with “Break Free 2016,” a wave of resistance to fossil fuels infrastructure by activists across the globe. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Social media and hopeful imagery: '''Throughout the campaign the hashtag #RightToBreathe was used across social media channels, and the image of sunflowers, symbolizing the belief in “a better future for Philadelphia with clean air, healthy families and a green economy,” were seen during protests <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Working groups: '''Momentum was maintained throughout the campaign due to the organization of small working groups.
*'''Direct actions and storytelling: '''More protests and take-overs were planned, including a “Toxic Tour” of the oil refinery on July 26th led by Philly Thrive, ACTION United, LeftRoots, and Global Grassroots Justice Alliance. At this event, frontline activists shared global and local personal stories of how they have been impacted by the fossil fuel economies. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*Victory was declared in December when the '''expansion plans were officially canceled <ref>Thompson, Zalaka. “Our Victory”. Accessed November 18, 2023. https://www.phillythrive.org/our_victory</ref> '''
*Despite the cancellations, Philly Thrive continued with advocacy and mobilization of more campaigns until '''PES refinery went bankrupt in 2018 and finally shut down in 2019''' after a series of explosions. <ref>Hanley, Steve. 2020. “Biggest Oil Refinery Cleanup In US History Begins In Philadelphia”. Accessed October 12, 2023.https://cleantechnica.com/2021/02/22/biggest-oil-refinery-clean-up-in-us-history-begins-in-philadelphia</ref>
Philly Thrive continues to organize for environmental justice with their campaigns. They are now advocating for their “RightToThrive”, to repair and clean up 154 years of violence and pollution in their communities. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
|}

=== 13 Pueblos (Mexico) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.25.23 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of  project'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 16px;" |
*13 pueblos started in 2006 to cancel the development of the La Ciénega housing units, around the area of the Chihuahuita spring in Morelos, Mexico. There was no prior consultation or Environmental Impact Assessment. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>   
*The infrastructure to deliver water from the Chihuahuita spring had been donated by President Lázaro Cárdenas, to provide water to Xoxocotla and the neighboring pueblos in 1934. The communities had been struggling from a lack of water access  throughout the Mexican Revolution, due to hoarding and misuse for the production of sugar cane. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
*Access to water was threatened by the La Ciénega housing units, as their planned locations were in the water replenishment areas of the spring. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 57px;" |
*The 13 pueblos involved were Tepetzingo, Tetecalita, Temimilcingo, Acamilpa, Pueblo Nuevo, Tlaltizapan, Huatecalco, El Mirador, Benito Juárez, Tetelpa, Santa Rosa Treinta, San Miguel Treinta, and Xoxocotla. <ref>Velazco, Salvador. 2018.  “(Des) colonialidad del poder en 13 pueblos en defensa del agua, el aire y la tierra.” 5, no. 9 (2018): 22–44. https://doi.org/10.5195/ct/2017.249</ref> Most pueblos were made up of Indigenous communities, and campesinos or farmers. They came together to advocate for their land sovereignty and water access. <ref>Hernández Navarro, Luis. 2007. “Morelos: siembra de concreto, cosecha de ira”. https://www.jornada.com.mx/2007/08/07/index.php?section=opinion&article=019a1pol</ref>
'''Organizing tactics''':
*'''Development of a council: '''The council of the pueblos was created for members from each pueblo to meet every Sunday. They exchanged about one another’s concerns, devised their strategies, and found alternative solutions without government authority. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Blockades and protests: '''For three years, they protested, organized blockades, and counter-reports despite strong government opposition and police brutality. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Convening and a manifesto: '''153 Indigenous leaders from so-called Canada, the US, Peru, and other counties in Latin America came together in Xochicalco for the Council of the 13 pueblos and the presentation of their manifesto. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
***The manifesto was made in defense of the land, air, and water, and it outlined the current crisis and visions for the future (Pueblos de Morelos 2007; Casiba 2007, 1:08). It also accused the government and corporations of labeling the areas as “unproductive” to justify construction plans despite the presence of Indigenous and farmer communities <ref>Casiba. 2007. “Los 13 pueblos hacen entrega de Manifiesto”. YouTube video, 1:08. Accessed November 28, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weoP7AgCqRY</ref>
*'''Legal action:''' In 2008, a court case was presented in the Latin American Water Court where CEAMA (the State Water and Environment Commission) and Conagua were blamed for having authorized construction permits without proper assessment and not taking into account the needs of the surrounding communities <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> 


'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2009, three years after the movement's conception, '''the project plans were canceled and the area within a 100 meter radius of the Chihuahuita spring was protected <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> '''
|- style="height: 103px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 103px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 103px;" |
*Several people were injured and arrested. The people of the 13 pueblos were often tear-gassed by police forces, bribed, and some individuals received death threats. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*They had to fight opposing narratives from the government and Conagua, Mexico’s National Water Commission, that falsely claimed there was sufficient water for the construction of the housing units. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref> 
 
|}

=== Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.30.43 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 195px; width: 1138px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 16px;" |
*The Trans Mountain Expansion project (TMX) aims to construct a second pipeline, approximately parallel to the current trans-mountain pipeline that transports crude oil from Edmonton to the coast of British Columbia. The project would triple it's capacity. <ref>https://www.transmountain.com/</ref>
*First proposed by Kinder Morgan in 2013, with an estimated price of $5 billion. The Canadian federal government purchased the pipeline in 2018 after significant resistance and price increases.
***The price tag for the project has increased to over $30 billion today. A net cost that will be passed on to taxpayer. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*The project lacks proper consultation for free, prior, and informed consent by Indigenous peoples.
*Construction causes violence towards women and children due to aggressions from “man camps” that are created to work at these sites. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' Direct action through blocking the pipeline construction has been supported by many academics, activists, and environmental organizations, and was initiated by local Indigenous land defenders. The Tiny House Warriors of the Secwépemc nation, was created as a camp to inhabit areas to be developed and physically resist the project <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*'''Win remains partial:''' Despite increasing '''public opposition, increased costs, countless delays, financial problems, and difficulties finding banks or insurers''' to host the project, its construction has not been halted. It is set to begin operations in 2024 <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
|- style="height: 122px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 122px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 122px;" |
*Both the owner and the judge of the project’s feasibility, the Canadian government, is in a favorable position to impose the expansion project and issue construction permits. This poses ethical questions of the democratic processes behind the project.
*There has been monitoring and policing of activists, including a bill that prohibits approaching any of the construction sites <ref>CBC News. 2019. “Trans Mountain Monitoring Anti-Pipeline Activists through Social Media | CBC News.” CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada. November 25. https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/tmx-docs-reports-1.5370221</ref>
*Over 200 activists have been arrested for their involvement in mobilizations against TMX <ref>Stand Earth. 2023. “Stopping the Trans Mountain Pipeline.” Stand.Earth. September 14. https://stand.earth/our-work/campaigns/stopping-the-trans-mountain-pipeline/#:~:text=The%20pipeline%20is%20opposed%20by,over%20200%20having%20been%20arrested</ref>
|}

=== Atlantic Coast Pipeline (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.32.55 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1099px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The Atlantic Coast Pipeline was proposed by Dominion Energy and Duke Energy in 2013. It was designed to transport gas daily from the Utica and Marcellus gas fields in West Virginia to Virginia and North Carolina. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
* The proposed project received an Environmental Impact Statement in 2016 and aimed at starting construction in 2017, with an estimated cost of $5.1 billion. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
*The proposed project would have disproportionately affected African American communities and Indigenous communities. <ref>CBF. 2023. “Atlantic Coast Natural Gas Pipeline.” Chesapeake Bay Foundation. Accessed December 16. https://www.cbf.org/about-cbf/locations/virginia/issues/atlantic-coast-natural-gas-pipeline.html</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and legal action: '''Environmental organizations, grassroots groups of residents and landowners, and a legal organization (the Southern Environmental Law Centre) converged in instigating legal battles against the pipeline.
***A coalition of environmental, conservation, and public advocacy groups signed a letter demanding that rigorous environmental assessment be conducted, citing pipeline engineers and environmental specialists. <ref>Southern Environmental Law Center. 2021. “Large Coalition Implores Governor, State Environmental Agency to Protect Virginia Waters.” Southern Environmental Law Center. September 29. https://www.southernenvironment.org/news/large-coalition-implores-governor-state-enviromental-agency-to-protect-virg/</ref> 
*'''Direct action: '''The coalitions mobilization strategies included but were not limited to: signs on homes, marches, letters to relevant authorities, public meetings, and non-violent actions.  
'''SUCCESS:'''
*A significant legal win was the recognition of the impacts on the Appalachian Trail. As a part of the National Parks System, the United States Forest service '''did not have the authority to issue construction permits <ref>Appalachian Voices. 2023. “Canceled: Atlantic Coast Pipeline.” Appalachian Voices. Accessed December 16. https://appvoices.org/pipelines/atlantic-coast-pipeline/</ref> '''
*In July 2020, Dominion Energy and Duke Energy announced the '''cancellation of the pipeline''', citing ongoing delays, the COVID-19 pandemic, legal uncertainty, and increasing costs of construction.
|}

=== Public Power New York (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.35.11 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1108px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project and campaign'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2019, the state of New York adopted the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) which commits to 100% renewable energy by 2040 and at least 70% of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2030. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
*Public Power New York (PPNY) led a campaign that lasted for 3.5 years. They aimed to pass the Build Public Renewables Act in the state budget. The Build Public Renewables Act will require the New York Power Authority (NYPA) to not only provide fully renewable energy to citizens by 2040, but also to ensure that economic, social, and racial justice are considered. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
***The bill will ensure that energy jobs have high labor standards, and that the transition to renewable energy is led by the public sector. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
***The bill will also ensure that the most polluting oil and gas plants, located mainly in low-income communities of color, will be shut down by 2030, and that energy is affordable for lower income communities <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Political organizing:''' The coalition encouraged people to call and send emails to Governor Kathy Hochul, the politician responsible for passing the bill. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*They got members of the movement campaigning for office on platforms that endorsed Public Power NY. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
*'''Public education:''' Public events educated the larger public about the state of the current NY energy system. 
*'''Coalition building: '''The most important tactic; the PPNY grassroots coalition brings together more than 20 environmental justice organizations, labor unions, and thousands of volunteers. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*The coalition pays serious attention to racial and economic justice in the fight for renewable energy.
***Involving labor unions was notably difficult because of the worker’s skepticism of the notoriously anti-union renewable energy industry. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*After nearly four years of campaigning, PPNY successfully achieved its goal when '''the New York State legislature decided to pass the Build Public Renewables Act''' in May 2023 and allocate a budget to the NYPA that would allow for its effective implementation. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
|}

=== Mi’kmaq Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.14.03 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1110px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2009, New Brunswick granted Southwestern Energy Resources a permit to explore over a million hectares of land for natural gas extraction <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*New Brunswick citizens opposed this decision by signing many petitions and organizing protests. The citizen-led opposition to fracking was not heard nor taken into account by the government. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*In 2013, South Western Energy Resources and Irving Oil were allowed to conduct exploration for, and extraction of, natural gas on unceded Mi'kma'ki territory. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref>
*The Elsipogtog First Nation was opposed to the project because it was hazardous to their lands and waters. 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
<li class="p1">'''Blockades:''' The Mi’kmaq Warrior Society organized blockades and resisted police repression. Support also came from other Indigenous groups and settler allies. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref> </li>
<li class="p1">'''Day of action:''' The Indigenous-led organization IDLE No More called for a national day of solidarity protest. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> </li>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*The companies finally decided to '''abandon seismic testing and to leave the province until 2015. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> '''
*In 2015, a temporary '''moratorium on fracking''' was announced by the government of New Brunswick and was extended indefinitely in 2016 <ref>CBC News. 2018. “Province extends fracking ban 'indefinitely' after failing to meet its own conditions.” CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/shale-gas-fracking-gallant-moratorium-1.4715225</ref> 
|-
| style="width: 157.641px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faces'''
| style="width: 926.359px;" |
*The government opposition to the protesters and the strong police repression was the main challenge faced by protesters.
|}

=== GNL Quebec (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.16.31 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1137px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 16px;" |
*GNL Quebec project was a 750-km natural gas pipeline operated by Gazoduq, a gas liquefaction plant managed by Énergie Saguenay, and terminal for the export of methane in Saguenay, QC. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020a. “What GNL Québec Is and Why You Must Block the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. July 28, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/41055/what-gnl-quebec-is-and-why-you-must-say-no-to-it/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 57px;" |
The movement against GNL used multi-level approach, engaging local, national, and international spheres, and created a united front.

Organizing Tactics: 
*'''Direct action: '''The movement began in 2017 with an initial demonstration by Innu Land and Water Protectors. Decentralized actions, like hanging banners at symbolic locations, enhanced visibility and emphasized the project's lack of social acceptability. The global climate strikes on September 27, 2019, that drew half a million people and featured a speech by climate activist Greta Thunberg, provided the GNL Quebec movement with an international platform. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2021. “No to GNL Québec* : Banners Blossom across the Province in Rejection of the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. September 3, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/46568/no-to-gnl-quebec-banners-blossom-across-the-province-in-rejection-of-the-project/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Local citizens, civil society groups, environmental activists, opposition parties, and student associations, all united against GNL Quebec. Forming an informal coalition expanded the movement from a local to National issue. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref>
*'''Political organizing:''' Utilizing petitions, polls, and active participation in official public consultations such as BAPE (The Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec), the movement demonstrated resistance through many formal channels with record-breaking participation. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020b. “BAPE on GNL Québec: HISTORIC PARTICIPATION EXPOSES the FLAWS of an OUTDATED PROJECT.” Greenpeace Canada. November 5, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/44494/bape-on-gnl-quebec-historic-participation-exposes-the-flaws-of-an-outdated-project/</ref> The number of citizens that contributed to the public consultation on the environmental assessment was historic (7000 submissions). 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2020 and 2021, major investors, including Warren Buffett's firm, withdrew support from the project. <ref>Houle, Jean. 2020. “GNL Québec: Un Investisseur Majeur Se Retire à Cause Des Blocus Autochtones.” Www.journaldemontreal.com. March 5, 2020. https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2020/03/05/le-projet-de-gnl-quebec-encaisse-un-veritable-coup-de-masse-1</ref> 
*The BAPE (Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec) report came out in the movement’s favor, and Quebec Premier François Legault rejected the project in 2021. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref> 
|}

=== Standing Rock (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.18.15 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1117px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 16px;" |
*Energy Transfer Partners proposed the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), intended to traverse sacred Indigenous lands.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 57px;" |
*Standing Rock's primary objectives were: safeguarding the Missouri River, protecting sacred lands and historical sites, and upholding the sovereignty and treaty rights of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. Central to the tribe's argument was the contention that the DAPL breached Article II of the Fort Laramie Treaty, securing the right to the peaceful and uninterrupted utilization of reservation lands. <ref>Smithsonian. 2015. “Standing Rock Sioux and Dakota Access Pipeline | Teacher Resource.” Si.edu. Smithsonian: National Museum of the American Indian. 2015. https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/plains-treaties/dapl</ref>
*In March 2016, a pivotal moment occurred as Tokata Iron Eyes and the Standing Rock Youth uncovered plans to reroute the pipeline through sacred lands. This discovery marked the initiation of the #NoDAPL movement <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Online presence:''' The #NoDAPL movement was led by teenagers. They used online platforms, petitions, and mobilized. Social media, particularly the #NoDAPL hashtag, was crucial in amplifying the movement's message and reaching a global audience. <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
*'''Physical occupation: '''As tensions escalated, encampments like Sacred Stone and Oceti Sakowin became central to resistance. <ref>Yardley, William. 2017. “Last Holdouts Are Cleared from Main Dakota Access Pipeline Protest Camp.” Los Angeles Times. February 23, 2017. https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-standing-rock-20170223-story.html</ref> These encampments served as strategic hubs, fostering communal dynamics and providing a base for legal strategies employed by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe.
*'''Symbolic resistance:''' ReZpect Our Water played a critical role within the broader #NoDAPL movement. They organized relay runs, symbolizing the historic and spiritual practice of running among Native peoples, contributing to the movement's visibility. <ref>Joseph, Alli. 2016. “Running for Their Lives: Native American Relay Tradition Revived to Protest Dakota Access Pipeline.” Salon. Salon.com. September 12, 2016. https://www.salon.com/2016/09/12/running-for-their-lives-native-american-relay-tradition-revived-to-protest-dakota-access-pipeline/</ref> 
*'''International advocacy:''' Efforts included engagements with the UN Human Rights Council and the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. <ref>Medina, Daniel A. 2016. “Standing Rock Sioux Takes Pipeline Fight to UN Human Rights Council in Geneva.” NBC News. NBC News. September 20, 2016. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/standing-rock-sioux-takes-pipeline-fight-un-human-rights-council-n651381</ref> 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2016 the Department of the Army denied an easement under Lake Oahe, halting the pipeline's progression. This decision generated jubilation at the Oceti Sakowin camp, and had broader implications for Indigenous rights. <ref>Healy, Jack, and Nicholas Fandos. 2016. “Protesters Gain Victory in Fight over Dakota Access Oil Pipeline.” The New York Times, December 4, 2016, sec. U.S. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/04/us/federal-officials-to-explore-different-route-for-dakota-pipeline.html</ref>
|-
| style="width: 160.141px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 930.859px;" |
*There was excessive use of force by police and private military personnel during violent confrontations with protestors. <ref>Hersher, Rebecca. 2017. “Key Moments in the Dakota Access Pipeline Fight.” Npr.org. Npr. February 22, 2017. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/22/514988040/key-moments-in-the-dakota-access-pipeline-fight</ref>
*President Trump's memorandum in 2017 accelerated the project. In 2021, there remains hope for Standing Rock protestors to be heard. <ref>Todrys, Katherine Wiltenburg . 2021. Black Snake: Standing Rock, the Dakota Access Pipeline, and Environmental Justice. University of Nebraska Press</ref>
|}

=== Athabasca Tar Sands Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.33.03 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1124px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 16px;" |
*Shell proposed development of the Athabasca Tar Sands. The Athabasca-Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN) strongly challenged Shell, seeking compensation for damage already done and legal recognition of native land rights on traditional territories outside of reserves. <ref>Lim, Audrea. 2014. “How First Nations in Canada Are Winning the Fight against Big Oil.” The Nation. September 10. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-first-nations-canada-are-winning-fight-against-big-oil/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Legal opposition:''' The ACFN mounted significant legal opposition against Shell in the form of lawsuits and interventions in the regulatory process. <ref>Narine, Shari, ed. 2015. “Shell Withdraws Pierre Mine Project Application.” Ammsa.Com. https://ammsa.com/publications/alberta-sweetgrass/shell-withdraws-pierre-mine-project-application</ref>
*'''Rejecting government channels:''' Withdrawing from consultative committees proved effective, as these committees often had little impact, and oil companies could no longer claim Indigenous consultation. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
*In 2010, the Tar Sands Healing Walk was founded by a group of Indigenous activists including the ACFN. The Healing Walk, a 14-kilometer walk through the tar sands, was intended to build community and raise awareness about the damage caused by bitumen extraction. The Walk ended in 2014 after organizers felt its goals had been achieved. <ref>Leahy, Derek. 2014. “June 28th: Final ‘Tar Sands Healing Walk’ Simply a New Beginning, Say Organizers.” The Narwhal. March 20. https://thenarwhal.ca/june-28th-final-tar-sands-healing-walk-simply-new-beginning-say-organizers/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Indigenous groups, environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs), labor groups, and religious groups joined forces. These coalitions extended beyond local communities to the international scale, raising public awareness and increasing pressure on oil companies. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
On coalition building, Lubicon Cree activist Melina Laboucan-Massimo said, ''“‘When we work in coalitions – the environmental movement, First Nations and the labor movement – there’s such a convergence of diverse voices…we’re really starting to see growing public accountability and public opposition being seen and taken seriously'’” <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''

'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2014, a series of large development projects, including Shell’s Pierre River Mine, were canceled due to “market forces and public opposition”  It is estimated that public opposition to the tar sands has cost the oil industry over $17 billion.'' <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''
|}

=== Nitaskinan60 (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.37.04 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1103px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 16px;" |
Nitaskinan – Atikamekw territory – has been threatened by the destruction of logging companies.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 57px;" |
*Nitaskinan60, or the Kilometer 60 campaign, is an ongoing campaign in Manawan, Québec, Canada.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' The Dubé family and Manawan community established a blockade and announced a moratorium on logging in Manawan. The blockade has the immediate goal of stopping the illegal logging and the long-term goal of Indigenous sovereignty and unity. <ref>Richardson, Lindsay, and Emelia Fournier. 2022. “Inside the Atikamekw Nation’s Fight against Deforestation of Ancestral Lands.” APTN News. March 18. https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/inside-the-atikamekw-nations-fight-against-the-deforestation-of-its-ancestral-lands/</ref> 
'''SUCCESS (this campaign is ongoing):'''
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) published seven sustainable forestry recommendations for better community consultation and involvement. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) issued a report in May, 2022, concluding that the MFFP and Scerie Saint-Michel were both at fault. However, the report neither offered reparations or compensation to the Dubé family or Manawan community, nor penalized either of the responsible parties. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
|-
| style="width: 145.906px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 931.094px;" |
*While campaigning, some activists expressed fear of danger to individuals, physical or legal.
*The greatest challenge has been a lack of government cooperation and responsibility.  
|}

== Strategy and tactics used ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1138px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Direct action (14/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 28px;" |
*All campaigns participated in a form of '''direct action '''(physical disruption).
**Specific tactics varied: protests, marches, sit-ins, civil disobedience and blockades.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Community engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 37px;" |
*Engagement tactics used; canvassing, '''community meetings, workshops, teach-ins, reading groups, focus groups and speak-ins'''.
**Specific examples include the Standing Rock Relay Runs, the Grassy Narrows River Run, and weekly potlucks for Stop Cop City. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Mass engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*Mass engagement was through''' petitions and letters.'''
**This was important for the involvement of community members who do not have the same time, ability or privilege for actions and events.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 164.141px;" |
'''Coalition building (7/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 28px;" |
*Benefits: creation of a new entity, diverse knowledge/perspectives and increasing the '''size and strength of campaigns'''.
|- style="height: 72px;"
| style="height: 72px; width: 164.141px;" |
'''Legal action and political pressure (7/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 72px;" |
*Formal political and legal processes were used.
**To seek policy change, tactics included; call campaigns, attending public meetings or consultations, running for office or organizing election campaigns. Many campaigns faced high opposition, but many also '''benefited from political alliances.'''
**For legal challenges, tactics included; lawsuits, legal curt appeals, course cases, referendums and legal advocacy '''often delayed projects, but did not always result in material gains.'''
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 164.141px; height: 46px;" | '''Mass communication (5/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*Communication platforms such as social media campaigns, banners, magazines, press conferences, documentaries engaged the public.
*'''Alternative media and social media '''was useful in countering mainstream media which often aligns with government and industry perspectives.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 164.141px; height: 46px;" | '''Independent research (3/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*A small handful of campaigns conducted '''independent research '''to enhance the campaigns credibility and convince of it's importance.
|}

== Participating groups ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1113px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Locally impacted community members/land defenders + grassroots activists + ENGOs = success'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 51px;" |
*Actors varied across campaigns. The most common participants were networks of '''community members, volunteers, Indigenous groups, and environmental organizations (ENGO's).'''
**Research for the Athabasca Tar Sands case study says, “Dominant political and industry actors were largely able to overlook the movement until a diverse and influential set of social movement actors began collaborating and shifting these local struggles transnationally.” <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Unions'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 51px;" |
*Unions participated in 4 out of 14 of the campaigns.
**For the Public Power NY campaign, the involvement of labor unions was identified as a turning point in the struggle. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref> 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 176.156px;" | '''Industry professionals and student groups'''
| style="width: 910.844px; height: 28px;" |
*The least recurrent participants were academics, businesses, legal groups, health groups, and student groups.
**For GNL Quebec campaign, students made up the largest fraction of supporters. Student’s involvement was also identified as crucial.
**Academics were involved in the TMX Pipeline and GNL Quebec campaigns. Academic Tim Takaro camped in a tree for the TMX pipeline and this gathered significant media attention that reached different audiences.
***David Suzuki was involved with the campaign against GNL Quebec. The involvement of academics or well-known experts helped these campaigns gain wider media attention. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
|}

== Challenges faced ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 231px; width: 1102px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Government opposition (7/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Legal challenges and large public demonstrations '''were used to overcome government opposition.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Police repression (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Direct action '''was used both as a counter to repression, and also faced additional repression. Increased project costs and delays to construction helped address the challenges faced using direct action.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Coalition challenges (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Difficulty creating alliances due to diverging opinions and perspectives.
E.g. “There has been a lack of structure in the coalition when it comes to making decisions when it comes to allocation of resources…the lack of structure has meant that we are being pulled in like 25 directions all at once. We need to unravel this notion that structure is our enemy. And if we refuse to define what leadership looks like, on the basis that leadership is hierarchical. It just means that leadership goes, unaccounted [for], and it goes unchecked.” -Activist against TMX pipeline
*'''Coalitions '''were used to strengthen the response to challenges by increasing knowledge and resources
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Legal challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 28px;" |
*Activist arrests, and opposition from industry.
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Health challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Linked directly to the struggle.
|-
| style="width: 205.828px;" | '''Misinformation (2/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*'''Educational efforts''' helped to counter misinformation.
|}
 

== Results and key research findings ==

=== Researcher takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 302px; width: 1118px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Direct action'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 16px;" |
*Most commonly used to successfully overcome government opposition and police repression.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Legal action and political pressure'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 57px;" |
*Most effective for procedural delays, reducing the economic viability of projects, and sometimes, for facilitating the recognition of Indigenous rights and sovereignty.
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''Coalition building'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 76px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, leading to new campaigns and/or activist groups, and providing more perspectives and knowledge
*When facing police repression, coalitions can help support activists and communities more at risk of experiencing direct criminalization or police violence.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Community engagement'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, fostering collaboration, strong community support and diverse campaigns that engage a wide variety of people.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Communication and raising public awareness'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, increasing support for the campaign and lowering acceptability of the target. 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Diversity of actors, strategies and tactics'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Greatly contributed to the effectiveness of a successful intersectional campaign.
|}


'''Direct action, c''''''ommunity engagement and building strong, '''large, and diverse coalitions seem to be the most effective strategies, and the best strategies for overcoming challenges. 
 

=== HUB takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 1033px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 19px;" |
'''To mobilize ''deeper'' (increase commitment and engagement)...'''
| style="height: 19px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Connect and engage directly with community members (e.g. canvassing, potlucks, skill shares etc).'''
''"Why in the world would I go to a public park next to a police training facility like I wasn't going to do that. I wasn't going. But when I went back, what I saw was that the community had come in and began to use the land, the community had really started to make it our park. And people were doing teachings there about how to live off of the land, showing you what mushrooms were growing that you could eat, what type of moss you could use to make a poultice for cuts or to any types of wounds, you know, then there was like a weekly potluck that was happening. And people were talking to us about that area of land and what the South River Forest meant to this community." ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''One-to-one conversations are particularly helpful.'''
''"When we went door to door talking to people, what we found was that for a lot of people, the people who live farther away from the forest, the mayor's narrative was winning in so many ways, because people were like, 'Oh, it's just a training facility like what are you mad about?'... But when you began to talk to people about the nuts and bolts of it, when you began to tell people 'what do you think about a Blackhawk helicopter landing pad?' People like we're like, 'what do we need that for?'...Yeah, well, what do you think about the firing range?" ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Connect on the land.'''
''"We kept having events in the forest for as long as we could. We kept up our potluck. We started doing distribution with that. So we had food distribution... clothing that people wanted to bring, hygiene kits... whatever you don't need, pretty much just became like the community swap meet and potluck on every Wednesday... we continue to have skill shares in the forest and we continued to do things like the music festival, where a bunch of people got arrested for just being at a music festival. We kept doing those things so that people could see, like, this is where we are, this is what we're doing this is, this is where we congregate as a community. This is where we come together and do things. You know, this is what we are fighting so hard for not only for this land, we're fighting for our community, we're fighting for our bond, we're fighting for this thing that brings us together, but also keeps us alive, keeps us going gives us a greater quality of life."'' ''-''Organizer for Stop Cop City
<li>'''Know the history of the land you're on, to connect with impacted communities'''</li>''"We're on Tongva Land. The community has been traditionally black... one of the few neighborhoods that black communities could live in, and rapidly converting to large Latino populations. So very much a mixed population on unceded Tongva territory, we refer to it as South Central Los Angeles. Our original offices were on land that was owned by Edward Doheny... the big North American granddaddy oil baron from back in the day... Mount St. Mary's College is built on his former estate. His estate had a petting zoo and all these beautiful Victorian buildings. And that is the neighborhood that our organization started in."'' -Organizer for Stand L.A.
|- style="height: 120px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 120px;" | '''To mobilize widely...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 120px;" |
*'''Engage with many forms of media'''
''"We have to work hard for alternative media to get things out. So we have a number of different news crews that work with us; independent journalists, local magazines and newspapers. And then we were able to get NBC to come here to do a short documentary about cop city... and also the documentary done by Al Jazeera. Those have been like the mainstream media documentaries that have really opened people's eyes." -''Organizer for'' ''Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''To get your message across...'''
| style="height: 51px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Relate to issues concerning community members''' (i.e. rather than a blanket 'stop climate change', campaigns and communication addressed a specific concern, project, proposal or law impacting locals). 
''"At the time, I was working for voting rights organization, and I was the lead childcare organizer. And one of the things that I started to do was talk to people about how cop city affected the state of childcare... when you're talking about childcare, you are talking about health care. And when you're talking about health care, you have to talk about economic justice and environmental justice together. And you cannot have a conversation about childcare without talking about reproductive justice. Because according to the pillars of reproductive justice, I am supposed to be able to raise the children that I choose to have in a clean, safe environment that is free of state sanctioned interpersonal violence... So when when you looked at... what that intersectionality was, and how we could get people to understand.. '''everybody has a stake in this'''."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Contact press and hold press conferences at strategic times to control the narrative'''
''"There was, at one point it was really like a back and forth of, we're sending a press release, and then a company has to answer that we're sending a press release under industry, and they have to answer, so we kind of we became master the narrative where they had to always answer our communication." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Use art to grab attention, visualize the story, and help people relate'''
''"[We used] genderless, ageless wig stands, and assaulted each one of them with one symptom... a nosebleed... asthma [with a] puffer, [an inflamed] thyroid, a congested nose with a clothespin. We had several others. My self portrait was a headache that I described by putting two barbecue skewers from the nape of my neck through my forehead... And we set that up on a table with a big boombox with a black tablecloth... just as kids and parents were walking home from school, and they would walk by and say, "hey, hey, hey, what's that with the nosebleed? I had to take my kid three times to the emergency room last week with nosebleeds"... All of these symptoms began to come together and we use that event and events like it to tell people, we want to talk more with you." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Provide platforms for community members to share their stories'''
 ''"I think [uplifting the] community's voice and just speaking the truth, and providing as many people the opportunity to tell their story... storytelling, personal testimony, community based research, all of those things are very critical.''" -Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Uplift elders, and people who can describe how the community has been impacted over time'''
''"The elders are also important, because they will be the quickest ones to notice that the air has changed... What's making that happen... being privileged to share the community with people who've lived there for a very long time. I think that's really the greatest asset for change, just listening to community." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''To build a stronger force...'''
| style="height: 28px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Form strategic alliances/coalitions between the grassroots, NGOs, unions, associations, academics etc. '''
''"Knock on all these doors and find out key organizational and individual levers that the can help you. I think it's critical to find a way to get the big green NGOs on board. They have a lot of mobilization power, and when they actually show up, they can be instrumental, and then you need to find political allies as well... all the opposition parties were with us... and the mobilization needs to be grassroots-led... that is a prime example of how local grassroots organizing, amplified by others, can become the most powerful tool in the world." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Set goals as a coalition and as individual groups/organizations'''
''"I think that the one of the biggest challenges that I've noticed, is the lack of defining our goals in a meaningful and practical way. There has been a lack of, or an unwillingness, to get specific enough with our goals and what it means to, in my opinion, actually be able to accomplish them. Because... when I talked about the campaign, or the movement or whatever, it's basically a coalition of dozens of organizations that are all united under this banner called protect the planet. And there's very diverse organizations involved in that coalition...There's a lot of overlap between the groups... everyone is united and agrees that our goal is to stop TMX... But that's not enough... it doesn't tell you how we're going to get there. And there's still a distinction between tactics, like tactics, and specific goals are two different things as well. But... what does that actually mean, to stop TMX? What does that look like? Because if we don't get more specific about what that means, we aren't able to tailor our actions in a way that is effective... You know, it ends up with people like, let's hold a rally at City Hall to stop TMX. And it's like, what is that doing? Why are we targeting City Hall? That makes no sense, like City Hall has no power to do anything here? I think there's this kind of something you hear a lot is 'Oh, well, we're raising awareness.' '''I think something that has become really clear in this campaign, and that I've heard other people say in other campaigns is that if your campaigns goal is just to raise awareness, you've already failed'''. Like, that's not enough. Yes, it's a component of any sort of social movement or campaign. But if that's where the goal ends, it's not, it's just not going to do anything. It's just not enough."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Power map as a coalition'''
''"Without defining what needs to happen for the project to be stopped, we can't tailor our actions to target the right people. And I think that's been a challenge, is figuring out who is an effective target... We need to actually target the people and the the entities that have the power to change what we're trying to change."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Map out your spectrum of allies'''
''"You need to analyze where your allies are, active allies, passive allies, who are your active enemies, and really focus on bringing more passive allies to the active side... when this all started, there was a lot of passive allies. The students were concerned with climate, but they weren't specifically involved in the project. At first, the only active allies there was a tiny bit of people from First Nations [communities], and then citizen groups... when you're in that moment, where you're trying to develop a campaign against a big struggle, or a big project like this one, you really need to find, who are those people in society that agree with me, but aren't doing shit about it. And that's a tough part. That's a long process. But you really have to do it." ''-Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Do skill and knowledge shares for sustainable engagement.'''
"''We constantly do teachings with each other. You know, this Friday, we have a teaching with the Palestinian youth movement to help people understand how cop city connects to the struggle for freedom in Palestine. We constantly educate ourselves so that we educate the community. So, we do that by canvassing, we do that by public facing events like movie screenings and townhall meetings, community talkbacks where the community will come and just tell us, hey, this is my concern.''" -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Support action led by directly impacted communities'''
''"The mass education campaigns on hydraulic fracturing that had been ongoing since 2011 were not Indigenous-led. Numerous action and advocacy groups across the province were also not Indigenous-led. The frontlines certainly were Indigenous-led. So, in support of frontline activities, allies were very supportive, financially and materially." -Journalist for Mi'kmaq resistance''
|- style="height: 305px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 305px;" | '''To conserve energy/resources...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 305px;" |
*'''Intentionally define a structure, accountability and how power is shared (avoidance creates more problems)'''
''"There has been, in my experience, a refusal... to even discuss what it might mean to have some sort of structure for the coalition... there's this really problematic assumption that... organizing non hierarchically means that... structure is an enemy because structure is hierarchical. And that has been such a problem because it just means that nothing gets done... if we refuse to define what leadership looks like... it just means that leadership goes, unaccounted, and it goes unchecked. And no one knows what's going on... people are still assuming positions of leadership, but they're not accountable to people for that, and it's not clear, who is responsible for what. And I would actually argue that that ends up resulting in a more hierarchical structure than if the leadership had been defined clearly... '''One of the one of the teachings from my people that we were using in this context that I think explains it really well, is geese. So when you see Canada geese fly, they fly in a V shape, right. And there's a leader at the point of the V, that goose is the one that is setting the direction of where the flock is going. But they get tired, and they swap out. So when the when the lead goose gets tired, they swap positions with another goose that's in the V, and they just swap over like that'''. [Otherwise,] no one is responsible for anything, and everyone is responsible for everything at the same time. And it's so cumbersome. It's restrictive in terms of using our time and our energy and resources in an effective way. And that leads to burnout." -''TMX Organizer''' '''
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 74px;" | '''To maintain momentum...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 74px;" |
*'''Recognize and reflect on your successes'''
''"The biggest victory in this fight against cop city, is that people understand what it is that we do need to be safe and community because this has really opened up a huge conversation about community safety."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Leverage the momentum of other movements by drawing connections'''
"''At the time of the shutdown Canada movement... when the entire world was watching what was going on in the West... [there were great narratives] built between what was going on out west and what was going on here, tying it to basically being the same colonial projects that were that were being forced down the throat of Indigenous communities." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
|- style="height: 125px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 125px;" | '''To strengthen relationships...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 125px;" |
*'''Center joy!'''
"''We started to choir... there are a lot of people who are very good singers, there are people who are instrumentalists. There are people who just want to have good vibes and chill out with each other. So we started singing together, we started doing that. And we've performed in a couple of places, it's been a lot of fun. People are carrying it on, you know, make sure that you definitely do that make time for joy and make space for healing."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 311px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 311px;" | '''To address problematic behaviour internally...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 311px;" |
*'''Make sure structures and policies for accountability are defined; what is not okay, who to speak to when something happens and how unacceptable behaviour is addressed '''
''"It's always these men that have like, this poorly defined power and are operating within this like, very hierarchical system, but because we've refused to define [a clear structure], [abuse/harassment] doesn't get called out."'' -TMX Organizer

''"Part of what I've learned here is that just defining ourselves as [anti-oppressive] doesn't make it so... 'We will not cancel us' by Adrienne Marie Brown, explains... when we are so quick to cancel each other, and she's not talking about abusers here, there's a difference there. If someone is abusive, that requires... a different conversation, though, when it comes to just transgressions and mistakes that people make saying the wrong thing, doing the wrong thing, like that is going to happen because... every single person that is involved in these movements has grown up in a world that has these... systems of oppression that have been built into our lives in all of these ways. And a lot of the work that we have to do is unlearning all of those systems because we can't see how they have impacted us... we need to be able to have the room to make mistakes... we need those skills to be able to''' '''negotiate '''where that line is with what is unacceptable transgression. And how do we handle those mistakes in a way that actually allows people to correct those mistakes and learn from them and grow and do better next time? Without destroying the movement and like pushing people out?'''" -''TMX Organizer
|}

=== HUB observations: additional lessons ===
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For environmentalists that do not understand how Indigenous sovereignty and police violence relate to the climate crisis...
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There are 2 critical points to emphasize:

1) How '''structural racism and ongoing settler colonialism impact historic and ongoing climate justice campaigns, specifically on Indigenous Land defenders. '''The degree of criminalization, physical violence, and assassinations during environmental campaigns significantly increases when Indigenous people are involved <ref>Scheidel, Arnim et al. 2020. “Environmental Conflicts and Defenders: A Global Overview.” Global Environmental Change 63: 102104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104</ref>

2) Most climate justice campaigns that have had''' success in the last 20 years across Turtle Island have been initiated and led by impacted Indigenous communities'''.
|-
| style="width: 158.188px;" | For NGOs that want to support grassroots organizers
| style="width: 993.812px;" |
*'''Let the grassroots lead'''! Listen to what support they say they need; media? Funding? Training? They will tell you.
*'''Don't '''craft the message: uplift the voices of grassroots organizers (co-creation ''may'' be more possible if a coalition is formed). 
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More to come!
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|}
''''

''If you have corrections or additional resources to share with us related to this content, you can contact kenzie@lehub.ca.''
 

''''[[File:Creative commons.png|300px|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/|center|frameless]]

<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

'''[https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Militant_Wiki Back to Homepage]'''

How we Win! Summary of findings on successful climate justice campaigns in North America

2024-09-18T00:51:34Z

Mediawiki: /* Strategy and tactics used */

''''
<div class="speechify-ipvczq"></div>
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''How we win'' was a 2023 research project supervised by Dr. Jen Gobby, and conducted by McGill students Cassandra Ciafro, Anna Henry, Frida Sofia Morales Mora, Thomas Nakasako, Dafne Ozcan, Nico Serreqi and Lea Vadez Reyes. It investigates the following question: ''What can be learned from the struggles and successes of intersectional climate campaigns across Turtle Island (North America) over the past 20 years, and what factors contribute to the success of these campaigns? '' Case studies, plus 4 semi-structured interviews and 1 survey were used to explore this question.

 
This page includes a summary of the campaigns/movements included in the report and the tactics used, key factors that contributed to the success of multiple campaigns/movements, HUB team observations and suggestions based on key takeaways, plus key quotes from interviews and surveys with successful activists/organizers for more specific suggestions and examples.'''</div>
 
To read the full report, see the following: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/18U4F6Hf3ht4CSw6zYw6HXjJsE8QMX640TW6eMD0ZSeo/edit?usp=sharing How We Win! A Qualitative Review of Successful Climate Justice Campaigns in North America in the Last 20 Years]
 
 

== Defining 'success' and study parameters ==

'Success’ was defined as '''''having achieved material gains, or advancements in physical, financial, legal, or electoral conditions.'''''
*14 successful campaigns from Mexico, the so-called United States and so-called Canada were included.
**12 addressed racial justice, 11 Indigenous rights, 8 health and/or water justice, 3 housing justice, 2 disability justice and 1 food justice.
**Almost all of those explored were started by local, directly impacted Indigenous communities. The majority set to stop activities before they began (proposal stage).
**Length of campaign activities ranged from 6 months to over 50 years. Half of the campaigns explored are still ongoing.

 '''The successes of the campaigns included in the study included:'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 315px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 19px;" |
 
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 19px;" |
'''How the Research Team Defined This Success'''
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 19px;" | '''Campaigns Associated with this Success'''
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 51px;" | '''Cancellation of Projects or Practices; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 51px;" |
The temporary or permanent cancellation of projects or practices.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 51px;" |
10/14
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 28px;" | '''Legislation and/or Policy Change; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 28px;" | The enactment of policy or laws that align with the campaign’s goals.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 28px;" |
3/14 +2/14 partially
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Recognition of Indigenous rights/sovereignty; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Formal recognition that Indigenous rights or sovereignty were/would have been violated by a project or practice.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
3/14
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Building new and diverse coalitions;''' immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Building new alliances and partnerships with other individuals, organizations, or movements that did not exist before the campaign.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
4/14

 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 57px;" | '''Community engagement; '''immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 57px;" | A strategy that puts marginalized communities at the forefront of the movement to raise awareness, mobilize support, and foster a sense of collective agency.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 57px;" |
5/14
|}

== Climate justice campaigns ==
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''Suggestion: look for campaigns that most resonate with an issue near you, a campaign you're working on etc. Are there tactics that haven't yet been applied in your context?''

=== Stand LA (US) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 3.41.57 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
“For us [...] it's a justice issue. And it's also an equity issue. If there is a universal good, we have to start with the most vulnerable, because equity never ever trickles down. It has to start from the bottom”.
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 188px;"
|- style="height: 85px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 85px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of group '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 85px;" |
Founded in 2013, Stand-LA formed to halt oil drilling in residential areas in Los Angeles. Their campaigns address environmentally and health hazardous projects that impact marginalized communities. <ref>http://www.stand.la/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''People Not Pozos' (People not wells) campaign'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 57px;" |
Targeted AllenCo drilling site was polluting a low-income, minority community. This had negative health impacts on residents. <ref>Cavallaro, Mara Marques. 2022. “The Deadly Consequences of Urban Oil Drilling,” October 19, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/los-angeles-oil-drilling-nalleli-cobo/</ref>

'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Door-knocking''' to gather data on the various symptoms experienced by residents, followed by making a health report <ref>Andrade, Anakaren, Tony Carrera, Francisca Martinez, Lizet Pantoja, Margaret Rubens, and Erick Zerecero. 2016. “Assessing the Health and Community Impacts of Oil Drilling Near Homes in South Los Angeles,” October. https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/project/stand-la/</ref>
*Making an '''art piece''' of eight styrofoam heads, each suffering from one of the symptoms caused by the drill site pollution.
*Organizing a '''community call-in campaign''' to the Air Quality Management District (AQMD) to bombard phone lines
*Conducting a '''press conference'''. This got the attention of Senator Barbara Boxer, the federal head of the environmental committee.
'''SUCCESS:''' Senator Boxer called on the '''Environmental Protection Agency '''to perform an investigation, and the AllenCo site shut down. Following their success, the STAND-L.A. coalition formalized. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; text-align: left; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''No Drilling Where We Are Living' campaign ''' 
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and community engagement:''' Extensive outreach efforts increased participation. These efforts also strengthened the influence of residents <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref>
*'''Science-based evidence: '''In 2015, AQMD modified the law. It mandated fossil fuel extraction sites to disclose their chemicals. Activists found that each chemical caused the symptoms they identified in their door-knocking. This strengthened their arguments when communicating the problem.
'''SUCCESSES:'''
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">E&B Natural Resources electrified and enclosed the Murphy drill site to keep toxic fumes out of nearby homes and reduce pollution.</li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Won a resolution''' prohibiting new oil drilling in the Inglewood oil field <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref> </li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Influenced legislative changes'''. For example, Senate Bill 1137 bans new oil and gas wells within 3,200 feet of sensitive areas. It has contributed to significant oil phaseout resolutions in Los Angeles, both at the city and county levels <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Major challenges faced by STAND-LA '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" | <li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Oil lobbying to oppose legislative measures</li>
<li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Reports the oil industry is employing canvassers to use misleading tactics when gathering signatures to qualify the referendum for ballots <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|}

 

=== Stop Cop City (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 4.11.48 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

'''“Whether the win comes through the ballot, in the courts or in the streets, Cop City must never be built”'''
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 90px; width: 1145px;"
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 10px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of campaign and project'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 10px;" |
[https://www.instagram.com/stopcopcity/?hl=en Stop Cop City] began in 2017 in response to the city of Atlanta's plan to build the biggest police and firefighter training facility in the country. 
<li class="p1">'''Economic: '''The majority of the funding is expected to come from taxpayers, despite no public consultation on the project.</li>
*'''Environment: '''The proposed site is the Weelanee forest. It comprises the South River, one of the most endangered rivers in the United States due to sewage pollution. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Indigenous sovereignty''': The land belonged to the Muscogee Creek Nation before they were displaced. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Racism:''' The land was the site of a low-security prison farm. Accounts of torture and violence against black inmates were recorded. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
***Today, the forest serves as an important green space for the residents of the predominantly Black surrounding neighborhoods. <ref>Mock, Brentin. 2023. “Atlanta’s ‘Cop City’ Neighbors Have No Voting Rights to Stop It,” Bloomberg. October 4, 2023 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-10-04/-cop-city-referendum-aims-to-repeal-planned-atlanta-police-training-center</ref>
*'''Settler colonialism: '''Officers trained at the facility will not only target predominantly BIPOC communities in the USA; their exchange program will also train members of the Israeli Defense Forces <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CytGWtyOr0M/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 57px;" |
After the project was announced, the Atlanta City Council solicited a session of public feedback. Over 1000 people attended and it lasted over 17 hours. The majority of people were against the project. <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref> 
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Weekly safe space events '''by community members in the Welanee forest, such as '''potlucks, reading groups, and teach-ins.''' The goal was for people across Atlanta to learn about the issue, and connect with the forest.  
*'''Direct action''' in the form of protests all over the city to spread awareness. 
*'''A ballot referendum campaign''' to allow constituents to vote on the issue.  
*'''Door-knocking/canvassing '''in various neighborhoods to educate on the issue and collect signatures.
*'''Community outreach '''via postering, zines
*'''Media engagement '''i.e. press conferences, alternative media coverage.


'''SUCCESS:'''
*DeKalb County, being an unincorporated borough of Atlanta, barred its residents from participating in the voting or signature collection process for the referendum. Four county residents took legal action with a lawsuit against the City of Atlanta. They won the right for DeKalb residents to both collect signatures and initiate a new 60-day countdown <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref>
*Activists needed 58,000 signatures from registered voters in 60-day timeframe. They gathered over 116,000 signatures. <ref>Franzen, Timothy. 2023. “Stop Cop City Ballot Initiative Has over 116,000 Signatures.” American Friends Service Committee. September 14, 2023. https://afsc.org/news/stop-cop-city-ballot-initiative-has-over-116000-signatures</ref>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 23px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Major challenges faced by Stop Cop City'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 23px;" |
*Police violence has been a major challenge throughout the campaign. During a protest, activist Manuel Terán (“Tortuguita”) was shot fourteen times by Georgia state troopers <ref>Goldberg, Shoshana K. 2023. “Remembering Tortuguita.” Human Rights Campaign. March 21, 2023. https://www.hrc.org/news/remembering-tortuguita-indigenous-queer-and-non-binary-environmental-activist-and-forest-defender</ref>
*Many protesters have been arrested and charged for racketeering and domestic terrorism <ref>Rico, R.J. 2023. “61 Indicted in Georgia on Racketeering Charges Connected to ‘Stop Cop City’ Movement.” AP News. September 5, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/atlanta-cop-city-protests-rico-charges-3177a63ac1bd31a1594bed6584e9f330</ref>
*Most recently in November 2023, the coalition planned a peaceful protest and tree planting in the forest, but they were met with physical resistance and tear gassed by the police.
*At the time of writing the report, the government was delaying the signature approval process. Cop City may not be included on the ballot.  
|}

=== Keystone XL Pipeline (US/CAN) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.20.50 PM.png|700x700px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1133px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.484px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 949.516px; height: 16px;" |
*Proposed in 2008 by TC Energy, the Keystone XL pipeline extension was designed to increase the transport of crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands to refineries on the Gulf Coast of Texas. The pipeline extension project would transport crude oil per day across the Canada-U.S. border. <ref>Denchak, Melissa and Lindwall, Courtney. 2022. “The Keystone XL Pipeline: Everything You Need To Know.”  March 15, 2022. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*The pipeline would have affected '''Indigenous communities''' in Montana and South Dakota. <ref>Lindwall, Courtney. 2021. “The Unlikely Takedown of Keystone XL.” 2021. June 29, 2021. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/unlikely-takedown-keystone-xl</ref> The proposed path was altered to not cross Indigenous reservations but still risked multiple Indigenous lands and important sources for drinking water. E.g. the Ogallala Aquifer serves as the main '''water source''' for millions of people 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.484px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 949.516px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building''': Many grassroots activists, including Indigenous communities and environmentalists, were involved before larger organizers, such as 350.org. They aided in the organizing of the initial coalition, consisting of national environmental organizations including the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), the Sierra Club, and First Nations and Native American activist groups such as Idle No More and local landowners. <ref>Adler, Ben. 2015. “The inside Story of the Campaign That Killed Keystone XL.” Vox. November 7, 2015. https://www.vox.com/2015/11/7/9684012/keystone-pipeline-won</ref>
*'''Legal petitions'''
*'''Civil resistance and protest''' along the construction route/in Washington
'''SUCCESS:'''
*An initial win for campaigners came in 2015: President Obama rejected a cross-border permit for Keystone XL after years of large acts of civil disobedience and protest. <ref>Henn, Jamie. 2021.“Here’s How We Defeated the Keystone XL Pipeline | Sierra Club.” n.d. Accessed October 28, 2023. https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/here-s-how-we-defeated-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*NRDC and their partners legal petitions effectively delayed the completion of the project. <ref>National Defense Resource Council. 2021. “Keystone XL Pipeline Lawsuits.” NRDC. Accessed November 5, 2023. https://www.nrdc.org/court-battles/keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*Finally, the project was '''fully put to an end in 2021''', as the newly elected Biden administration rescinded a permit for the KXL pipeline, effectively killing it <ref>Engelfried, Nick. 2021. “How Defeating Keystone XL Built a Bolder, Savvier Climate Movement.” The Commons. February 10, 2021. https://commonslibrary.org/how-defeating-keystone-xl-built-a-bolder-savvier-climate-movement/</ref> 
|}

=== Grassy Narrows (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.22.45 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1143px;"
|-
| style="width: 161.281px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 955.719px;" |
*Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek community members of the Ojibwe First Nations Reserve in Grassy Narrows have faced unregulated mercury pollution in the Wabigoon River.
*'''Environmental racism:''' In the 1960s, Dryden Paper Company Ltd. dumped 9,000 kg of untreated mercury into the English-Wabigoon river system, upstream from Grassy Narrows and Whitedog First Nations.
*'''Food sovereignty: '''The Canadian Government banned the consumption of fish from the local river system. Community members still remained reliant on the fish as a diet staple, and the resulting mercury poisoning has devastated the health of the community. <ref>Anderson, Charnel. 2020. “Grassy Narrows.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Accessed November 11, 2023. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/grassy-narrows</ref>
*'''Poverty:''' 60% of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog’s inhabitants had lost their jobs from the fish ban and were placed on welfare. <ref>Charlebois, Clarence T. 1978.  High Mercury Levels in Indians and Inuits (Eskimos) in Canada. Ambio 7, no. 5/6: 204–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4312386</ref>
*'''Health:''' Many community members were diagnosed with Minamata Disease. The most common symptoms are sensory disturbances, poor muscle control (ataxia) and tunnel vision. Researchers also found evidence of Congenital Minamata Disease, which has resulted in cerebral palsy and intellectual development delays.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 161.281px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 955.719px; height: 57px;" |
*Grassy Narrows continued to demand fair compensation for mercury poisoning, which had been impacting 90% of the population, and ending all logging and mining plans in the area.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Letter-writing campaigns'''
*'''Hunger strikes'''
*'''Blockades'''
*'''Yearly protests and marches '''(Saku 2021; Gilson 2019)
*'''Formation of alliances''' with environmental NGOs like Rainforest Action Network (RAN) and other grassroots organizers <ref>Saku, James C. 2021. Environmental Activism on the Ground: Small Green and Indigenous Organizing. American Review of Canadian Studies 51 (2): 355–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2021.1914997</ref>
***Solidarity and support of non-Indigenous grassroots organizers can be crucial when it comes to funding, direct action, media relations and legal advocacy, evident through RAN’s support during the 2004 blockade. 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2017, the Ontario government '''pledged $85 million '''towards cleaning up the industrial mercury contamination in the Wabigoon River almost 50 years after the pollution had been identified <ref>Porter, Jody. 2021. “Grassy Narrows to Get $68.9M More from Ottawa for Centre to Care for People with Mercury Poisoning.” CBC News. Accessed October 20, 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/grassy-narrows-mercury-care-facility-ottawa-funding-1.6117975</ref>
*By 2021, the Liberal Government agreed to spend $90 million to build and operate the much needed public infrastructure to support those suffering from Minamata Disease.
Note: In 2023, the specialized infrastructure project failed to be granted any funding by the Government, citing soaring costs.
|}

=== #RightToBreathe/PES (US) ===

[[File:13124855 1091918740874230 6670651396523488360 n.jpg|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

Photo from: [https://www.phillythrive.org/_righttobreathe_mobilization Philly Thrive]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1080px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The 2016 Southport Campaign set out to stop Philadelphia Energy Solutions (PES) oil refinery expansion. PES was the second largest oil refinery in the United States. <ref>Xiao, Yin. 2017. “Environmentalist groups stop construction of oil export terminal in Philadelphia, 2016”.https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/environmentalist-groups-stop-construction-oil-export-terminal-philadelphia-2016</ref>
*The PES refinery was responsible for over 50% of Philadelphia’s toxic air emissions. This is one of the main reasons for the high rates of asthma, cancer, and other respiratory problems amongst Philadelphians. <ref>Philly Thrive. 2017. “Philly Thrive Review”. Accessed November 20, 2023. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/phillythrive/pages/111/attachments/original/1486401882/Philly_Thrive_Review.pdf?1486401882</ref>
*The residents who were at higher exposure from the pollution were low-income people of colour <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 57px;" |
*Philly Thrive, an organization led by Black, disabled, and chronically ill activists was a main organizer for the #RightToBreathe campaign <ref>Brockmeier, Erica K. 2022. “After the shutdown, what comes next for the former Philadelphia Energy Solutions refinery?”.  Accessed October 15, 2023 https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/after-shutdown-what-comes-next-former-philadelphia-energy-solutions-refinery</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Teach-ins and community outreach;''' Philly Thrive collaborated with ACTION united to mobilize community members to demand their “Right to Breathe” in 2016. This coincided with “Break Free 2016,” a wave of resistance to fossil fuels infrastructure by activists across the globe. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Social media and hopeful imagery: '''Throughout the campaign the hashtag #RightToBreathe was used across social media channels, and the image of sunflowers, symbolizing the belief in “a better future for Philadelphia with clean air, healthy families and a green economy,” were seen during protests <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Working groups: '''Momentum was maintained throughout the campaign due to the organization of small working groups.
*'''Direct actions and storytelling: '''More protests and take-overs were planned, including a “Toxic Tour” of the oil refinery on July 26th led by Philly Thrive, ACTION United, LeftRoots, and Global Grassroots Justice Alliance. At this event, frontline activists shared global and local personal stories of how they have been impacted by the fossil fuel economies. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*Victory was declared in December when the '''expansion plans were officially canceled <ref>Thompson, Zalaka. “Our Victory”. Accessed November 18, 2023. https://www.phillythrive.org/our_victory</ref> '''
*Despite the cancellations, Philly Thrive continued with advocacy and mobilization of more campaigns until '''PES refinery went bankrupt in 2018 and finally shut down in 2019''' after a series of explosions. <ref>Hanley, Steve. 2020. “Biggest Oil Refinery Cleanup In US History Begins In Philadelphia”. Accessed October 12, 2023.https://cleantechnica.com/2021/02/22/biggest-oil-refinery-clean-up-in-us-history-begins-in-philadelphia</ref>
Philly Thrive continues to organize for environmental justice with their campaigns. They are now advocating for their “RightToThrive”, to repair and clean up 154 years of violence and pollution in their communities. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
|}

=== 13 Pueblos (Mexico) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.25.23 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 176px; width: 1094px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of  project'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 16px;" |
*13 pueblos started in 2006 to cancel the development of the La Ciénega housing units, around the area of the Chihuahuita spring in Morelos, Mexico. There was no prior consultation or Environmental Impact Assessment. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>   
*The infrastructure to deliver water from the Chihuahuita spring had been donated by President Lázaro Cárdenas, to provide water to Xoxocotla and the neighboring pueblos in 1934. The communities had been struggling from a lack of water access  throughout the Mexican Revolution, due to hoarding and misuse for the production of sugar cane. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
*Access to water was threatened by the La Ciénega housing units, as their planned locations were in the water replenishment areas of the spring. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 57px;" |
*The 13 pueblos involved were Tepetzingo, Tetecalita, Temimilcingo, Acamilpa, Pueblo Nuevo, Tlaltizapan, Huatecalco, El Mirador, Benito Juárez, Tetelpa, Santa Rosa Treinta, San Miguel Treinta, and Xoxocotla. <ref>Velazco, Salvador. 2018.  “(Des) colonialidad del poder en 13 pueblos en defensa del agua, el aire y la tierra.” 5, no. 9 (2018): 22–44. https://doi.org/10.5195/ct/2017.249</ref> Most pueblos were made up of Indigenous communities, and campesinos or farmers. They came together to advocate for their land sovereignty and water access. <ref>Hernández Navarro, Luis. 2007. “Morelos: siembra de concreto, cosecha de ira”. https://www.jornada.com.mx/2007/08/07/index.php?section=opinion&article=019a1pol</ref>
'''Organizing tactics''':
*'''Development of a council: '''The council of the pueblos was created for members from each pueblo to meet every Sunday. They exchanged about one another’s concerns, devised their strategies, and found alternative solutions without government authority. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Blockades and protests: '''For three years, they protested, organized blockades, and counter-reports despite strong government opposition and police brutality. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Convening and a manifesto: '''153 Indigenous leaders from so-called Canada, the US, Peru, and other counties in Latin America came together in Xochicalco for the Council of the 13 pueblos and the presentation of their manifesto. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
***The manifesto was made in defense of the land, air, and water, and it outlined the current crisis and visions for the future (Pueblos de Morelos 2007; Casiba 2007, 1:08). It also accused the government and corporations of labeling the areas as “unproductive” to justify construction plans despite the presence of Indigenous and farmer communities <ref>Casiba. 2007. “Los 13 pueblos hacen entrega de Manifiesto”. YouTube video, 1:08. Accessed November 28, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weoP7AgCqRY</ref>
*'''Legal action:''' In 2008, a court case was presented in the Latin American Water Court where CEAMA (the State Water and Environment Commission) and Conagua were blamed for having authorized construction permits without proper assessment and not taking into account the needs of the surrounding communities <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> 


'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2009, three years after the movement's conception, '''the project plans were canceled and the area within a 100 meter radius of the Chihuahuita spring was protected <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> '''
|- style="height: 103px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 103px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 103px;" |
*Several people were injured and arrested. The people of the 13 pueblos were often tear-gassed by police forces, bribed, and some individuals received death threats. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*They had to fight opposing narratives from the government and Conagua, Mexico’s National Water Commission, that falsely claimed there was sufficient water for the construction of the housing units. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref> 
 
|}

=== Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.30.43 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 16px;" |
*The Trans Mountain Expansion project (TMX) aims to construct a second pipeline, approximately parallel to the current trans-mountain pipeline that transports crude oil from Edmonton to the coast of British Columbia. The project would triple it's capacity. <ref>https://www.transmountain.com/</ref>
*First proposed by Kinder Morgan in 2013, with an estimated price of $5 billion. The Canadian federal government purchased the pipeline in 2018 after significant resistance and price increases.
***The price tag for the project has increased to over $30 billion today. A net cost that will be passed on to taxpayer. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*The project lacks proper consultation for free, prior, and informed consent by Indigenous peoples.
*Construction causes violence towards women and children due to aggressions from “man camps” that are created to work at these sites. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' Direct action through blocking the pipeline construction has been supported by many academics, activists, and environmental organizations, and was initiated by local Indigenous land defenders. The Tiny House Warriors of the Secwépemc nation, was created as a camp to inhabit areas to be developed and physically resist the project <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*'''Win remains partial:''' Despite increasing '''public opposition, increased costs, countless delays, financial problems, and difficulties finding banks or insurers''' to host the project, its construction has not been halted. It is set to begin operations in 2024 <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
|- style="height: 122px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 122px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 122px;" |
*Both the owner and the judge of the project’s feasibility, the Canadian government, is in a favorable position to impose the expansion project and issue construction permits. This poses ethical questions of the democratic processes behind the project.
*There has been monitoring and policing of activists, including a bill that prohibits approaching any of the construction sites <ref>CBC News. 2019. “Trans Mountain Monitoring Anti-Pipeline Activists through Social Media | CBC News.” CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada. November 25. https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/tmx-docs-reports-1.5370221</ref>
*Over 200 activists have been arrested for their involvement in mobilizations against TMX <ref>Stand Earth. 2023. “Stopping the Trans Mountain Pipeline.” Stand.Earth. September 14. https://stand.earth/our-work/campaigns/stopping-the-trans-mountain-pipeline/#:~:text=The%20pipeline%20is%20opposed%20by,over%20200%20having%20been%20arrested</ref>
|}

=== Atlantic Coast Pipeline (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.32.55 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
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| style="width: 160.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The Atlantic Coast Pipeline was proposed by Dominion Energy and Duke Energy in 2013. It was designed to transport gas daily from the Utica and Marcellus gas fields in West Virginia to Virginia and North Carolina. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
* The proposed project received an Environmental Impact Statement in 2016 and aimed at starting construction in 2017, with an estimated cost of $5.1 billion. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
*The proposed project would have disproportionately affected African American communities and Indigenous communities. <ref>CBF. 2023. “Atlantic Coast Natural Gas Pipeline.” Chesapeake Bay Foundation. Accessed December 16. https://www.cbf.org/about-cbf/locations/virginia/issues/atlantic-coast-natural-gas-pipeline.html</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and legal action: '''Environmental organizations, grassroots groups of residents and landowners, and a legal organization (the Southern Environmental Law Centre) converged in instigating legal battles against the pipeline.
***A coalition of environmental, conservation, and public advocacy groups signed a letter demanding that rigorous environmental assessment be conducted, citing pipeline engineers and environmental specialists. <ref>Southern Environmental Law Center. 2021. “Large Coalition Implores Governor, State Environmental Agency to Protect Virginia Waters.” Southern Environmental Law Center. September 29. https://www.southernenvironment.org/news/large-coalition-implores-governor-state-enviromental-agency-to-protect-virg/</ref> 
*'''Direct action: '''The coalitions mobilization strategies included but were not limited to: signs on homes, marches, letters to relevant authorities, public meetings, and non-violent actions.  
'''SUCCESS:'''
*A significant legal win was the recognition of the impacts on the Appalachian Trail. As a part of the National Parks System, the United States Forest service '''did not have the authority to issue construction permits <ref>Appalachian Voices. 2023. “Canceled: Atlantic Coast Pipeline.” Appalachian Voices. Accessed December 16. https://appvoices.org/pipelines/atlantic-coast-pipeline/</ref> '''
*In July 2020, Dominion Energy and Duke Energy announced the '''cancellation of the pipeline''', citing ongoing delays, the COVID-19 pandemic, legal uncertainty, and increasing costs of construction.
|}

=== Public Power New York (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.35.11 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project and campaign'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2019, the state of New York adopted the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) which commits to 100% renewable energy by 2040 and at least 70% of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2030. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
*Public Power New York (PPNY) led a campaign that lasted for 3.5 years. They aimed to pass the Build Public Renewables Act in the state budget. The Build Public Renewables Act will require the New York Power Authority (NYPA) to not only provide fully renewable energy to citizens by 2040, but also to ensure that economic, social, and racial justice are considered. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
***The bill will ensure that energy jobs have high labor standards, and that the transition to renewable energy is led by the public sector. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
***The bill will also ensure that the most polluting oil and gas plants, located mainly in low-income communities of color, will be shut down by 2030, and that energy is affordable for lower income communities <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Political organizing:''' The coalition encouraged people to call and send emails to Governor Kathy Hochul, the politician responsible for passing the bill. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*They got members of the movement campaigning for office on platforms that endorsed Public Power NY. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
*'''Public education:''' Public events educated the larger public about the state of the current NY energy system. 
*'''Coalition building: '''The most important tactic; the PPNY grassroots coalition brings together more than 20 environmental justice organizations, labor unions, and thousands of volunteers. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*The coalition pays serious attention to racial and economic justice in the fight for renewable energy.
***Involving labor unions was notably difficult because of the worker’s skepticism of the notoriously anti-union renewable energy industry. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*After nearly four years of campaigning, PPNY successfully achieved its goal when '''the New York State legislature decided to pass the Build Public Renewables Act''' in May 2023 and allocate a budget to the NYPA that would allow for its effective implementation. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
|}

=== Mi’kmaq Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.14.03 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
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| style="width: 157.641px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2009, New Brunswick granted Southwestern Energy Resources a permit to explore over a million hectares of land for natural gas extraction <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*New Brunswick citizens opposed this decision by signing many petitions and organizing protests. The citizen-led opposition to fracking was not heard nor taken into account by the government. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*In 2013, South Western Energy Resources and Irving Oil were allowed to conduct exploration for, and extraction of, natural gas on unceded Mi'kma'ki territory. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref>
*The Elsipogtog First Nation was opposed to the project because it was hazardous to their lands and waters. 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
<li class="p1">'''Blockades:''' The Mi’kmaq Warrior Society organized blockades and resisted police repression. Support also came from other Indigenous groups and settler allies. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref> </li>
<li class="p1">'''Day of action:''' The Indigenous-led organization IDLE No More called for a national day of solidarity protest. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> </li>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*The companies finally decided to '''abandon seismic testing and to leave the province until 2015. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> '''
*In 2015, a temporary '''moratorium on fracking''' was announced by the government of New Brunswick and was extended indefinitely in 2016 <ref>CBC News. 2018. “Province extends fracking ban 'indefinitely' after failing to meet its own conditions.” CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/shale-gas-fracking-gallant-moratorium-1.4715225</ref> 
|-
| style="width: 157.641px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faces'''
| style="width: 926.359px;" |
*The government opposition to the protesters and the strong police repression was the main challenge faced by protesters.
|}

=== GNL Quebec (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.16.31 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
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| style="width: 157.344px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 16px;" |
*GNL Quebec project was a 750-km natural gas pipeline operated by Gazoduq, a gas liquefaction plant managed by Énergie Saguenay, and terminal for the export of methane in Saguenay, QC. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020a. “What GNL Québec Is and Why You Must Block the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. July 28, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/41055/what-gnl-quebec-is-and-why-you-must-say-no-to-it/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 57px;" |
The movement against GNL used multi-level approach, engaging local, national, and international spheres, and created a united front.

Organizing Tactics: 
*'''Direct action: '''The movement began in 2017 with an initial demonstration by Innu Land and Water Protectors. Decentralized actions, like hanging banners at symbolic locations, enhanced visibility and emphasized the project's lack of social acceptability. The global climate strikes on September 27, 2019, that drew half a million people and featured a speech by climate activist Greta Thunberg, provided the GNL Quebec movement with an international platform. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2021. “No to GNL Québec* : Banners Blossom across the Province in Rejection of the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. September 3, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/46568/no-to-gnl-quebec-banners-blossom-across-the-province-in-rejection-of-the-project/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Local citizens, civil society groups, environmental activists, opposition parties, and student associations, all united against GNL Quebec. Forming an informal coalition expanded the movement from a local to National issue. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref>
*'''Political organizing:''' Utilizing petitions, polls, and active participation in official public consultations such as BAPE (The Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec), the movement demonstrated resistance through many formal channels with record-breaking participation. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020b. “BAPE on GNL Québec: HISTORIC PARTICIPATION EXPOSES the FLAWS of an OUTDATED PROJECT.” Greenpeace Canada. November 5, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/44494/bape-on-gnl-quebec-historic-participation-exposes-the-flaws-of-an-outdated-project/</ref> The number of citizens that contributed to the public consultation on the environmental assessment was historic (7000 submissions). 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2020 and 2021, major investors, including Warren Buffett's firm, withdrew support from the project. <ref>Houle, Jean. 2020. “GNL Québec: Un Investisseur Majeur Se Retire à Cause Des Blocus Autochtones.” Www.journaldemontreal.com. March 5, 2020. https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2020/03/05/le-projet-de-gnl-quebec-encaisse-un-veritable-coup-de-masse-1</ref> 
*The BAPE (Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec) report came out in the movement’s favor, and Quebec Premier François Legault rejected the project in 2021. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref> 
|}

=== Standing Rock (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.18.15 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
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| style="width: 160.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 16px;" |
*Energy Transfer Partners proposed the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), intended to traverse sacred Indigenous lands.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 57px;" |
*Standing Rock's primary objectives were: safeguarding the Missouri River, protecting sacred lands and historical sites, and upholding the sovereignty and treaty rights of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. Central to the tribe's argument was the contention that the DAPL breached Article II of the Fort Laramie Treaty, securing the right to the peaceful and uninterrupted utilization of reservation lands. <ref>Smithsonian. 2015. “Standing Rock Sioux and Dakota Access Pipeline | Teacher Resource.” Si.edu. Smithsonian: National Museum of the American Indian. 2015. https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/plains-treaties/dapl</ref>
*In March 2016, a pivotal moment occurred as Tokata Iron Eyes and the Standing Rock Youth uncovered plans to reroute the pipeline through sacred lands. This discovery marked the initiation of the #NoDAPL movement <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Online presence:''' The #NoDAPL movement was led by teenagers. They used online platforms, petitions, and mobilized. Social media, particularly the #NoDAPL hashtag, was crucial in amplifying the movement's message and reaching a global audience. <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
*'''Physical occupation: '''As tensions escalated, encampments like Sacred Stone and Oceti Sakowin became central to resistance. <ref>Yardley, William. 2017. “Last Holdouts Are Cleared from Main Dakota Access Pipeline Protest Camp.” Los Angeles Times. February 23, 2017. https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-standing-rock-20170223-story.html</ref> These encampments served as strategic hubs, fostering communal dynamics and providing a base for legal strategies employed by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe.
*'''Symbolic resistance:''' ReZpect Our Water played a critical role within the broader #NoDAPL movement. They organized relay runs, symbolizing the historic and spiritual practice of running among Native peoples, contributing to the movement's visibility. <ref>Joseph, Alli. 2016. “Running for Their Lives: Native American Relay Tradition Revived to Protest Dakota Access Pipeline.” Salon. Salon.com. September 12, 2016. https://www.salon.com/2016/09/12/running-for-their-lives-native-american-relay-tradition-revived-to-protest-dakota-access-pipeline/</ref> 
*'''International advocacy:''' Efforts included engagements with the UN Human Rights Council and the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. <ref>Medina, Daniel A. 2016. “Standing Rock Sioux Takes Pipeline Fight to UN Human Rights Council in Geneva.” NBC News. NBC News. September 20, 2016. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/standing-rock-sioux-takes-pipeline-fight-un-human-rights-council-n651381</ref> 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2016 the Department of the Army denied an easement under Lake Oahe, halting the pipeline's progression. This decision generated jubilation at the Oceti Sakowin camp, and had broader implications for Indigenous rights. <ref>Healy, Jack, and Nicholas Fandos. 2016. “Protesters Gain Victory in Fight over Dakota Access Oil Pipeline.” The New York Times, December 4, 2016, sec. U.S. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/04/us/federal-officials-to-explore-different-route-for-dakota-pipeline.html</ref>
|-
| style="width: 160.141px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 930.859px;" |
*There was excessive use of force by police and private military personnel during violent confrontations with protestors. <ref>Hersher, Rebecca. 2017. “Key Moments in the Dakota Access Pipeline Fight.” Npr.org. Npr. February 22, 2017. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/22/514988040/key-moments-in-the-dakota-access-pipeline-fight</ref>
*President Trump's memorandum in 2017 accelerated the project. In 2021, there remains hope for Standing Rock protestors to be heard. <ref>Todrys, Katherine Wiltenburg . 2021. Black Snake: Standing Rock, the Dakota Access Pipeline, and Environmental Justice. University of Nebraska Press</ref>
|}

=== Athabasca Tar Sands Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.33.03 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1124px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 16px;" |
*Shell proposed development of the Athabasca Tar Sands. The Athabasca-Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN) strongly challenged Shell, seeking compensation for damage already done and legal recognition of native land rights on traditional territories outside of reserves. <ref>Lim, Audrea. 2014. “How First Nations in Canada Are Winning the Fight against Big Oil.” The Nation. September 10. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-first-nations-canada-are-winning-fight-against-big-oil/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Legal opposition:''' The ACFN mounted significant legal opposition against Shell in the form of lawsuits and interventions in the regulatory process. <ref>Narine, Shari, ed. 2015. “Shell Withdraws Pierre Mine Project Application.” Ammsa.Com. https://ammsa.com/publications/alberta-sweetgrass/shell-withdraws-pierre-mine-project-application</ref>
*'''Rejecting government channels:''' Withdrawing from consultative committees proved effective, as these committees often had little impact, and oil companies could no longer claim Indigenous consultation. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
*In 2010, the Tar Sands Healing Walk was founded by a group of Indigenous activists including the ACFN. The Healing Walk, a 14-kilometer walk through the tar sands, was intended to build community and raise awareness about the damage caused by bitumen extraction. The Walk ended in 2014 after organizers felt its goals had been achieved. <ref>Leahy, Derek. 2014. “June 28th: Final ‘Tar Sands Healing Walk’ Simply a New Beginning, Say Organizers.” The Narwhal. March 20. https://thenarwhal.ca/june-28th-final-tar-sands-healing-walk-simply-new-beginning-say-organizers/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Indigenous groups, environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs), labor groups, and religious groups joined forces. These coalitions extended beyond local communities to the international scale, raising public awareness and increasing pressure on oil companies. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
On coalition building, Lubicon Cree activist Melina Laboucan-Massimo said, ''“‘When we work in coalitions – the environmental movement, First Nations and the labor movement – there’s such a convergence of diverse voices…we’re really starting to see growing public accountability and public opposition being seen and taken seriously'’” <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''

'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2014, a series of large development projects, including Shell’s Pierre River Mine, were canceled due to “market forces and public opposition”  It is estimated that public opposition to the tar sands has cost the oil industry over $17 billion.'' <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''
|}

=== Nitaskinan60 (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.37.04 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1103px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 16px;" |
Nitaskinan – Atikamekw territory – has been threatened by the destruction of logging companies.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 57px;" |
*Nitaskinan60, or the Kilometer 60 campaign, is an ongoing campaign in Manawan, Québec, Canada.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' The Dubé family and Manawan community established a blockade and announced a moratorium on logging in Manawan. The blockade has the immediate goal of stopping the illegal logging and the long-term goal of Indigenous sovereignty and unity. <ref>Richardson, Lindsay, and Emelia Fournier. 2022. “Inside the Atikamekw Nation’s Fight against Deforestation of Ancestral Lands.” APTN News. March 18. https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/inside-the-atikamekw-nations-fight-against-the-deforestation-of-its-ancestral-lands/</ref> 
'''SUCCESS (this campaign is ongoing):'''
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) published seven sustainable forestry recommendations for better community consultation and involvement. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) issued a report in May, 2022, concluding that the MFFP and Scerie Saint-Michel were both at fault. However, the report neither offered reparations or compensation to the Dubé family or Manawan community, nor penalized either of the responsible parties. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
|-
| style="width: 145.906px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 931.094px;" |
*While campaigning, some activists expressed fear of danger to individuals, physical or legal.
*The greatest challenge has been a lack of government cooperation and responsibility.  
|}

== Strategy and tactics used ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1138px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Direct action (14/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 28px;" |
*All campaigns participated in a form of '''direct action '''(physical disruption).
**Specific tactics varied: protests, marches, sit-ins, civil disobedience and blockades.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Community engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 37px;" |
*Engagement tactics used; canvassing, '''community meetings, workshops, teach-ins, reading groups, focus groups and speak-ins'''.
**Specific examples include the Standing Rock Relay Runs, the Grassy Narrows River Run, and weekly potlucks for Stop Cop City. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 164.141px;" | '''Mass engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*Mass engagement was through''' petitions and letters.'''
**This was important for the involvement of community members who do not have the same time, ability or privilege for actions and events.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 164.141px;" |
'''Coalition building (7/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 28px;" |
*Benefits: creation of a new entity, diverse knowledge/perspectives and increasing the '''size and strength of campaigns'''.
|- style="height: 72px;"
| style="height: 72px; width: 164.141px;" |
'''Legal action and political pressure (7/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 72px;" |
*Formal political and legal processes were used.
**To seek policy change, tactics included; call campaigns, attending public meetings or consultations, running for office or organizing election campaigns. Many campaigns faced high opposition, but many also '''benefited from political alliances.'''
**For legal challenges, tactics included; lawsuits, legal curt appeals, course cases, referendums and legal advocacy '''often delayed projects, but did not always result in material gains.'''
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 164.141px; height: 46px;" | '''Mass communication (5/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*Communication platforms such as social media campaigns, banners, magazines, press conferences, documentaries engaged the public.
*'''Alternative media and social media '''was useful in countering mainstream media which often aligns with government and industry perspectives.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 164.141px; height: 46px;" | '''Independent research (3/14)'''
| style="width: 947.859px; height: 46px;" |
*A small handful of campaigns conducted '''independent research '''to enhance the campaigns credibility and convince of it's importance.
|}

== Participating groups ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1113px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 209.188px;" | '''Locally impacted community members/land defenders + grassroots activists + ENGOs = success'''
| style="width: 877.812px; height: 51px;" |
*Actors varied across campaigns. The most common participants were networks made up of '''community members, volunteers, Indigenous groups, and environmental organizations (ENGO's).'''
*Research for the Athabasca Tar Sands case study states that, “Dominant political and industry actors were largely able to overlook the movement until a diverse and influential set of social movement actors began collaborating and shifting these local struggles transnationally.” <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 209.188px;" | '''Unions'''
| style="width: 877.812px; height: 51px;" |
*Unions participated in 4 out of 14 of the campaigns.
*For the Public Power NY campaign, the involvement of labor unions was identified as a turning point in the struggle. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref> 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 209.188px;" | '''Industry professionals and student groups'''
| style="width: 877.812px; height: 28px;" |
*The least recurrent participants were academics, businesses, legal groups, health groups, and student groups.
*For GNL Quebec campaign, students made up the largest fraction of supporters with 54 student associations representing more than 350,000 members. Student’s involvement was also identified as crucial.
*Academics were involved in the TMX Pipeline and GNL Quebec campaigns. Academic Tim Takaro camped in a tree scheduled to be cut down for the construction of the TMX pipeline and this gathered significant media attention that reached different audiences. David Suzuki, a well known celebrity and academic, was involved with the campaign against GNL Quebec. The involvement of academics or well-known experts helped these campaigns gain wider media attention. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref> 
|}

== Challenges faced ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 231px; width: 1102px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Government opposition (7/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Legal challenges and large public demonstrations '''were used to overcome government opposition.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Police repression (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Direct action '''was used both as a counter to repression, and also faced additional repression. Increased project costs and delays to construction helped address the challenges faced using direct action.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Coalition challenges (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Difficulty creating alliances due to diverging opinions and perspectives.
E.g. “There has been a lack of structure in the coalition when it comes to making decisions when it comes to allocation of resources…the lack of structure has meant that we are being pulled in like 25 directions all at once. We need to unravel this notion that structure is our enemy. And if we refuse to define what leadership looks like, on the basis that leadership is hierarchical. It just means that leadership goes, unaccounted [for], and it goes unchecked.” -Activist against TMX pipeline
*'''Coalitions '''were used to strengthen the response to challenges by increasing knowledge and resources
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Legal challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 28px;" |
*Activist arrests, and opposition from industry.
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Health challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Linked directly to the struggle.
|-
| style="width: 205.828px;" | '''Misinformation (2/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*'''Educational efforts''' helped to counter misinformation.
|}
 

== Results and key research findings ==

=== Researcher takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 302px; width: 1118px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Direct action'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 16px;" |
*Most commonly used to successfully overcome government opposition and police repression.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Legal action and political pressure'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 57px;" |
*Most effective for procedural delays, reducing the economic viability of projects, and sometimes, for facilitating the recognition of Indigenous rights and sovereignty.
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''Coalition building'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 76px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, leading to new campaigns and/or activist groups, and providing more perspectives and knowledge
*When facing police repression, coalitions can help support activists and communities more at risk of experiencing direct criminalization or police violence.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Community engagement'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, fostering collaboration, strong community support and diverse campaigns that engage a wide variety of people.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Communication and raising public awareness'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, increasing support for the campaign and lowering acceptability of the target. 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Diversity of actors, strategies and tactics'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Greatly contributed to the effectiveness of a successful intersectional campaign.
|}


'''Direct action, c''''''ommunity engagement and building strong, '''large, and diverse coalitions seem to be the most effective strategies, and the best strategies for overcoming challenges. 
 

=== HUB takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 1033px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 19px;" |
'''To mobilize ''deeper'' (increase commitment and engagement)...'''
| style="height: 19px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Connect and engage directly with community members (e.g. canvassing, potlucks, skill shares etc).'''
''"Why in the world would I go to a public park next to a police training facility like I wasn't going to do that. I wasn't going. But when I went back, what I saw was that the community had come in and began to use the land, the community had really started to make it our park. And people were doing teachings there about how to live off of the land, showing you what mushrooms were growing that you could eat, what type of moss you could use to make a poultice for cuts or to any types of wounds, you know, then there was like a weekly potluck that was happening. And people were talking to us about that area of land and what the South River Forest meant to this community." ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''One-to-one conversations are particularly helpful.'''
''"When we went door to door talking to people, what we found was that for a lot of people, the people who live farther away from the forest, the mayor's narrative was winning in so many ways, because people were like, 'Oh, it's just a training facility like what are you mad about?'... But when you began to talk to people about the nuts and bolts of it, when you began to tell people 'what do you think about a Blackhawk helicopter landing pad?' People like we're like, 'what do we need that for?'...Yeah, well, what do you think about the firing range?" ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Connect on the land.'''
''"We kept having events in the forest for as long as we could. We kept up our potluck. We started doing distribution with that. So we had food distribution... clothing that people wanted to bring, hygiene kits... whatever you don't need, pretty much just became like the community swap meet and potluck on every Wednesday... we continue to have skill shares in the forest and we continued to do things like the music festival, where a bunch of people got arrested for just being at a music festival. We kept doing those things so that people could see, like, this is where we are, this is what we're doing this is, this is where we congregate as a community. This is where we come together and do things. You know, this is what we are fighting so hard for not only for this land, we're fighting for our community, we're fighting for our bond, we're fighting for this thing that brings us together, but also keeps us alive, keeps us going gives us a greater quality of life."'' ''-''Organizer for Stop Cop City
<li>'''Know the history of the land you're on, to connect with impacted communities'''</li>''"We're on Tongva Land. The community has been traditionally black... one of the few neighborhoods that black communities could live in, and rapidly converting to large Latino populations. So very much a mixed population on unceded Tongva territory, we refer to it as South Central Los Angeles. Our original offices were on land that was owned by Edward Doheny... the big North American granddaddy oil baron from back in the day... Mount St. Mary's College is built on his former estate. His estate had a petting zoo and all these beautiful Victorian buildings. And that is the neighborhood that our organization started in."'' -Organizer for Stand L.A.
|- style="height: 120px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 120px;" | '''To mobilize widely...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 120px;" |
*'''Engage with many forms of media'''
''"We have to work hard for alternative media to get things out. So we have a number of different news crews that work with us; independent journalists, local magazines and newspapers. And then we were able to get NBC to come here to do a short documentary about cop city... and also the documentary done by Al Jazeera. Those have been like the mainstream media documentaries that have really opened people's eyes." -''Organizer for'' ''Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''To get your message across...'''
| style="height: 51px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Relate to issues concerning community members''' (i.e. rather than a blanket 'stop climate change', campaigns and communication addressed a specific concern, project, proposal or law impacting locals). 
''"At the time, I was working for voting rights organization, and I was the lead childcare organizer. And one of the things that I started to do was talk to people about how cop city affected the state of childcare... when you're talking about childcare, you are talking about health care. And when you're talking about health care, you have to talk about economic justice and environmental justice together. And you cannot have a conversation about childcare without talking about reproductive justice. Because according to the pillars of reproductive justice, I am supposed to be able to raise the children that I choose to have in a clean, safe environment that is free of state sanctioned interpersonal violence... So when when you looked at... what that intersectionality was, and how we could get people to understand.. '''everybody has a stake in this'''."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Contact press and hold press conferences at strategic times to control the narrative'''
''"There was, at one point it was really like a back and forth of, we're sending a press release, and then a company has to answer that we're sending a press release under industry, and they have to answer, so we kind of we became master the narrative where they had to always answer our communication." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Use art to grab attention, visualize the story, and help people relate'''
''"[We used] genderless, ageless wig stands, and assaulted each one of them with one symptom... a nosebleed... asthma [with a] puffer, [an inflamed] thyroid, a congested nose with a clothespin. We had several others. My self portrait was a headache that I described by putting two barbecue skewers from the nape of my neck through my forehead... And we set that up on a table with a big boombox with a black tablecloth... just as kids and parents were walking home from school, and they would walk by and say, "hey, hey, hey, what's that with the nosebleed? I had to take my kid three times to the emergency room last week with nosebleeds"... All of these symptoms began to come together and we use that event and events like it to tell people, we want to talk more with you." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Provide platforms for community members to share their stories'''
 ''"I think [uplifting the] community's voice and just speaking the truth, and providing as many people the opportunity to tell their story... storytelling, personal testimony, community based research, all of those things are very critical.''" -Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Uplift elders, and people who can describe how the community has been impacted over time'''
''"The elders are also important, because they will be the quickest ones to notice that the air has changed... What's making that happen... being privileged to share the community with people who've lived there for a very long time. I think that's really the greatest asset for change, just listening to community." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''To build a stronger force...'''
| style="height: 28px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Form strategic alliances/coalitions between the grassroots, NGOs, unions, associations, academics etc. '''
''"Knock on all these doors and find out key organizational and individual levers that the can help you. I think it's critical to find a way to get the big green NGOs on board. They have a lot of mobilization power, and when they actually show up, they can be instrumental, and then you need to find political allies as well... all the opposition parties were with us... and the mobilization needs to be grassroots-led... that is a prime example of how local grassroots organizing, amplified by others, can become the most powerful tool in the world." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Set goals as a coalition and as individual groups/organizations'''
''"I think that the one of the biggest challenges that I've noticed, is the lack of defining our goals in a meaningful and practical way. There has been a lack of, or an unwillingness, to get specific enough with our goals and what it means to, in my opinion, actually be able to accomplish them. Because... when I talked about the campaign, or the movement or whatever, it's basically a coalition of dozens of organizations that are all united under this banner called protect the planet. And there's very diverse organizations involved in that coalition...There's a lot of overlap between the groups... everyone is united and agrees that our goal is to stop TMX... But that's not enough... it doesn't tell you how we're going to get there. And there's still a distinction between tactics, like tactics, and specific goals are two different things as well. But... what does that actually mean, to stop TMX? What does that look like? Because if we don't get more specific about what that means, we aren't able to tailor our actions in a way that is effective... You know, it ends up with people like, let's hold a rally at City Hall to stop TMX. And it's like, what is that doing? Why are we targeting City Hall? That makes no sense, like City Hall has no power to do anything here? I think there's this kind of something you hear a lot is 'Oh, well, we're raising awareness.' '''I think something that has become really clear in this campaign, and that I've heard other people say in other campaigns is that if your campaigns goal is just to raise awareness, you've already failed'''. Like, that's not enough. Yes, it's a component of any sort of social movement or campaign. But if that's where the goal ends, it's not, it's just not going to do anything. It's just not enough."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Power map as a coalition'''
''"Without defining what needs to happen for the project to be stopped, we can't tailor our actions to target the right people. And I think that's been a challenge, is figuring out who is an effective target... We need to actually target the people and the the entities that have the power to change what we're trying to change."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Map out your spectrum of allies'''
''"You need to analyze where your allies are, active allies, passive allies, who are your active enemies, and really focus on bringing more passive allies to the active side... when this all started, there was a lot of passive allies. The students were concerned with climate, but they weren't specifically involved in the project. At first, the only active allies there was a tiny bit of people from First Nations [communities], and then citizen groups... when you're in that moment, where you're trying to develop a campaign against a big struggle, or a big project like this one, you really need to find, who are those people in society that agree with me, but aren't doing shit about it. And that's a tough part. That's a long process. But you really have to do it." ''-Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Do skill and knowledge shares for sustainable engagement.'''
"''We constantly do teachings with each other. You know, this Friday, we have a teaching with the Palestinian youth movement to help people understand how cop city connects to the struggle for freedom in Palestine. We constantly educate ourselves so that we educate the community. So, we do that by canvassing, we do that by public facing events like movie screenings and townhall meetings, community talkbacks where the community will come and just tell us, hey, this is my concern.''" -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Support action led by directly impacted communities'''
''"The mass education campaigns on hydraulic fracturing that had been ongoing since 2011 were not Indigenous-led. Numerous action and advocacy groups across the province were also not Indigenous-led. The frontlines certainly were Indigenous-led. So, in support of frontline activities, allies were very supportive, financially and materially." -Journalist for Mi'kmaq resistance''
|- style="height: 305px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 305px;" | '''To conserve energy/resources...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 305px;" |
*'''Intentionally define a structure, accountability and how power is shared (avoidance creates more problems)'''
''"There has been, in my experience, a refusal... to even discuss what it might mean to have some sort of structure for the coalition... there's this really problematic assumption that... organizing non hierarchically means that... structure is an enemy because structure is hierarchical. And that has been such a problem because it just means that nothing gets done... if we refuse to define what leadership looks like... it just means that leadership goes, unaccounted, and it goes unchecked. And no one knows what's going on... people are still assuming positions of leadership, but they're not accountable to people for that, and it's not clear, who is responsible for what. And I would actually argue that that ends up resulting in a more hierarchical structure than if the leadership had been defined clearly... '''One of the one of the teachings from my people that we were using in this context that I think explains it really well, is geese. So when you see Canada geese fly, they fly in a V shape, right. And there's a leader at the point of the V, that goose is the one that is setting the direction of where the flock is going. But they get tired, and they swap out. So when the when the lead goose gets tired, they swap positions with another goose that's in the V, and they just swap over like that'''. [Otherwise,] no one is responsible for anything, and everyone is responsible for everything at the same time. And it's so cumbersome. It's restrictive in terms of using our time and our energy and resources in an effective way. And that leads to burnout." -''TMX Organizer''' '''
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 74px;" | '''To maintain momentum...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 74px;" |
*'''Recognize and reflect on your successes'''
''"The biggest victory in this fight against cop city, is that people understand what it is that we do need to be safe and community because this has really opened up a huge conversation about community safety."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Leverage the momentum of other movements by drawing connections'''
"''At the time of the shutdown Canada movement... when the entire world was watching what was going on in the West... [there were great narratives] built between what was going on out west and what was going on here, tying it to basically being the same colonial projects that were that were being forced down the throat of Indigenous communities." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
|- style="height: 125px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 125px;" | '''To strengthen relationships...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 125px;" |
*'''Center joy!'''
"''We started to choir... there are a lot of people who are very good singers, there are people who are instrumentalists. There are people who just want to have good vibes and chill out with each other. So we started singing together, we started doing that. And we've performed in a couple of places, it's been a lot of fun. People are carrying it on, you know, make sure that you definitely do that make time for joy and make space for healing."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 311px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 311px;" | '''To address problematic behaviour internally...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 311px;" |
*'''Make sure structures and policies for accountability are defined; what is not okay, who to speak to when something happens and how unacceptable behaviour is addressed '''
''"It's always these men that have like, this poorly defined power and are operating within this like, very hierarchical system, but because we've refused to define [a clear structure], [abuse/harassment] doesn't get called out."'' -TMX Organizer

''"Part of what I've learned here is that just defining ourselves as [anti-oppressive] doesn't make it so... 'We will not cancel us' by Adrienne Marie Brown, explains... when we are so quick to cancel each other, and she's not talking about abusers here, there's a difference there. If someone is abusive, that requires... a different conversation, though, when it comes to just transgressions and mistakes that people make saying the wrong thing, doing the wrong thing, like that is going to happen because... every single person that is involved in these movements has grown up in a world that has these... systems of oppression that have been built into our lives in all of these ways. And a lot of the work that we have to do is unlearning all of those systems because we can't see how they have impacted us... we need to be able to have the room to make mistakes... we need those skills to be able to''' '''negotiate '''where that line is with what is unacceptable transgression. And how do we handle those mistakes in a way that actually allows people to correct those mistakes and learn from them and grow and do better next time? Without destroying the movement and like pushing people out?'''" -''TMX Organizer
|}

=== HUB observations: additional lessons ===
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For environmentalists that do not understand how Indigenous sovereignty and police violence relate to the climate crisis...
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There are 2 critical points to emphasize:

1) How '''structural racism and ongoing settler colonialism impact historic and ongoing climate justice campaigns, specifically on Indigenous Land defenders. '''The degree of criminalization, physical violence, and assassinations during environmental campaigns significantly increases when Indigenous people are involved <ref>Scheidel, Arnim et al. 2020. “Environmental Conflicts and Defenders: A Global Overview.” Global Environmental Change 63: 102104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104</ref>

2) Most climate justice campaigns that have had''' success in the last 20 years across Turtle Island have been initiated and led by impacted Indigenous communities'''.
|-
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| style="width: 993.812px;" |
*'''Let the grassroots lead'''! Listen to what support they say they need; media? Funding? Training? They will tell you.
*'''Don't '''craft the message: uplift the voices of grassroots organizers (co-creation ''may'' be more possible if a coalition is formed). 
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More to come!
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''''

''If you have corrections or additional resources to share with us related to this content, you can contact kenzie@lehub.ca.''
 

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<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

'''[https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Militant_Wiki Back to Homepage]'''

How we Win! Summary of findings on successful climate justice campaigns in North America

2024-09-18T00:30:36Z

Mediawiki: /* Defining 'success' and study parameters */

''''
<div class="speechify-ipvczq"></div>
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''How we win'' was a 2023 research project supervised by Dr. Jen Gobby, and conducted by McGill students Cassandra Ciafro, Anna Henry, Frida Sofia Morales Mora, Thomas Nakasako, Dafne Ozcan, Nico Serreqi and Lea Vadez Reyes. It investigates the following question: ''What can be learned from the struggles and successes of intersectional climate campaigns across Turtle Island (North America) over the past 20 years, and what factors contribute to the success of these campaigns? '' Case studies, plus 4 semi-structured interviews and 1 survey were used to explore this question.

 
This page includes a summary of the campaigns/movements included in the report and the tactics used, key factors that contributed to the success of multiple campaigns/movements, HUB team observations and suggestions based on key takeaways, plus key quotes from interviews and surveys with successful activists/organizers for more specific suggestions and examples.'''</div>
 
To read the full report, see the following: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/18U4F6Hf3ht4CSw6zYw6HXjJsE8QMX640TW6eMD0ZSeo/edit?usp=sharing How We Win! A Qualitative Review of Successful Climate Justice Campaigns in North America in the Last 20 Years]
 
 

== Defining 'success' and study parameters ==

'Success’ was defined as '''''having achieved material gains, or advancements in physical, financial, legal, or electoral conditions.'''''
*14 successful campaigns from Mexico, the so-called United States and so-called Canada were included.
**12 addressed racial justice, 11 Indigenous rights, 8 health and/or water justice, 3 housing justice, 2 disability justice and 1 food justice.
**Almost all of those explored were started by local, directly impacted Indigenous communities. The majority set to stop activities before they began (proposal stage).
**Length of campaign activities ranged from 6 months to over 50 years. Half of the campaigns explored are still ongoing.

 '''The successes of the campaigns included in the study included:'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 315px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 19px;" |
 
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 19px;" |
'''How the Research Team Defined This Success'''
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 19px;" | '''Campaigns Associated with this Success'''
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 51px;" | '''Cancellation of Projects or Practices; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 51px;" |
The temporary or permanent cancellation of projects or practices.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 51px;" |
10/14
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 28px;" | '''Legislation and/or Policy Change; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 28px;" | The enactment of policy or laws that align with the campaign’s goals.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 28px;" |
3/14 +2/14 partially
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Recognition of Indigenous rights/sovereignty; '''material success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Formal recognition that Indigenous rights or sovereignty were/would have been violated by a project or practice.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
3/14
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 80px;" | '''Building new and diverse coalitions;''' immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Building new alliances and partnerships with other individuals, organizations, or movements that did not exist before the campaign.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
4/14

 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 57px;" | '''Community engagement; '''immaterial success
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 57px;" | A strategy that puts marginalized communities at the forefront of the movement to raise awareness, mobilize support, and foster a sense of collective agency.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 57px;" |
5/14
|}

== Climate justice campaigns ==
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''Suggestion: look for campaigns that most resonate with an issue near you, a campaign you're working on etc. Are there tactics that haven't yet been applied in your context?''

=== Stand LA (US) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 3.41.57 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
“For us [...] it's a justice issue. And it's also an equity issue. If there is a universal good, we have to start with the most vulnerable, because equity never ever trickles down. It has to start from the bottom”.
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 188px;"
|- style="height: 85px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 85px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of group '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 85px;" |
Founded in 2013, Stand-LA formed to halt oil drilling in residential areas in Los Angeles. Their campaigns address environmentally and health hazardous projects that impact marginalized communities. <ref>http://www.stand.la/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''People Not Pozos' (People not wells) campaign'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 57px;" |
Targeted AllenCo drilling site was polluting a low-income, minority community. This had negative health impacts on residents. <ref>Cavallaro, Mara Marques. 2022. “The Deadly Consequences of Urban Oil Drilling,” October 19, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/los-angeles-oil-drilling-nalleli-cobo/</ref>

'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Door-knocking''' to gather data on the various symptoms experienced by residents, followed by making a health report <ref>Andrade, Anakaren, Tony Carrera, Francisca Martinez, Lizet Pantoja, Margaret Rubens, and Erick Zerecero. 2016. “Assessing the Health and Community Impacts of Oil Drilling Near Homes in South Los Angeles,” October. https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/project/stand-la/</ref>
*Making an '''art piece''' of eight styrofoam heads, each suffering from one of the symptoms caused by the drill site pollution.
*Organizing a '''community call-in campaign''' to the Air Quality Management District (AQMD) to bombard phone lines
*Conducting a '''press conference'''. This got the attention of Senator Barbara Boxer, the federal head of the environmental committee.
'''SUCCESS:''' Senator Boxer called on the '''Environmental Protection Agency '''to perform an investigation, and the AllenCo site shut down. Following their success, the STAND-L.A. coalition formalized. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; text-align: left; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''No Drilling Where We Are Living' campaign ''' 
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and community engagement:''' Extensive outreach efforts increased participation. These efforts also strengthened the influence of residents <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref>
*'''Science-based evidence: '''In 2015, AQMD modified the law. It mandated fossil fuel extraction sites to disclose their chemicals. Activists found that each chemical caused the symptoms they identified in their door-knocking. This strengthened their arguments when communicating the problem.
'''SUCCESSES:'''
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">E&B Natural Resources electrified and enclosed the Murphy drill site to keep toxic fumes out of nearby homes and reduce pollution.</li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Won a resolution''' prohibiting new oil drilling in the Inglewood oil field <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref> </li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Influenced legislative changes'''. For example, Senate Bill 1137 bans new oil and gas wells within 3,200 feet of sensitive areas. It has contributed to significant oil phaseout resolutions in Los Angeles, both at the city and county levels <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Major challenges faced by STAND-LA '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" | <li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Oil lobbying to oppose legislative measures</li>
<li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Reports the oil industry is employing canvassers to use misleading tactics when gathering signatures to qualify the referendum for ballots <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|}

 

=== Stop Cop City (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 4.11.48 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

'''“Whether the win comes through the ballot, in the courts or in the streets, Cop City must never be built”'''
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 90px; width: 1145px;"
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 10px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of campaign and project'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 10px;" |
[https://www.instagram.com/stopcopcity/?hl=en Stop Cop City] began in 2017 in response to the city of Atlanta's plan to build the biggest police and firefighter training facility in the country. 
<li class="p1">'''Economic: '''The majority of the funding is expected to come from taxpayers, despite no public consultation on the project.</li>
*'''Environment: '''The proposed site is the Weelanee forest. It comprises the South River, one of the most endangered rivers in the United States due to sewage pollution. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Indigenous sovereignty''': The land belonged to the Muscogee Creek Nation before they were displaced. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Racism:''' The land was the site of a low-security prison farm. Accounts of torture and violence against black inmates were recorded. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
***Today, the forest serves as an important green space for the residents of the predominantly Black surrounding neighborhoods. <ref>Mock, Brentin. 2023. “Atlanta’s ‘Cop City’ Neighbors Have No Voting Rights to Stop It,” Bloomberg. October 4, 2023 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-10-04/-cop-city-referendum-aims-to-repeal-planned-atlanta-police-training-center</ref>
*'''Settler colonialism: '''Officers trained at the facility will not only target predominantly BIPOC communities in the USA; their exchange program will also train members of the Israeli Defense Forces <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CytGWtyOr0M/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 57px;" |
After the project was announced, the Atlanta City Council solicited a session of public feedback. Over 1000 people attended and it lasted over 17 hours. The majority of people were against the project. <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref> 
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Weekly safe space events '''by community members in the Welanee forest, such as '''potlucks, reading groups, and teach-ins.''' The goal was for people across Atlanta to learn about the issue, and connect with the forest.  
*'''Direct action''' in the form of protests all over the city to spread awareness. 
*'''A ballot referendum campaign''' to allow constituents to vote on the issue.  
*'''Door-knocking/canvassing '''in various neighborhoods to educate on the issue and collect signatures.
*'''Community outreach '''via postering, zines
*'''Media engagement '''i.e. press conferences, alternative media coverage.


'''SUCCESS:'''
*DeKalb County, being an unincorporated borough of Atlanta, barred its residents from participating in the voting or signature collection process for the referendum. Four county residents took legal action with a lawsuit against the City of Atlanta. They won the right for DeKalb residents to both collect signatures and initiate a new 60-day countdown <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref>
*Activists needed 58,000 signatures from registered voters in 60-day timeframe. They gathered over 116,000 signatures. <ref>Franzen, Timothy. 2023. “Stop Cop City Ballot Initiative Has over 116,000 Signatures.” American Friends Service Committee. September 14, 2023. https://afsc.org/news/stop-cop-city-ballot-initiative-has-over-116000-signatures</ref>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 23px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Major challenges faced by Stop Cop City'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 23px;" |
*Police violence has been a major challenge throughout the campaign. During a protest, activist Manuel Terán (“Tortuguita”) was shot fourteen times by Georgia state troopers <ref>Goldberg, Shoshana K. 2023. “Remembering Tortuguita.” Human Rights Campaign. March 21, 2023. https://www.hrc.org/news/remembering-tortuguita-indigenous-queer-and-non-binary-environmental-activist-and-forest-defender</ref>
*Many protesters have been arrested and charged for racketeering and domestic terrorism <ref>Rico, R.J. 2023. “61 Indicted in Georgia on Racketeering Charges Connected to ‘Stop Cop City’ Movement.” AP News. September 5, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/atlanta-cop-city-protests-rico-charges-3177a63ac1bd31a1594bed6584e9f330</ref>
*Most recently in November 2023, the coalition planned a peaceful protest and tree planting in the forest, but they were met with physical resistance and tear gassed by the police.
*At the time of writing the report, the government was delaying the signature approval process. Cop City may not be included on the ballot.  
|}

=== Keystone XL Pipeline (US/CAN) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.20.50 PM.png|700x700px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1133px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.484px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 949.516px; height: 16px;" |
*Proposed in 2008 by TC Energy, the Keystone XL pipeline extension was designed to increase the transport of crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands to refineries on the Gulf Coast of Texas. The pipeline extension project would transport crude oil per day across the Canada-U.S. border. <ref>Denchak, Melissa and Lindwall, Courtney. 2022. “The Keystone XL Pipeline: Everything You Need To Know.”  March 15, 2022. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*The pipeline would have affected '''Indigenous communities''' in Montana and South Dakota. <ref>Lindwall, Courtney. 2021. “The Unlikely Takedown of Keystone XL.” 2021. June 29, 2021. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/unlikely-takedown-keystone-xl</ref> The proposed path was altered to not cross Indigenous reservations but still risked multiple Indigenous lands and important sources for drinking water. E.g. the Ogallala Aquifer serves as the main '''water source''' for millions of people 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.484px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 949.516px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building''': Many grassroots activists, including Indigenous communities and environmentalists, were involved before larger organizers, such as 350.org. They aided in the organizing of the initial coalition, consisting of national environmental organizations including the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), the Sierra Club, and First Nations and Native American activist groups such as Idle No More and local landowners. <ref>Adler, Ben. 2015. “The inside Story of the Campaign That Killed Keystone XL.” Vox. November 7, 2015. https://www.vox.com/2015/11/7/9684012/keystone-pipeline-won</ref>
*'''Legal petitions'''
*'''Civil resistance and protest''' along the construction route/in Washington
'''SUCCESS:'''
*An initial win for campaigners came in 2015: President Obama rejected a cross-border permit for Keystone XL after years of large acts of civil disobedience and protest. <ref>Henn, Jamie. 2021.“Here’s How We Defeated the Keystone XL Pipeline | Sierra Club.” n.d. Accessed October 28, 2023. https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/here-s-how-we-defeated-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*NRDC and their partners legal petitions effectively delayed the completion of the project. <ref>National Defense Resource Council. 2021. “Keystone XL Pipeline Lawsuits.” NRDC. Accessed November 5, 2023. https://www.nrdc.org/court-battles/keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*Finally, the project was '''fully put to an end in 2021''', as the newly elected Biden administration rescinded a permit for the KXL pipeline, effectively killing it <ref>Engelfried, Nick. 2021. “How Defeating Keystone XL Built a Bolder, Savvier Climate Movement.” The Commons. February 10, 2021. https://commonslibrary.org/how-defeating-keystone-xl-built-a-bolder-savvier-climate-movement/</ref> 
|}

=== Grassy Narrows (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.22.45 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1143px;"
|-
| style="width: 161.281px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
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*Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek community members of the Ojibwe First Nations Reserve in Grassy Narrows have faced unregulated mercury pollution in the Wabigoon River.
*'''Environmental racism:''' In the 1960s, Dryden Paper Company Ltd. dumped 9,000 kg of untreated mercury into the English-Wabigoon river system, upstream from Grassy Narrows and Whitedog First Nations.
*'''Food sovereignty: '''The Canadian Government banned the consumption of fish from the local river system. Community members still remained reliant on the fish as a diet staple, and the resulting mercury poisoning has devastated the health of the community. <ref>Anderson, Charnel. 2020. “Grassy Narrows.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Accessed November 11, 2023. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/grassy-narrows</ref>
*'''Poverty:''' 60% of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog’s inhabitants had lost their jobs from the fish ban and were placed on welfare. <ref>Charlebois, Clarence T. 1978.  High Mercury Levels in Indians and Inuits (Eskimos) in Canada. Ambio 7, no. 5/6: 204–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4312386</ref>
*'''Health:''' Many community members were diagnosed with Minamata Disease. The most common symptoms are sensory disturbances, poor muscle control (ataxia) and tunnel vision. Researchers also found evidence of Congenital Minamata Disease, which has resulted in cerebral palsy and intellectual development delays.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 161.281px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 955.719px; height: 57px;" |
*Grassy Narrows continued to demand fair compensation for mercury poisoning, which had been impacting 90% of the population, and ending all logging and mining plans in the area.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Letter-writing campaigns'''
*'''Hunger strikes'''
*'''Blockades'''
*'''Yearly protests and marches '''(Saku 2021; Gilson 2019)
*'''Formation of alliances''' with environmental NGOs like Rainforest Action Network (RAN) and other grassroots organizers <ref>Saku, James C. 2021. Environmental Activism on the Ground: Small Green and Indigenous Organizing. American Review of Canadian Studies 51 (2): 355–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2021.1914997</ref>
***Solidarity and support of non-Indigenous grassroots organizers can be crucial when it comes to funding, direct action, media relations and legal advocacy, evident through RAN’s support during the 2004 blockade. 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2017, the Ontario government '''pledged $85 million '''towards cleaning up the industrial mercury contamination in the Wabigoon River almost 50 years after the pollution had been identified <ref>Porter, Jody. 2021. “Grassy Narrows to Get $68.9M More from Ottawa for Centre to Care for People with Mercury Poisoning.” CBC News. Accessed October 20, 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/grassy-narrows-mercury-care-facility-ottawa-funding-1.6117975</ref>
*By 2021, the Liberal Government agreed to spend $90 million to build and operate the much needed public infrastructure to support those suffering from Minamata Disease.
Note: In 2023, the specialized infrastructure project failed to be granted any funding by the Government, citing soaring costs.
|}

=== #RightToBreathe/PES (US) ===

[[File:13124855 1091918740874230 6670651396523488360 n.jpg|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

Photo from: [https://www.phillythrive.org/_righttobreathe_mobilization Philly Thrive]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1080px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The 2016 Southport Campaign set out to stop Philadelphia Energy Solutions (PES) oil refinery expansion. PES was the second largest oil refinery in the United States. <ref>Xiao, Yin. 2017. “Environmentalist groups stop construction of oil export terminal in Philadelphia, 2016”.https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/environmentalist-groups-stop-construction-oil-export-terminal-philadelphia-2016</ref>
*The PES refinery was responsible for over 50% of Philadelphia’s toxic air emissions. This is one of the main reasons for the high rates of asthma, cancer, and other respiratory problems amongst Philadelphians. <ref>Philly Thrive. 2017. “Philly Thrive Review”. Accessed November 20, 2023. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/phillythrive/pages/111/attachments/original/1486401882/Philly_Thrive_Review.pdf?1486401882</ref>
*The residents who were at higher exposure from the pollution were low-income people of colour <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 57px;" |
*Philly Thrive, an organization led by Black, disabled, and chronically ill activists was a main organizer for the #RightToBreathe campaign <ref>Brockmeier, Erica K. 2022. “After the shutdown, what comes next for the former Philadelphia Energy Solutions refinery?”.  Accessed October 15, 2023 https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/after-shutdown-what-comes-next-former-philadelphia-energy-solutions-refinery</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Teach-ins and community outreach;''' Philly Thrive collaborated with ACTION united to mobilize community members to demand their “Right to Breathe” in 2016. This coincided with “Break Free 2016,” a wave of resistance to fossil fuels infrastructure by activists across the globe. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Social media and hopeful imagery: '''Throughout the campaign the hashtag #RightToBreathe was used across social media channels, and the image of sunflowers, symbolizing the belief in “a better future for Philadelphia with clean air, healthy families and a green economy,” were seen during protests <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Working groups: '''Momentum was maintained throughout the campaign due to the organization of small working groups.
*'''Direct actions and storytelling: '''More protests and take-overs were planned, including a “Toxic Tour” of the oil refinery on July 26th led by Philly Thrive, ACTION United, LeftRoots, and Global Grassroots Justice Alliance. At this event, frontline activists shared global and local personal stories of how they have been impacted by the fossil fuel economies. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*Victory was declared in December when the '''expansion plans were officially canceled <ref>Thompson, Zalaka. “Our Victory”. Accessed November 18, 2023. https://www.phillythrive.org/our_victory</ref> '''
*Despite the cancellations, Philly Thrive continued with advocacy and mobilization of more campaigns until '''PES refinery went bankrupt in 2018 and finally shut down in 2019''' after a series of explosions. <ref>Hanley, Steve. 2020. “Biggest Oil Refinery Cleanup In US History Begins In Philadelphia”. Accessed October 12, 2023.https://cleantechnica.com/2021/02/22/biggest-oil-refinery-clean-up-in-us-history-begins-in-philadelphia</ref>
Philly Thrive continues to organize for environmental justice with their campaigns. They are now advocating for their “RightToThrive”, to repair and clean up 154 years of violence and pollution in their communities. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
|}

=== 13 Pueblos (Mexico) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.25.23 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 176px; width: 1094px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of  project'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 16px;" |
*13 pueblos started in 2006 to cancel the development of the La Ciénega housing units, around the area of the Chihuahuita spring in Morelos, Mexico. There was no prior consultation or Environmental Impact Assessment. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>   
*The infrastructure to deliver water from the Chihuahuita spring had been donated by President Lázaro Cárdenas, to provide water to Xoxocotla and the neighboring pueblos in 1934. The communities had been struggling from a lack of water access  throughout the Mexican Revolution, due to hoarding and misuse for the production of sugar cane. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
*Access to water was threatened by the La Ciénega housing units, as their planned locations were in the water replenishment areas of the spring. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 57px;" |
*The 13 pueblos involved were Tepetzingo, Tetecalita, Temimilcingo, Acamilpa, Pueblo Nuevo, Tlaltizapan, Huatecalco, El Mirador, Benito Juárez, Tetelpa, Santa Rosa Treinta, San Miguel Treinta, and Xoxocotla. <ref>Velazco, Salvador. 2018.  “(Des) colonialidad del poder en 13 pueblos en defensa del agua, el aire y la tierra.” 5, no. 9 (2018): 22–44. https://doi.org/10.5195/ct/2017.249</ref> Most pueblos were made up of Indigenous communities, and campesinos or farmers. They came together to advocate for their land sovereignty and water access. <ref>Hernández Navarro, Luis. 2007. “Morelos: siembra de concreto, cosecha de ira”. https://www.jornada.com.mx/2007/08/07/index.php?section=opinion&article=019a1pol</ref>
'''Organizing tactics''':
*'''Development of a council: '''The council of the pueblos was created for members from each pueblo to meet every Sunday. They exchanged about one another’s concerns, devised their strategies, and found alternative solutions without government authority. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Blockades and protests: '''For three years, they protested, organized blockades, and counter-reports despite strong government opposition and police brutality. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Convening and a manifesto: '''153 Indigenous leaders from so-called Canada, the US, Peru, and other counties in Latin America came together in Xochicalco for the Council of the 13 pueblos and the presentation of their manifesto. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
***The manifesto was made in defense of the land, air, and water, and it outlined the current crisis and visions for the future (Pueblos de Morelos 2007; Casiba 2007, 1:08). It also accused the government and corporations of labeling the areas as “unproductive” to justify construction plans despite the presence of Indigenous and farmer communities <ref>Casiba. 2007. “Los 13 pueblos hacen entrega de Manifiesto”. YouTube video, 1:08. Accessed November 28, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weoP7AgCqRY</ref>
*'''Legal action:''' In 2008, a court case was presented in the Latin American Water Court where CEAMA (the State Water and Environment Commission) and Conagua were blamed for having authorized construction permits without proper assessment and not taking into account the needs of the surrounding communities <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> 


'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2009, three years after the movement's conception, '''the project plans were canceled and the area within a 100 meter radius of the Chihuahuita spring was protected <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> '''
|- style="height: 103px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 103px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 103px;" |
*Several people were injured and arrested. The people of the 13 pueblos were often tear-gassed by police forces, bribed, and some individuals received death threats. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*They had to fight opposing narratives from the government and Conagua, Mexico’s National Water Commission, that falsely claimed there was sufficient water for the construction of the housing units. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref> 
 
|}

=== Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.30.43 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
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| style="width: 160.547px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 16px;" |
*The Trans Mountain Expansion project (TMX) aims to construct a second pipeline, approximately parallel to the current trans-mountain pipeline that transports crude oil from Edmonton to the coast of British Columbia. The project would triple it's capacity. <ref>https://www.transmountain.com/</ref>
*First proposed by Kinder Morgan in 2013, with an estimated price of $5 billion. The Canadian federal government purchased the pipeline in 2018 after significant resistance and price increases.
***The price tag for the project has increased to over $30 billion today. A net cost that will be passed on to taxpayer. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*The project lacks proper consultation for free, prior, and informed consent by Indigenous peoples.
*Construction causes violence towards women and children due to aggressions from “man camps” that are created to work at these sites. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' Direct action through blocking the pipeline construction has been supported by many academics, activists, and environmental organizations, and was initiated by local Indigenous land defenders. The Tiny House Warriors of the Secwépemc nation, was created as a camp to inhabit areas to be developed and physically resist the project <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*'''Win remains partial:''' Despite increasing '''public opposition, increased costs, countless delays, financial problems, and difficulties finding banks or insurers''' to host the project, its construction has not been halted. It is set to begin operations in 2024 <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
|- style="height: 122px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 122px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 122px;" |
*Both the owner and the judge of the project’s feasibility, the Canadian government, is in a favorable position to impose the expansion project and issue construction permits. This poses ethical questions of the democratic processes behind the project.
*There has been monitoring and policing of activists, including a bill that prohibits approaching any of the construction sites <ref>CBC News. 2019. “Trans Mountain Monitoring Anti-Pipeline Activists through Social Media | CBC News.” CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada. November 25. https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/tmx-docs-reports-1.5370221</ref>
*Over 200 activists have been arrested for their involvement in mobilizations against TMX <ref>Stand Earth. 2023. “Stopping the Trans Mountain Pipeline.” Stand.Earth. September 14. https://stand.earth/our-work/campaigns/stopping-the-trans-mountain-pipeline/#:~:text=The%20pipeline%20is%20opposed%20by,over%20200%20having%20been%20arrested</ref>
|}

=== Atlantic Coast Pipeline (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.32.55 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
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| style="width: 160.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The Atlantic Coast Pipeline was proposed by Dominion Energy and Duke Energy in 2013. It was designed to transport gas daily from the Utica and Marcellus gas fields in West Virginia to Virginia and North Carolina. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
* The proposed project received an Environmental Impact Statement in 2016 and aimed at starting construction in 2017, with an estimated cost of $5.1 billion. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
*The proposed project would have disproportionately affected African American communities and Indigenous communities. <ref>CBF. 2023. “Atlantic Coast Natural Gas Pipeline.” Chesapeake Bay Foundation. Accessed December 16. https://www.cbf.org/about-cbf/locations/virginia/issues/atlantic-coast-natural-gas-pipeline.html</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and legal action: '''Environmental organizations, grassroots groups of residents and landowners, and a legal organization (the Southern Environmental Law Centre) converged in instigating legal battles against the pipeline.
***A coalition of environmental, conservation, and public advocacy groups signed a letter demanding that rigorous environmental assessment be conducted, citing pipeline engineers and environmental specialists. <ref>Southern Environmental Law Center. 2021. “Large Coalition Implores Governor, State Environmental Agency to Protect Virginia Waters.” Southern Environmental Law Center. September 29. https://www.southernenvironment.org/news/large-coalition-implores-governor-state-enviromental-agency-to-protect-virg/</ref> 
*'''Direct action: '''The coalitions mobilization strategies included but were not limited to: signs on homes, marches, letters to relevant authorities, public meetings, and non-violent actions.  
'''SUCCESS:'''
*A significant legal win was the recognition of the impacts on the Appalachian Trail. As a part of the National Parks System, the United States Forest service '''did not have the authority to issue construction permits <ref>Appalachian Voices. 2023. “Canceled: Atlantic Coast Pipeline.” Appalachian Voices. Accessed December 16. https://appvoices.org/pipelines/atlantic-coast-pipeline/</ref> '''
*In July 2020, Dominion Energy and Duke Energy announced the '''cancellation of the pipeline''', citing ongoing delays, the COVID-19 pandemic, legal uncertainty, and increasing costs of construction.
|}

=== Public Power New York (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.35.11 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project and campaign'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2019, the state of New York adopted the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) which commits to 100% renewable energy by 2040 and at least 70% of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2030. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
*Public Power New York (PPNY) led a campaign that lasted for 3.5 years. They aimed to pass the Build Public Renewables Act in the state budget. The Build Public Renewables Act will require the New York Power Authority (NYPA) to not only provide fully renewable energy to citizens by 2040, but also to ensure that economic, social, and racial justice are considered. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
***The bill will ensure that energy jobs have high labor standards, and that the transition to renewable energy is led by the public sector. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
***The bill will also ensure that the most polluting oil and gas plants, located mainly in low-income communities of color, will be shut down by 2030, and that energy is affordable for lower income communities <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Political organizing:''' The coalition encouraged people to call and send emails to Governor Kathy Hochul, the politician responsible for passing the bill. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*They got members of the movement campaigning for office on platforms that endorsed Public Power NY. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
*'''Public education:''' Public events educated the larger public about the state of the current NY energy system. 
*'''Coalition building: '''The most important tactic; the PPNY grassroots coalition brings together more than 20 environmental justice organizations, labor unions, and thousands of volunteers. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*The coalition pays serious attention to racial and economic justice in the fight for renewable energy.
***Involving labor unions was notably difficult because of the worker’s skepticism of the notoriously anti-union renewable energy industry. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*After nearly four years of campaigning, PPNY successfully achieved its goal when '''the New York State legislature decided to pass the Build Public Renewables Act''' in May 2023 and allocate a budget to the NYPA that would allow for its effective implementation. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
|}

=== Mi’kmaq Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.14.03 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2009, New Brunswick granted Southwestern Energy Resources a permit to explore over a million hectares of land for natural gas extraction <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*New Brunswick citizens opposed this decision by signing many petitions and organizing protests. The citizen-led opposition to fracking was not heard nor taken into account by the government. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*In 2013, South Western Energy Resources and Irving Oil were allowed to conduct exploration for, and extraction of, natural gas on unceded Mi'kma'ki territory. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref>
*The Elsipogtog First Nation was opposed to the project because it was hazardous to their lands and waters. 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
<li class="p1">'''Blockades:''' The Mi’kmaq Warrior Society organized blockades and resisted police repression. Support also came from other Indigenous groups and settler allies. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref> </li>
<li class="p1">'''Day of action:''' The Indigenous-led organization IDLE No More called for a national day of solidarity protest. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> </li>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*The companies finally decided to '''abandon seismic testing and to leave the province until 2015. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> '''
*In 2015, a temporary '''moratorium on fracking''' was announced by the government of New Brunswick and was extended indefinitely in 2016 <ref>CBC News. 2018. “Province extends fracking ban 'indefinitely' after failing to meet its own conditions.” CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/shale-gas-fracking-gallant-moratorium-1.4715225</ref> 
|-
| style="width: 157.641px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faces'''
| style="width: 926.359px;" |
*The government opposition to the protesters and the strong police repression was the main challenge faced by protesters.
|}

=== GNL Quebec (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.16.31 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1137px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 16px;" |
*GNL Quebec project was a 750-km natural gas pipeline operated by Gazoduq, a gas liquefaction plant managed by Énergie Saguenay, and terminal for the export of methane in Saguenay, QC. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020a. “What GNL Québec Is and Why You Must Block the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. July 28, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/41055/what-gnl-quebec-is-and-why-you-must-say-no-to-it/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 57px;" |
The movement against GNL used multi-level approach, engaging local, national, and international spheres, and created a united front.

Organizing Tactics: 
*'''Direct action: '''The movement began in 2017 with an initial demonstration by Innu Land and Water Protectors. Decentralized actions, like hanging banners at symbolic locations, enhanced visibility and emphasized the project's lack of social acceptability. The global climate strikes on September 27, 2019, that drew half a million people and featured a speech by climate activist Greta Thunberg, provided the GNL Quebec movement with an international platform. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2021. “No to GNL Québec* : Banners Blossom across the Province in Rejection of the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. September 3, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/46568/no-to-gnl-quebec-banners-blossom-across-the-province-in-rejection-of-the-project/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Local citizens, civil society groups, environmental activists, opposition parties, and student associations, all united against GNL Quebec. Forming an informal coalition expanded the movement from a local to National issue. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref>
*'''Political organizing:''' Utilizing petitions, polls, and active participation in official public consultations such as BAPE (The Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec), the movement demonstrated resistance through many formal channels with record-breaking participation. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020b. “BAPE on GNL Québec: HISTORIC PARTICIPATION EXPOSES the FLAWS of an OUTDATED PROJECT.” Greenpeace Canada. November 5, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/44494/bape-on-gnl-quebec-historic-participation-exposes-the-flaws-of-an-outdated-project/</ref> The number of citizens that contributed to the public consultation on the environmental assessment was historic (7000 submissions). 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2020 and 2021, major investors, including Warren Buffett's firm, withdrew support from the project. <ref>Houle, Jean. 2020. “GNL Québec: Un Investisseur Majeur Se Retire à Cause Des Blocus Autochtones.” Www.journaldemontreal.com. March 5, 2020. https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2020/03/05/le-projet-de-gnl-quebec-encaisse-un-veritable-coup-de-masse-1</ref> 
*The BAPE (Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec) report came out in the movement’s favor, and Quebec Premier François Legault rejected the project in 2021. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref> 
|}

=== Standing Rock (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.18.15 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1117px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 16px;" |
*Energy Transfer Partners proposed the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), intended to traverse sacred Indigenous lands.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 57px;" |
*Standing Rock's primary objectives were: safeguarding the Missouri River, protecting sacred lands and historical sites, and upholding the sovereignty and treaty rights of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. Central to the tribe's argument was the contention that the DAPL breached Article II of the Fort Laramie Treaty, securing the right to the peaceful and uninterrupted utilization of reservation lands. <ref>Smithsonian. 2015. “Standing Rock Sioux and Dakota Access Pipeline | Teacher Resource.” Si.edu. Smithsonian: National Museum of the American Indian. 2015. https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/plains-treaties/dapl</ref>
*In March 2016, a pivotal moment occurred as Tokata Iron Eyes and the Standing Rock Youth uncovered plans to reroute the pipeline through sacred lands. This discovery marked the initiation of the #NoDAPL movement <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Online presence:''' The #NoDAPL movement was led by teenagers. They used online platforms, petitions, and mobilized. Social media, particularly the #NoDAPL hashtag, was crucial in amplifying the movement's message and reaching a global audience. <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
*'''Physical occupation: '''As tensions escalated, encampments like Sacred Stone and Oceti Sakowin became central to resistance. <ref>Yardley, William. 2017. “Last Holdouts Are Cleared from Main Dakota Access Pipeline Protest Camp.” Los Angeles Times. February 23, 2017. https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-standing-rock-20170223-story.html</ref> These encampments served as strategic hubs, fostering communal dynamics and providing a base for legal strategies employed by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe.
*'''Symbolic resistance:''' ReZpect Our Water played a critical role within the broader #NoDAPL movement. They organized relay runs, symbolizing the historic and spiritual practice of running among Native peoples, contributing to the movement's visibility. <ref>Joseph, Alli. 2016. “Running for Their Lives: Native American Relay Tradition Revived to Protest Dakota Access Pipeline.” Salon. Salon.com. September 12, 2016. https://www.salon.com/2016/09/12/running-for-their-lives-native-american-relay-tradition-revived-to-protest-dakota-access-pipeline/</ref> 
*'''International advocacy:''' Efforts included engagements with the UN Human Rights Council and the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. <ref>Medina, Daniel A. 2016. “Standing Rock Sioux Takes Pipeline Fight to UN Human Rights Council in Geneva.” NBC News. NBC News. September 20, 2016. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/standing-rock-sioux-takes-pipeline-fight-un-human-rights-council-n651381</ref> 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2016 the Department of the Army denied an easement under Lake Oahe, halting the pipeline's progression. This decision generated jubilation at the Oceti Sakowin camp, and had broader implications for Indigenous rights. <ref>Healy, Jack, and Nicholas Fandos. 2016. “Protesters Gain Victory in Fight over Dakota Access Oil Pipeline.” The New York Times, December 4, 2016, sec. U.S. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/04/us/federal-officials-to-explore-different-route-for-dakota-pipeline.html</ref>
|-
| style="width: 160.141px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 930.859px;" |
*There was excessive use of force by police and private military personnel during violent confrontations with protestors. <ref>Hersher, Rebecca. 2017. “Key Moments in the Dakota Access Pipeline Fight.” Npr.org. Npr. February 22, 2017. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/22/514988040/key-moments-in-the-dakota-access-pipeline-fight</ref>
*President Trump's memorandum in 2017 accelerated the project. In 2021, there remains hope for Standing Rock protestors to be heard. <ref>Todrys, Katherine Wiltenburg . 2021. Black Snake: Standing Rock, the Dakota Access Pipeline, and Environmental Justice. University of Nebraska Press</ref>
|}

=== Athabasca Tar Sands Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.33.03 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1124px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 16px;" |
*Shell proposed development of the Athabasca Tar Sands. The Athabasca-Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN) strongly challenged Shell, seeking compensation for damage already done and legal recognition of native land rights on traditional territories outside of reserves. <ref>Lim, Audrea. 2014. “How First Nations in Canada Are Winning the Fight against Big Oil.” The Nation. September 10. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-first-nations-canada-are-winning-fight-against-big-oil/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Legal opposition:''' The ACFN mounted significant legal opposition against Shell in the form of lawsuits and interventions in the regulatory process. <ref>Narine, Shari, ed. 2015. “Shell Withdraws Pierre Mine Project Application.” Ammsa.Com. https://ammsa.com/publications/alberta-sweetgrass/shell-withdraws-pierre-mine-project-application</ref>
*'''Rejecting government channels:''' Withdrawing from consultative committees proved effective, as these committees often had little impact, and oil companies could no longer claim Indigenous consultation. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
*In 2010, the Tar Sands Healing Walk was founded by a group of Indigenous activists including the ACFN. The Healing Walk, a 14-kilometer walk through the tar sands, was intended to build community and raise awareness about the damage caused by bitumen extraction. The Walk ended in 2014 after organizers felt its goals had been achieved. <ref>Leahy, Derek. 2014. “June 28th: Final ‘Tar Sands Healing Walk’ Simply a New Beginning, Say Organizers.” The Narwhal. March 20. https://thenarwhal.ca/june-28th-final-tar-sands-healing-walk-simply-new-beginning-say-organizers/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Indigenous groups, environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs), labor groups, and religious groups joined forces. These coalitions extended beyond local communities to the international scale, raising public awareness and increasing pressure on oil companies. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
On coalition building, Lubicon Cree activist Melina Laboucan-Massimo said, ''“‘When we work in coalitions – the environmental movement, First Nations and the labor movement – there’s such a convergence of diverse voices…we’re really starting to see growing public accountability and public opposition being seen and taken seriously'’” <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''

'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2014, a series of large development projects, including Shell’s Pierre River Mine, were canceled due to “market forces and public opposition”  It is estimated that public opposition to the tar sands has cost the oil industry over $17 billion.'' <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''
|}

=== Nitaskinan60 (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.37.04 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1103px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 16px;" |
Nitaskinan – Atikamekw territory – has been threatened by the destruction of logging companies.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 57px;" |
*Nitaskinan60, or the Kilometer 60 campaign, is an ongoing campaign in Manawan, Québec, Canada.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' The Dubé family and Manawan community established a blockade and announced a moratorium on logging in Manawan. The blockade has the immediate goal of stopping the illegal logging and the long-term goal of Indigenous sovereignty and unity. <ref>Richardson, Lindsay, and Emelia Fournier. 2022. “Inside the Atikamekw Nation’s Fight against Deforestation of Ancestral Lands.” APTN News. March 18. https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/inside-the-atikamekw-nations-fight-against-the-deforestation-of-its-ancestral-lands/</ref> 
'''SUCCESS (this campaign is ongoing):'''
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) published seven sustainable forestry recommendations for better community consultation and involvement. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) issued a report in May, 2022, concluding that the MFFP and Scerie Saint-Michel were both at fault. However, the report neither offered reparations or compensation to the Dubé family or Manawan community, nor penalized either of the responsible parties. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
|-
| style="width: 145.906px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 931.094px;" |
*While campaigning, some activists expressed fear of danger to individuals, physical or legal.
*The greatest challenge has been a lack of government cooperation and responsibility.  
|}

== Strategy and tactics used ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1138px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 150.688px;" | '''Direct action (14/14)'''
| style="width: 961.312px; height: 28px;" |
*All of the campaigns participated in a form of '''direct action '''(physical disruption).
*Specific tactics varied: protests, marches, sit-ins, civil disobedience and blockades.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 150.688px;" | '''Community engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 961.312px; height: 37px;" |
*'''Community members '''were engaged through canvassing, community meetings, workshops, teach-ins, reading groups, focus groups, speak-ins and public events.
*Specific examples include the Standing Rock Relay Runs, the Grassy Narrows River Run, and weekly potlucks for Stop Cop City. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 150.688px;" | '''Mass engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 961.312px; height: 46px;" |
*Mass engagement was achieved through '''petitions and letters.'''
*This was important for the involvement of community members who do not have the same time, ability or privilege to partake in direct action or community events.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 150.688px;" |
'''Coalition building (7/14)'''
| style="width: 961.312px; height: 28px;" |
*Success came from the creation of a new entity, creating '''diverse knowledge''', perspectives and increasing the size and strength of campaigns.
|- style="height: 72px;"
| style="height: 72px; width: 150.688px;" |
'''Legal action and political pressure (7/14)'''
| style="width: 961.312px; height: 72px;" |
*Engagement with formalized political and legal processes was used by seeking policy change, using call campaigns, attending public meetings or consultations, running for office or organizing election campaigns.
*Many campaigns faced high opposition, but many also '''benefited from political alliances.'''
*Legal challenges using lawsuits, legal curt appeals, course cases, referendums and legal advocacy often delayed projects, but did not always result in material gains.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 150.688px; height: 46px;" | '''Mass communication (5/14)'''
| style="width: 961.312px; height: 46px;" |
*Communication platforms such as social media campaigns, banners, magazines, press conferences, documentaries engaged the public.
*'''Alternative media and social media '''was useful in countering mainstream media which often aligns with government and industry perspectives.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 150.688px; height: 46px;" | '''Independent research (3/14)'''
| style="width: 961.312px; height: 46px;" |
*A small handful of campaigns conducted '''independent research '''to enhance the campaigns credibility and convince of it's importance.
|}

== Participating groups ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1113px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 209.188px;" | '''Locally impacted community members/land defenders + grassroots activists + ENGOs = success'''
| style="width: 877.812px; height: 51px;" |
*Actors varied across campaigns. The most common participants were networks made up of '''community members, volunteers, Indigenous groups, and environmental organizations (ENGO's).'''
*Research for the Athabasca Tar Sands case study states that, “Dominant political and industry actors were largely able to overlook the movement until a diverse and influential set of social movement actors began collaborating and shifting these local struggles transnationally.” <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 209.188px;" | '''Unions'''
| style="width: 877.812px; height: 51px;" |
*Unions participated in 4 out of 14 of the campaigns.
*For the Public Power NY campaign, the involvement of labor unions was identified as a turning point in the struggle. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref> 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 209.188px;" | '''Industry professionals and student groups'''
| style="width: 877.812px; height: 28px;" |
*The least recurrent participants were academics, businesses, legal groups, health groups, and student groups.
*For GNL Quebec campaign, students made up the largest fraction of supporters with 54 student associations representing more than 350,000 members. Student’s involvement was also identified as crucial.
*Academics were involved in the TMX Pipeline and GNL Quebec campaigns. Academic Tim Takaro camped in a tree scheduled to be cut down for the construction of the TMX pipeline and this gathered significant media attention that reached different audiences. David Suzuki, a well known celebrity and academic, was involved with the campaign against GNL Quebec. The involvement of academics or well-known experts helped these campaigns gain wider media attention. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref> 
|}

== Challenges faced ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 231px; width: 1102px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Government opposition (7/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Legal challenges and large public demonstrations '''were used to overcome government opposition.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Police repression (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Direct action '''was used both as a counter to repression, and also faced additional repression. Increased project costs and delays to construction helped address the challenges faced using direct action.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Coalition challenges (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Difficulty creating alliances due to diverging opinions and perspectives.
E.g. “There has been a lack of structure in the coalition when it comes to making decisions when it comes to allocation of resources…the lack of structure has meant that we are being pulled in like 25 directions all at once. We need to unravel this notion that structure is our enemy. And if we refuse to define what leadership looks like, on the basis that leadership is hierarchical. It just means that leadership goes, unaccounted [for], and it goes unchecked.” -Activist against TMX pipeline
*'''Coalitions '''were used to strengthen the response to challenges by increasing knowledge and resources
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Legal challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 28px;" |
*Activist arrests, and opposition from industry.
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Health challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Linked directly to the struggle.
|-
| style="width: 205.828px;" | '''Misinformation (2/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*'''Educational efforts''' helped to counter misinformation.
|}
 

== Results and key research findings ==

=== Researcher takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 302px; width: 1118px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Direct action'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 16px;" |
*Most commonly used to successfully overcome government opposition and police repression.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Legal action and political pressure'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 57px;" |
*Most effective for procedural delays, reducing the economic viability of projects, and sometimes, for facilitating the recognition of Indigenous rights and sovereignty.
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''Coalition building'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 76px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, leading to new campaigns and/or activist groups, and providing more perspectives and knowledge
*When facing police repression, coalitions can help support activists and communities more at risk of experiencing direct criminalization or police violence.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Community engagement'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, fostering collaboration, strong community support and diverse campaigns that engage a wide variety of people.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Communication and raising public awareness'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, increasing support for the campaign and lowering acceptability of the target. 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Diversity of actors, strategies and tactics'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Greatly contributed to the effectiveness of a successful intersectional campaign.
|}


'''Direct action, c''''''ommunity engagement and building strong, '''large, and diverse coalitions seem to be the most effective strategies, and the best strategies for overcoming challenges. 
 

=== HUB takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 1033px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 19px;" |
'''To mobilize ''deeper'' (increase commitment and engagement)...'''
| style="height: 19px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Connect and engage directly with community members (e.g. canvassing, potlucks, skill shares etc).'''
''"Why in the world would I go to a public park next to a police training facility like I wasn't going to do that. I wasn't going. But when I went back, what I saw was that the community had come in and began to use the land, the community had really started to make it our park. And people were doing teachings there about how to live off of the land, showing you what mushrooms were growing that you could eat, what type of moss you could use to make a poultice for cuts or to any types of wounds, you know, then there was like a weekly potluck that was happening. And people were talking to us about that area of land and what the South River Forest meant to this community." ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''One-to-one conversations are particularly helpful.'''
''"When we went door to door talking to people, what we found was that for a lot of people, the people who live farther away from the forest, the mayor's narrative was winning in so many ways, because people were like, 'Oh, it's just a training facility like what are you mad about?'... But when you began to talk to people about the nuts and bolts of it, when you began to tell people 'what do you think about a Blackhawk helicopter landing pad?' People like we're like, 'what do we need that for?'...Yeah, well, what do you think about the firing range?" ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Connect on the land.'''
''"We kept having events in the forest for as long as we could. We kept up our potluck. We started doing distribution with that. So we had food distribution... clothing that people wanted to bring, hygiene kits... whatever you don't need, pretty much just became like the community swap meet and potluck on every Wednesday... we continue to have skill shares in the forest and we continued to do things like the music festival, where a bunch of people got arrested for just being at a music festival. We kept doing those things so that people could see, like, this is where we are, this is what we're doing this is, this is where we congregate as a community. This is where we come together and do things. You know, this is what we are fighting so hard for not only for this land, we're fighting for our community, we're fighting for our bond, we're fighting for this thing that brings us together, but also keeps us alive, keeps us going gives us a greater quality of life."'' ''-''Organizer for Stop Cop City
<li>'''Know the history of the land you're on, to connect with impacted communities'''</li>''"We're on Tongva Land. The community has been traditionally black... one of the few neighborhoods that black communities could live in, and rapidly converting to large Latino populations. So very much a mixed population on unceded Tongva territory, we refer to it as South Central Los Angeles. Our original offices were on land that was owned by Edward Doheny... the big North American granddaddy oil baron from back in the day... Mount St. Mary's College is built on his former estate. His estate had a petting zoo and all these beautiful Victorian buildings. And that is the neighborhood that our organization started in."'' -Organizer for Stand L.A.
|- style="height: 120px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 120px;" | '''To mobilize widely...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 120px;" |
*'''Engage with many forms of media'''
''"We have to work hard for alternative media to get things out. So we have a number of different news crews that work with us; independent journalists, local magazines and newspapers. And then we were able to get NBC to come here to do a short documentary about cop city... and also the documentary done by Al Jazeera. Those have been like the mainstream media documentaries that have really opened people's eyes." -''Organizer for'' ''Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''To get your message across...'''
| style="height: 51px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Relate to issues concerning community members''' (i.e. rather than a blanket 'stop climate change', campaigns and communication addressed a specific concern, project, proposal or law impacting locals). 
''"At the time, I was working for voting rights organization, and I was the lead childcare organizer. And one of the things that I started to do was talk to people about how cop city affected the state of childcare... when you're talking about childcare, you are talking about health care. And when you're talking about health care, you have to talk about economic justice and environmental justice together. And you cannot have a conversation about childcare without talking about reproductive justice. Because according to the pillars of reproductive justice, I am supposed to be able to raise the children that I choose to have in a clean, safe environment that is free of state sanctioned interpersonal violence... So when when you looked at... what that intersectionality was, and how we could get people to understand.. '''everybody has a stake in this'''."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Contact press and hold press conferences at strategic times to control the narrative'''
''"There was, at one point it was really like a back and forth of, we're sending a press release, and then a company has to answer that we're sending a press release under industry, and they have to answer, so we kind of we became master the narrative where they had to always answer our communication." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Use art to grab attention, visualize the story, and help people relate'''
''"[We used] genderless, ageless wig stands, and assaulted each one of them with one symptom... a nosebleed... asthma [with a] puffer, [an inflamed] thyroid, a congested nose with a clothespin. We had several others. My self portrait was a headache that I described by putting two barbecue skewers from the nape of my neck through my forehead... And we set that up on a table with a big boombox with a black tablecloth... just as kids and parents were walking home from school, and they would walk by and say, "hey, hey, hey, what's that with the nosebleed? I had to take my kid three times to the emergency room last week with nosebleeds"... All of these symptoms began to come together and we use that event and events like it to tell people, we want to talk more with you." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Provide platforms for community members to share their stories'''
 ''"I think [uplifting the] community's voice and just speaking the truth, and providing as many people the opportunity to tell their story... storytelling, personal testimony, community based research, all of those things are very critical.''" -Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Uplift elders, and people who can describe how the community has been impacted over time'''
''"The elders are also important, because they will be the quickest ones to notice that the air has changed... What's making that happen... being privileged to share the community with people who've lived there for a very long time. I think that's really the greatest asset for change, just listening to community." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''To build a stronger force...'''
| style="height: 28px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Form strategic alliances/coalitions between the grassroots, NGOs, unions, associations, academics etc. '''
''"Knock on all these doors and find out key organizational and individual levers that the can help you. I think it's critical to find a way to get the big green NGOs on board. They have a lot of mobilization power, and when they actually show up, they can be instrumental, and then you need to find political allies as well... all the opposition parties were with us... and the mobilization needs to be grassroots-led... that is a prime example of how local grassroots organizing, amplified by others, can become the most powerful tool in the world." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Set goals as a coalition and as individual groups/organizations'''
''"I think that the one of the biggest challenges that I've noticed, is the lack of defining our goals in a meaningful and practical way. There has been a lack of, or an unwillingness, to get specific enough with our goals and what it means to, in my opinion, actually be able to accomplish them. Because... when I talked about the campaign, or the movement or whatever, it's basically a coalition of dozens of organizations that are all united under this banner called protect the planet. And there's very diverse organizations involved in that coalition...There's a lot of overlap between the groups... everyone is united and agrees that our goal is to stop TMX... But that's not enough... it doesn't tell you how we're going to get there. And there's still a distinction between tactics, like tactics, and specific goals are two different things as well. But... what does that actually mean, to stop TMX? What does that look like? Because if we don't get more specific about what that means, we aren't able to tailor our actions in a way that is effective... You know, it ends up with people like, let's hold a rally at City Hall to stop TMX. And it's like, what is that doing? Why are we targeting City Hall? That makes no sense, like City Hall has no power to do anything here? I think there's this kind of something you hear a lot is 'Oh, well, we're raising awareness.' '''I think something that has become really clear in this campaign, and that I've heard other people say in other campaigns is that if your campaigns goal is just to raise awareness, you've already failed'''. Like, that's not enough. Yes, it's a component of any sort of social movement or campaign. But if that's where the goal ends, it's not, it's just not going to do anything. It's just not enough."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Power map as a coalition'''
''"Without defining what needs to happen for the project to be stopped, we can't tailor our actions to target the right people. And I think that's been a challenge, is figuring out who is an effective target... We need to actually target the people and the the entities that have the power to change what we're trying to change."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Map out your spectrum of allies'''
''"You need to analyze where your allies are, active allies, passive allies, who are your active enemies, and really focus on bringing more passive allies to the active side... when this all started, there was a lot of passive allies. The students were concerned with climate, but they weren't specifically involved in the project. At first, the only active allies there was a tiny bit of people from First Nations [communities], and then citizen groups... when you're in that moment, where you're trying to develop a campaign against a big struggle, or a big project like this one, you really need to find, who are those people in society that agree with me, but aren't doing shit about it. And that's a tough part. That's a long process. But you really have to do it." ''-Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Do skill and knowledge shares for sustainable engagement.'''
"''We constantly do teachings with each other. You know, this Friday, we have a teaching with the Palestinian youth movement to help people understand how cop city connects to the struggle for freedom in Palestine. We constantly educate ourselves so that we educate the community. So, we do that by canvassing, we do that by public facing events like movie screenings and townhall meetings, community talkbacks where the community will come and just tell us, hey, this is my concern.''" -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Support action led by directly impacted communities'''
''"The mass education campaigns on hydraulic fracturing that had been ongoing since 2011 were not Indigenous-led. Numerous action and advocacy groups across the province were also not Indigenous-led. The frontlines certainly were Indigenous-led. So, in support of frontline activities, allies were very supportive, financially and materially." -Journalist for Mi'kmaq resistance''
|- style="height: 305px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 305px;" | '''To conserve energy/resources...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 305px;" |
*'''Intentionally define a structure, accountability and how power is shared (avoidance creates more problems)'''
''"There has been, in my experience, a refusal... to even discuss what it might mean to have some sort of structure for the coalition... there's this really problematic assumption that... organizing non hierarchically means that... structure is an enemy because structure is hierarchical. And that has been such a problem because it just means that nothing gets done... if we refuse to define what leadership looks like... it just means that leadership goes, unaccounted, and it goes unchecked. And no one knows what's going on... people are still assuming positions of leadership, but they're not accountable to people for that, and it's not clear, who is responsible for what. And I would actually argue that that ends up resulting in a more hierarchical structure than if the leadership had been defined clearly... '''One of the one of the teachings from my people that we were using in this context that I think explains it really well, is geese. So when you see Canada geese fly, they fly in a V shape, right. And there's a leader at the point of the V, that goose is the one that is setting the direction of where the flock is going. But they get tired, and they swap out. So when the when the lead goose gets tired, they swap positions with another goose that's in the V, and they just swap over like that'''. [Otherwise,] no one is responsible for anything, and everyone is responsible for everything at the same time. And it's so cumbersome. It's restrictive in terms of using our time and our energy and resources in an effective way. And that leads to burnout." -''TMX Organizer''' '''
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 74px;" | '''To maintain momentum...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 74px;" |
*'''Recognize and reflect on your successes'''
''"The biggest victory in this fight against cop city, is that people understand what it is that we do need to be safe and community because this has really opened up a huge conversation about community safety."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Leverage the momentum of other movements by drawing connections'''
"''At the time of the shutdown Canada movement... when the entire world was watching what was going on in the West... [there were great narratives] built between what was going on out west and what was going on here, tying it to basically being the same colonial projects that were that were being forced down the throat of Indigenous communities." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
|- style="height: 125px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 125px;" | '''To strengthen relationships...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 125px;" |
*'''Center joy!'''
"''We started to choir... there are a lot of people who are very good singers, there are people who are instrumentalists. There are people who just want to have good vibes and chill out with each other. So we started singing together, we started doing that. And we've performed in a couple of places, it's been a lot of fun. People are carrying it on, you know, make sure that you definitely do that make time for joy and make space for healing."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 311px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 311px;" | '''To address problematic behaviour internally...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 311px;" |
*'''Make sure structures and policies for accountability are defined; what is not okay, who to speak to when something happens and how unacceptable behaviour is addressed '''
''"It's always these men that have like, this poorly defined power and are operating within this like, very hierarchical system, but because we've refused to define [a clear structure], [abuse/harassment] doesn't get called out."'' -TMX Organizer

''"Part of what I've learned here is that just defining ourselves as [anti-oppressive] doesn't make it so... 'We will not cancel us' by Adrienne Marie Brown, explains... when we are so quick to cancel each other, and she's not talking about abusers here, there's a difference there. If someone is abusive, that requires... a different conversation, though, when it comes to just transgressions and mistakes that people make saying the wrong thing, doing the wrong thing, like that is going to happen because... every single person that is involved in these movements has grown up in a world that has these... systems of oppression that have been built into our lives in all of these ways. And a lot of the work that we have to do is unlearning all of those systems because we can't see how they have impacted us... we need to be able to have the room to make mistakes... we need those skills to be able to''' '''negotiate '''where that line is with what is unacceptable transgression. And how do we handle those mistakes in a way that actually allows people to correct those mistakes and learn from them and grow and do better next time? Without destroying the movement and like pushing people out?'''" -''TMX Organizer
|}

=== HUB observations: additional lessons ===
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For environmentalists that do not understand how Indigenous sovereignty and police violence relate to the climate crisis...
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There are 2 critical points to emphasize:

1) How '''structural racism and ongoing settler colonialism impact historic and ongoing climate justice campaigns, specifically on Indigenous Land defenders. '''The degree of criminalization, physical violence, and assassinations during environmental campaigns significantly increases when Indigenous people are involved <ref>Scheidel, Arnim et al. 2020. “Environmental Conflicts and Defenders: A Global Overview.” Global Environmental Change 63: 102104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104</ref>

2) Most climate justice campaigns that have had''' success in the last 20 years across Turtle Island have been initiated and led by impacted Indigenous communities'''.
|-
| style="width: 158.188px;" | For NGOs that want to support grassroots organizers
| style="width: 993.812px;" |
*'''Let the grassroots lead'''! Listen to what support they say they need; media? Funding? Training? They will tell you.
*'''Don't '''craft the message: uplift the voices of grassroots organizers (co-creation ''may'' be more possible if a coalition is formed). 
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More to come!
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''''

''If you have corrections or additional resources to share with us related to this content, you can contact kenzie@lehub.ca.''
 

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<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

'''[https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Militant_Wiki Back to Homepage]'''

How we Win! Summary of findings on successful climate justice campaigns in North America

2024-09-18T00:29:42Z

Mediawiki: /* Defining 'success' and study parameters */

''''
<div class="speechify-ipvczq"></div>
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''How we win'' was a 2023 research project supervised by Dr. Jen Gobby, and conducted by McGill students Cassandra Ciafro, Anna Henry, Frida Sofia Morales Mora, Thomas Nakasako, Dafne Ozcan, Nico Serreqi and Lea Vadez Reyes. It investigates the following question: ''What can be learned from the struggles and successes of intersectional climate campaigns across Turtle Island (North America) over the past 20 years, and what factors contribute to the success of these campaigns? '' Case studies, plus 4 semi-structured interviews and 1 survey were used to explore this question.

 
This page includes a summary of the campaigns/movements included in the report and the tactics used, key factors that contributed to the success of multiple campaigns/movements, HUB team observations and suggestions based on key takeaways, plus key quotes from interviews and surveys with successful activists/organizers for more specific suggestions and examples.'''</div>
 
To read the full report, see the following: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/18U4F6Hf3ht4CSw6zYw6HXjJsE8QMX640TW6eMD0ZSeo/edit?usp=sharing How We Win! A Qualitative Review of Successful Climate Justice Campaigns in North America in the Last 20 Years]
 
 

== Defining 'success' and study parameters ==

'Success’ was defined as '''''having achieved material gains, or advancements in physical, financial, legal, or electoral conditions.'''''
*14 successful campaigns from Mexico, the so-called United States and so-called Canada were included.
**12 addressed racial justice, 11 Indigenous rights, 8 health and/or water justice, 3 housing justice, 2 disability justice and 1 food justice.
**Almost all of those explored were started by local, directly impacted Indigenous communities. The majority set to stop activities before they began (proposal stage).
**Length of campaign activities ranged from 6 months to over 50 years. Half of the campaigns explored are still ongoing.

 '''The successes of the campaigns included in the study included:'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 98px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 19px;" |
 
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 51px;" |
'''How the Research Team Defined This Success'''
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 51px;" | '''Campaigns Associated with this Success'''
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 51px;" | '''Cancellation of Projects or Practices; material success'''
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 49px;" |
The temporary or permanent cancellation of projects or practices.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 49px;" |
10/14
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 28px;" | '''Legislation and/or Policy Change; material success'''
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | The enactment of policy or laws that align with the campaign’s goals.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
3/14 +2/14 partially
|-
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Recognition of Indigenous rights/sovereignty; material success'''
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Formal recognition that Indigenous rights or sovereignty were/would have been violated by a project or practice.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
3/14
|-
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Building new and diverse coalitions; immaterial success'''
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 80px;" | Building new alliances and partnerships with other individuals, organizations, or movements that did not exist before the campaign.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 80px;" |
4/14

 
|-
| style="width: 18.5774%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Community engagement; immaterial success'''
| style="width: 65.6194%; height: 57px;" | A strategy that puts marginalized communities at the forefront of the movement to raise awareness, mobilize support, and foster a sense of collective agency.
| style="width: 15.7989%; height: 57px;" |
5/14
|}

== Climate justice campaigns ==
<div class="speechify-ipvczq">''Suggestion: look for campaigns that most resonate with an issue near you, a campaign you're working on etc. Are there tactics that haven't yet been applied in your context?''

=== Stand LA (US) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 3.41.57 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
“For us [...] it's a justice issue. And it's also an equity issue. If there is a universal good, we have to start with the most vulnerable, because equity never ever trickles down. It has to start from the bottom”.
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 188px;"
|- style="height: 85px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 85px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of group '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 85px;" |
Founded in 2013, Stand-LA formed to halt oil drilling in residential areas in Los Angeles. Their campaigns address environmentally and health hazardous projects that impact marginalized communities. <ref>http://www.stand.la/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''People Not Pozos' (People not wells) campaign'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 57px;" |
Targeted AllenCo drilling site was polluting a low-income, minority community. This had negative health impacts on residents. <ref>Cavallaro, Mara Marques. 2022. “The Deadly Consequences of Urban Oil Drilling,” October 19, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/los-angeles-oil-drilling-nalleli-cobo/</ref>

'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Door-knocking''' to gather data on the various symptoms experienced by residents, followed by making a health report <ref>Andrade, Anakaren, Tony Carrera, Francisca Martinez, Lizet Pantoja, Margaret Rubens, and Erick Zerecero. 2016. “Assessing the Health and Community Impacts of Oil Drilling Near Homes in South Los Angeles,” October. https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/project/stand-la/</ref>
*Making an '''art piece''' of eight styrofoam heads, each suffering from one of the symptoms caused by the drill site pollution.
*Organizing a '''community call-in campaign''' to the Air Quality Management District (AQMD) to bombard phone lines
*Conducting a '''press conference'''. This got the attention of Senator Barbara Boxer, the federal head of the environmental committee.
'''SUCCESS:''' Senator Boxer called on the '''Environmental Protection Agency '''to perform an investigation, and the AllenCo site shut down. Following their success, the STAND-L.A. coalition formalized. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; text-align: left; background-color: #99e1d9;" | ''''No Drilling Where We Are Living' campaign ''' 
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and community engagement:''' Extensive outreach efforts increased participation. These efforts also strengthened the influence of residents <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref>
*'''Science-based evidence: '''In 2015, AQMD modified the law. It mandated fossil fuel extraction sites to disclose their chemicals. Activists found that each chemical caused the symptoms they identified in their door-knocking. This strengthened their arguments when communicating the problem.
'''SUCCESSES:'''
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">E&B Natural Resources electrified and enclosed the Murphy drill site to keep toxic fumes out of nearby homes and reduce pollution.</li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Won a resolution''' prohibiting new oil drilling in the Inglewood oil field <ref>Liberty Hill Foundation. 2023. The Power of Persistence: The Fight to End Neighborhood Oil Drilling in Los Angeles, (Los Angeles, CA: Liberty Hill Foundation, 2023) https://libertyhill.org/pop</ref> </li>
<li data-block-id="266845e4-6d82-452b-92f1-f3747deeeaad">'''Influenced legislative changes'''. For example, Senate Bill 1137 bans new oil and gas wells within 3,200 feet of sensitive areas. It has contributed to significant oil phaseout resolutions in Los Angeles, both at the city and county levels <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Major challenges faced by STAND-LA '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" | <li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Oil lobbying to oppose legislative measures</li>
<li data-block-id="8c16fab9-a987-4c96-8db1-7c4ef2fedbf5">Reports the oil industry is employing canvassers to use misleading tactics when gathering signatures to qualify the referendum for ballots <ref>Gross, Liza. 2022. “Oil Industry Moves to Overturn Historic California Drilling Protection Law.” Inside Climate News (blog). October 10, 2022. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10102022/oil-industry-california-drilling-protection-law/</ref> </li>
|}

 

=== Stop Cop City (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-01-17 at 4.11.48 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

'''“Whether the win comes through the ballot, in the courts or in the streets, Cop City must never be built”'''
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 90px; width: 1145px;"
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 10px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of campaign and project'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 10px;" |
[https://www.instagram.com/stopcopcity/?hl=en Stop Cop City] began in 2017 in response to the city of Atlanta's plan to build the biggest police and firefighter training facility in the country. 
<li class="p1">'''Economic: '''The majority of the funding is expected to come from taxpayers, despite no public consultation on the project.</li>
*'''Environment: '''The proposed site is the Weelanee forest. It comprises the South River, one of the most endangered rivers in the United States due to sewage pollution. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Indigenous sovereignty''': The land belonged to the Muscogee Creek Nation before they were displaced. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
*'''Racism:''' The land was the site of a low-security prison farm. Accounts of torture and violence against black inmates were recorded. <ref>Bethea, Charles. 2022. “The New Fight Over an Old Forest in Atlanta.” The New Yorker, August 3, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-new-fight-over-an-old-forest-in-atlanta</ref>
***Today, the forest serves as an important green space for the residents of the predominantly Black surrounding neighborhoods. <ref>Mock, Brentin. 2023. “Atlanta’s ‘Cop City’ Neighbors Have No Voting Rights to Stop It,” Bloomberg. October 4, 2023 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-10-04/-cop-city-referendum-aims-to-repeal-planned-atlanta-police-training-center</ref>
*'''Settler colonialism: '''Officers trained at the facility will not only target predominantly BIPOC communities in the USA; their exchange program will also train members of the Israeli Defense Forces <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CytGWtyOr0M/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 967.297px; height: 57px;" |
After the project was announced, the Atlanta City Council solicited a session of public feedback. Over 1000 people attended and it lasted over 17 hours. The majority of people were against the project. <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref> 
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Weekly safe space events '''by community members in the Welanee forest, such as '''potlucks, reading groups, and teach-ins.''' The goal was for people across Atlanta to learn about the issue, and connect with the forest.  
*'''Direct action''' in the form of protests all over the city to spread awareness. 
*'''A ballot referendum campaign''' to allow constituents to vote on the issue.  
*'''Door-knocking/canvassing '''in various neighborhoods to educate on the issue and collect signatures.
*'''Community outreach '''via postering, zines
*'''Media engagement '''i.e. press conferences, alternative media coverage.


'''SUCCESS:'''
*DeKalb County, being an unincorporated borough of Atlanta, barred its residents from participating in the voting or signature collection process for the referendum. Four county residents took legal action with a lawsuit against the City of Atlanta. They won the right for DeKalb residents to both collect signatures and initiate a new 60-day countdown <ref>Sydow, Mira. 2023. “Will Atlanta’s ‘Stop Cop City’ Referendum Make It Onto the Ballot?,” October 26, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/stop-cop-city-ballot-referendum-atlanta-georgia/</ref>
*Activists needed 58,000 signatures from registered voters in 60-day timeframe. They gathered over 116,000 signatures. <ref>Franzen, Timothy. 2023. “Stop Cop City Ballot Initiative Has over 116,000 Signatures.” American Friends Service Committee. September 14, 2023. https://afsc.org/news/stop-cop-city-ballot-initiative-has-over-116000-signatures</ref>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 151.703px; height: 23px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Major challenges faced by Stop Cop City'''
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*Police violence has been a major challenge throughout the campaign. During a protest, activist Manuel Terán (“Tortuguita”) was shot fourteen times by Georgia state troopers <ref>Goldberg, Shoshana K. 2023. “Remembering Tortuguita.” Human Rights Campaign. March 21, 2023. https://www.hrc.org/news/remembering-tortuguita-indigenous-queer-and-non-binary-environmental-activist-and-forest-defender</ref>
*Many protesters have been arrested and charged for racketeering and domestic terrorism <ref>Rico, R.J. 2023. “61 Indicted in Georgia on Racketeering Charges Connected to ‘Stop Cop City’ Movement.” AP News. September 5, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/atlanta-cop-city-protests-rico-charges-3177a63ac1bd31a1594bed6584e9f330</ref>
*Most recently in November 2023, the coalition planned a peaceful protest and tree planting in the forest, but they were met with physical resistance and tear gassed by the police.
*At the time of writing the report, the government was delaying the signature approval process. Cop City may not be included on the ballot.  
|}

=== Keystone XL Pipeline (US/CAN) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.20.50 PM.png|700x700px|center|border]]
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*Proposed in 2008 by TC Energy, the Keystone XL pipeline extension was designed to increase the transport of crude oil from Alberta’s tar sands to refineries on the Gulf Coast of Texas. The pipeline extension project would transport crude oil per day across the Canada-U.S. border. <ref>Denchak, Melissa and Lindwall, Courtney. 2022. “The Keystone XL Pipeline: Everything You Need To Know.”  March 15, 2022. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*The pipeline would have affected '''Indigenous communities''' in Montana and South Dakota. <ref>Lindwall, Courtney. 2021. “The Unlikely Takedown of Keystone XL.” 2021. June 29, 2021. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/unlikely-takedown-keystone-xl</ref> The proposed path was altered to not cross Indigenous reservations but still risked multiple Indigenous lands and important sources for drinking water. E.g. the Ogallala Aquifer serves as the main '''water source''' for millions of people 
|- style="height: 57px;"
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'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building''': Many grassroots activists, including Indigenous communities and environmentalists, were involved before larger organizers, such as 350.org. They aided in the organizing of the initial coalition, consisting of national environmental organizations including the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), the Sierra Club, and First Nations and Native American activist groups such as Idle No More and local landowners. <ref>Adler, Ben. 2015. “The inside Story of the Campaign That Killed Keystone XL.” Vox. November 7, 2015. https://www.vox.com/2015/11/7/9684012/keystone-pipeline-won</ref>
*'''Legal petitions'''
*'''Civil resistance and protest''' along the construction route/in Washington
'''SUCCESS:'''
*An initial win for campaigners came in 2015: President Obama rejected a cross-border permit for Keystone XL after years of large acts of civil disobedience and protest. <ref>Henn, Jamie. 2021.“Here’s How We Defeated the Keystone XL Pipeline | Sierra Club.” n.d. Accessed October 28, 2023. https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/here-s-how-we-defeated-keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*NRDC and their partners legal petitions effectively delayed the completion of the project. <ref>National Defense Resource Council. 2021. “Keystone XL Pipeline Lawsuits.” NRDC. Accessed November 5, 2023. https://www.nrdc.org/court-battles/keystone-xl-pipeline</ref>
*Finally, the project was '''fully put to an end in 2021''', as the newly elected Biden administration rescinded a permit for the KXL pipeline, effectively killing it <ref>Engelfried, Nick. 2021. “How Defeating Keystone XL Built a Bolder, Savvier Climate Movement.” The Commons. February 10, 2021. https://commonslibrary.org/how-defeating-keystone-xl-built-a-bolder-savvier-climate-movement/</ref> 
|}

=== Grassy Narrows (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.22.45 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
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|-
| style="width: 161.281px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
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*Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek community members of the Ojibwe First Nations Reserve in Grassy Narrows have faced unregulated mercury pollution in the Wabigoon River.
*'''Environmental racism:''' In the 1960s, Dryden Paper Company Ltd. dumped 9,000 kg of untreated mercury into the English-Wabigoon river system, upstream from Grassy Narrows and Whitedog First Nations.
*'''Food sovereignty: '''The Canadian Government banned the consumption of fish from the local river system. Community members still remained reliant on the fish as a diet staple, and the resulting mercury poisoning has devastated the health of the community. <ref>Anderson, Charnel. 2020. “Grassy Narrows.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Accessed November 11, 2023. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/grassy-narrows</ref>
*'''Poverty:''' 60% of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog’s inhabitants had lost their jobs from the fish ban and were placed on welfare. <ref>Charlebois, Clarence T. 1978.  High Mercury Levels in Indians and Inuits (Eskimos) in Canada. Ambio 7, no. 5/6: 204–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4312386</ref>
*'''Health:''' Many community members were diagnosed with Minamata Disease. The most common symptoms are sensory disturbances, poor muscle control (ataxia) and tunnel vision. Researchers also found evidence of Congenital Minamata Disease, which has resulted in cerebral palsy and intellectual development delays.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 161.281px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 955.719px; height: 57px;" |
*Grassy Narrows continued to demand fair compensation for mercury poisoning, which had been impacting 90% of the population, and ending all logging and mining plans in the area.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Letter-writing campaigns'''
*'''Hunger strikes'''
*'''Blockades'''
*'''Yearly protests and marches '''(Saku 2021; Gilson 2019)
*'''Formation of alliances''' with environmental NGOs like Rainforest Action Network (RAN) and other grassroots organizers <ref>Saku, James C. 2021. Environmental Activism on the Ground: Small Green and Indigenous Organizing. American Review of Canadian Studies 51 (2): 355–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2021.1914997</ref>
***Solidarity and support of non-Indigenous grassroots organizers can be crucial when it comes to funding, direct action, media relations and legal advocacy, evident through RAN’s support during the 2004 blockade. 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2017, the Ontario government '''pledged $85 million '''towards cleaning up the industrial mercury contamination in the Wabigoon River almost 50 years after the pollution had been identified <ref>Porter, Jody. 2021. “Grassy Narrows to Get $68.9M More from Ottawa for Centre to Care for People with Mercury Poisoning.” CBC News. Accessed October 20, 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/grassy-narrows-mercury-care-facility-ottawa-funding-1.6117975</ref>
*By 2021, the Liberal Government agreed to spend $90 million to build and operate the much needed public infrastructure to support those suffering from Minamata Disease.
Note: In 2023, the specialized infrastructure project failed to be granted any funding by the Government, citing soaring costs.
|}

=== #RightToBreathe/PES (US) ===

[[File:13124855 1091918740874230 6670651396523488360 n.jpg|500x500px|center|middle|border]]

Photo from: [https://www.phillythrive.org/_righttobreathe_mobilization Philly Thrive]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The 2016 Southport Campaign set out to stop Philadelphia Energy Solutions (PES) oil refinery expansion. PES was the second largest oil refinery in the United States. <ref>Xiao, Yin. 2017. “Environmentalist groups stop construction of oil export terminal in Philadelphia, 2016”.https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/environmentalist-groups-stop-construction-oil-export-terminal-philadelphia-2016</ref>
*The PES refinery was responsible for over 50% of Philadelphia’s toxic air emissions. This is one of the main reasons for the high rates of asthma, cancer, and other respiratory problems amongst Philadelphians. <ref>Philly Thrive. 2017. “Philly Thrive Review”. Accessed November 20, 2023. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/phillythrive/pages/111/attachments/original/1486401882/Philly_Thrive_Review.pdf?1486401882</ref>
*The residents who were at higher exposure from the pollution were low-income people of colour <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 126.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 927.688px; height: 57px;" |
*Philly Thrive, an organization led by Black, disabled, and chronically ill activists was a main organizer for the #RightToBreathe campaign <ref>Brockmeier, Erica K. 2022. “After the shutdown, what comes next for the former Philadelphia Energy Solutions refinery?”.  Accessed October 15, 2023 https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/after-shutdown-what-comes-next-former-philadelphia-energy-solutions-refinery</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Teach-ins and community outreach;''' Philly Thrive collaborated with ACTION united to mobilize community members to demand their “Right to Breathe” in 2016. This coincided with “Break Free 2016,” a wave of resistance to fossil fuels infrastructure by activists across the globe. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Social media and hopeful imagery: '''Throughout the campaign the hashtag #RightToBreathe was used across social media channels, and the image of sunflowers, symbolizing the belief in “a better future for Philadelphia with clean air, healthy families and a green economy,” were seen during protests <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
*'''Working groups: '''Momentum was maintained throughout the campaign due to the organization of small working groups.
*'''Direct actions and storytelling: '''More protests and take-overs were planned, including a “Toxic Tour” of the oil refinery on July 26th led by Philly Thrive, ACTION United, LeftRoots, and Global Grassroots Justice Alliance. At this event, frontline activists shared global and local personal stories of how they have been impacted by the fossil fuel economies. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*Victory was declared in December when the '''expansion plans were officially canceled <ref>Thompson, Zalaka. “Our Victory”. Accessed November 18, 2023. https://www.phillythrive.org/our_victory</ref> '''
*Despite the cancellations, Philly Thrive continued with advocacy and mobilization of more campaigns until '''PES refinery went bankrupt in 2018 and finally shut down in 2019''' after a series of explosions. <ref>Hanley, Steve. 2020. “Biggest Oil Refinery Cleanup In US History Begins In Philadelphia”. Accessed October 12, 2023.https://cleantechnica.com/2021/02/22/biggest-oil-refinery-clean-up-in-us-history-begins-in-philadelphia</ref>
Philly Thrive continues to organize for environmental justice with their campaigns. They are now advocating for their “RightToThrive”, to repair and clean up 154 years of violence and pollution in their communities. <ref>https://www.phillythrive.org/</ref>
|}

=== 13 Pueblos (Mexico) ===
[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.25.23 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
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|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of  project'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 16px;" |
*13 pueblos started in 2006 to cancel the development of the La Ciénega housing units, around the area of the Chihuahuita spring in Morelos, Mexico. There was no prior consultation or Environmental Impact Assessment. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>   
*The infrastructure to deliver water from the Chihuahuita spring had been donated by President Lázaro Cárdenas, to provide water to Xoxocotla and the neighboring pueblos in 1934. The communities had been struggling from a lack of water access  throughout the Mexican Revolution, due to hoarding and misuse for the production of sugar cane. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
*Access to water was threatened by the La Ciénega housing units, as their planned locations were in the water replenishment areas of the spring. <ref>Arnaut, Alberto. 2010. Movimientos sociales e identidad: el caso de los movimientos en Xoxocotla, Morelos. Cultura y representaciones sociales, 4(8), http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-81102010000100158&lng=es&tlng=es</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.438px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 907.562px; height: 57px;" |
*The 13 pueblos involved were Tepetzingo, Tetecalita, Temimilcingo, Acamilpa, Pueblo Nuevo, Tlaltizapan, Huatecalco, El Mirador, Benito Juárez, Tetelpa, Santa Rosa Treinta, San Miguel Treinta, and Xoxocotla. <ref>Velazco, Salvador. 2018.  “(Des) colonialidad del poder en 13 pueblos en defensa del agua, el aire y la tierra.” 5, no. 9 (2018): 22–44. https://doi.org/10.5195/ct/2017.249</ref> Most pueblos were made up of Indigenous communities, and campesinos or farmers. They came together to advocate for their land sovereignty and water access. <ref>Hernández Navarro, Luis. 2007. “Morelos: siembra de concreto, cosecha de ira”. https://www.jornada.com.mx/2007/08/07/index.php?section=opinion&article=019a1pol</ref>
'''Organizing tactics''':
*'''Development of a council: '''The council of the pueblos was created for members from each pueblo to meet every Sunday. They exchanged about one another’s concerns, devised their strategies, and found alternative solutions without government authority. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Blockades and protests: '''For three years, they protested, organized blockades, and counter-reports despite strong government opposition and police brutality. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*'''Convening and a manifesto: '''153 Indigenous leaders from so-called Canada, the US, Peru, and other counties in Latin America came together in Xochicalco for the Council of the 13 pueblos and the presentation of their manifesto. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
***The manifesto was made in defense of the land, air, and water, and it outlined the current crisis and visions for the future (Pueblos de Morelos 2007; Casiba 2007, 1:08). It also accused the government and corporations of labeling the areas as “unproductive” to justify construction plans despite the presence of Indigenous and farmer communities <ref>Casiba. 2007. “Los 13 pueblos hacen entrega de Manifiesto”. YouTube video, 1:08. Accessed November 28, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weoP7AgCqRY</ref>
*'''Legal action:''' In 2008, a court case was presented in the Latin American Water Court where CEAMA (the State Water and Environment Commission) and Conagua were blamed for having authorized construction permits without proper assessment and not taking into account the needs of the surrounding communities <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> 


'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2009, three years after the movement's conception, '''the project plans were canceled and the area within a 100 meter radius of the Chihuahuita spring was protected <ref>Rincón, Victoria. 2023. “Movimiento de los 13 pueblos contra la Unidad Habitacional ‘La Ciénega’, México” https://ejatlas.org/conflict/unidad-habitacional-la-cienega?fbclid=IwAR1v7Swo4-DMEAF4OFbh1ojEfFrTFapo2zg3kWjBhF9DHQsoc6uewZeKXyA</ref> '''
|- style="height: 103px;"
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| style="width: 907.562px; height: 103px;" |
*Several people were injured and arrested. The people of the 13 pueblos were often tear-gassed by police forces, bribed, and some individuals received death threats. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref>
*They had to fight opposing narratives from the government and Conagua, Mexico’s National Water Commission, that falsely claimed there was sufficient water for the construction of the housing units. <ref>Tabone, Francesco, director.  2008. 13 Pueblos, En Defensa Del Agua, El Aire Y La Tierra. UNAM, GAIA A.C. 63 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiU7X51EGcg</ref> 
 
|}

=== Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.30.43 PM.png|500x500px|center|border]]
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| style="width: 160.547px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
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*The Trans Mountain Expansion project (TMX) aims to construct a second pipeline, approximately parallel to the current trans-mountain pipeline that transports crude oil from Edmonton to the coast of British Columbia. The project would triple it's capacity. <ref>https://www.transmountain.com/</ref>
*First proposed by Kinder Morgan in 2013, with an estimated price of $5 billion. The Canadian federal government purchased the pipeline in 2018 after significant resistance and price increases.
***The price tag for the project has increased to over $30 billion today. A net cost that will be passed on to taxpayer. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*The project lacks proper consultation for free, prior, and informed consent by Indigenous peoples.
*Construction causes violence towards women and children due to aggressions from “man camps” that are created to work at these sites. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' Direct action through blocking the pipeline construction has been supported by many academics, activists, and environmental organizations, and was initiated by local Indigenous land defenders. The Tiny House Warriors of the Secwépemc nation, was created as a camp to inhabit areas to be developed and physically resist the project <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
*'''Win remains partial:''' Despite increasing '''public opposition, increased costs, countless delays, financial problems, and difficulties finding banks or insurers''' to host the project, its construction has not been halted. It is set to begin operations in 2024 <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref>
|- style="height: 122px;"
| style="width: 160.547px; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 122px;" | '''Major challenges faced '''
| style="width: 951.453px; height: 122px;" |
*Both the owner and the judge of the project’s feasibility, the Canadian government, is in a favorable position to impose the expansion project and issue construction permits. This poses ethical questions of the democratic processes behind the project.
*There has been monitoring and policing of activists, including a bill that prohibits approaching any of the construction sites <ref>CBC News. 2019. “Trans Mountain Monitoring Anti-Pipeline Activists through Social Media | CBC News.” CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada. November 25. https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/tmx-docs-reports-1.5370221</ref>
*Over 200 activists have been arrested for their involvement in mobilizations against TMX <ref>Stand Earth. 2023. “Stopping the Trans Mountain Pipeline.” Stand.Earth. September 14. https://stand.earth/our-work/campaigns/stopping-the-trans-mountain-pipeline/#:~:text=The%20pipeline%20is%20opposed%20by,over%20200%20having%20been%20arrested</ref>
|}

=== Atlantic Coast Pipeline (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.32.55 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
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| style="width: 160.312px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 16px;" |
*The Atlantic Coast Pipeline was proposed by Dominion Energy and Duke Energy in 2013. It was designed to transport gas daily from the Utica and Marcellus gas fields in West Virginia to Virginia and North Carolina. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
* The proposed project received an Environmental Impact Statement in 2016 and aimed at starting construction in 2017, with an estimated cost of $5.1 billion. <ref>Zullo, Robert. 2016. “Long-Awaited Draft Environmental Statement on Dominion’s Atlantic Coast Pipeline Released.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 31. https://www.richmond.com/business/article_8e98ba37-dd42-51df-859d-0ebf2fa252a0.html</ref>
*The proposed project would have disproportionately affected African American communities and Indigenous communities. <ref>CBF. 2023. “Atlantic Coast Natural Gas Pipeline.” Chesapeake Bay Foundation. Accessed December 16. https://www.cbf.org/about-cbf/locations/virginia/issues/atlantic-coast-natural-gas-pipeline.html</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.312px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 912.688px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Coalition building and legal action: '''Environmental organizations, grassroots groups of residents and landowners, and a legal organization (the Southern Environmental Law Centre) converged in instigating legal battles against the pipeline.
***A coalition of environmental, conservation, and public advocacy groups signed a letter demanding that rigorous environmental assessment be conducted, citing pipeline engineers and environmental specialists. <ref>Southern Environmental Law Center. 2021. “Large Coalition Implores Governor, State Environmental Agency to Protect Virginia Waters.” Southern Environmental Law Center. September 29. https://www.southernenvironment.org/news/large-coalition-implores-governor-state-enviromental-agency-to-protect-virg/</ref> 
*'''Direct action: '''The coalitions mobilization strategies included but were not limited to: signs on homes, marches, letters to relevant authorities, public meetings, and non-violent actions.  
'''SUCCESS:'''
*A significant legal win was the recognition of the impacts on the Appalachian Trail. As a part of the National Parks System, the United States Forest service '''did not have the authority to issue construction permits <ref>Appalachian Voices. 2023. “Canceled: Atlantic Coast Pipeline.” Appalachian Voices. Accessed December 16. https://appvoices.org/pipelines/atlantic-coast-pipeline/</ref> '''
*In July 2020, Dominion Energy and Duke Energy announced the '''cancellation of the pipeline''', citing ongoing delays, the COVID-19 pandemic, legal uncertainty, and increasing costs of construction.
|}

=== Public Power New York (US) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-20 at 7.35.11 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1108px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project and campaign'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2019, the state of New York adopted the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) which commits to 100% renewable energy by 2040 and at least 70% of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2030. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
*Public Power New York (PPNY) led a campaign that lasted for 3.5 years. They aimed to pass the Build Public Renewables Act in the state budget. The Build Public Renewables Act will require the New York Power Authority (NYPA) to not only provide fully renewable energy to citizens by 2040, but also to ensure that economic, social, and racial justice are considered. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
***The bill will ensure that energy jobs have high labor standards, and that the transition to renewable energy is led by the public sector. <ref>Pierpont, Brendan, and Matthew Eckel. 2023. “Public Power & Climate Leadership Feasibility of 100% Fossil-Free NYPA by 2030.” New York City: Public Power New York Coalition. http://publicpowerny.org/nypa-report</ref>
***The bill will also ensure that the most polluting oil and gas plants, located mainly in low-income communities of color, will be shut down by 2030, and that energy is affordable for lower income communities <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref> 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 924.859px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Political organizing:''' The coalition encouraged people to call and send emails to Governor Kathy Hochul, the politician responsible for passing the bill. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*They got members of the movement campaigning for office on platforms that endorsed Public Power NY. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
*'''Public education:''' Public events educated the larger public about the state of the current NY energy system. 
*'''Coalition building: '''The most important tactic; the PPNY grassroots coalition brings together more than 20 environmental justice organizations, labor unions, and thousands of volunteers. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
*The coalition pays serious attention to racial and economic justice in the fight for renewable energy.
***Involving labor unions was notably difficult because of the worker’s skepticism of the notoriously anti-union renewable energy industry. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*After nearly four years of campaigning, PPNY successfully achieved its goal when '''the New York State legislature decided to pass the Build Public Renewables Act''' in May 2023 and allocate a budget to the NYPA that would allow for its effective implementation. <ref>https://publicpowerny.org/about/</ref>
|}

=== Mi’kmaq Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.14.03 PM.png|600x600px|center|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1110px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 16px;" |
*In 2009, New Brunswick granted Southwestern Energy Resources a permit to explore over a million hectares of land for natural gas extraction <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*New Brunswick citizens opposed this decision by signing many petitions and organizing protests. The citizen-led opposition to fracking was not heard nor taken into account by the government. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref>
*In 2013, South Western Energy Resources and Irving Oil were allowed to conduct exploration for, and extraction of, natural gas on unceded Mi'kma'ki territory. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref>
*The Elsipogtog First Nation was opposed to the project because it was hazardous to their lands and waters. 
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.641px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 926.359px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
<li class="p1">'''Blockades:''' The Mi’kmaq Warrior Society organized blockades and resisted police repression. Support also came from other Indigenous groups and settler allies. <ref>Howe, Miles. 2015. Debriefing Elsipogtog: The Anatomy of a Struggle. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.</ref> </li>
<li class="p1">'''Day of action:''' The Indigenous-led organization IDLE No More called for a national day of solidarity protest. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> </li>
'''SUCCESS:'''
*The companies finally decided to '''abandon seismic testing and to leave the province until 2015. <ref>Dahm, Hayden. 2014. “Mi’kmaq indigenous campaign prevents hydraulic fracturing in Elsipogtog, New Brunswick, 2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mi-kmaq-indigenous-campaign-prevents-hydraulic-fracturing-elsipogtog-new-brunswick-2013#case-study-detail</ref> '''
*In 2015, a temporary '''moratorium on fracking''' was announced by the government of New Brunswick and was extended indefinitely in 2016 <ref>CBC News. 2018. “Province extends fracking ban 'indefinitely' after failing to meet its own conditions.” CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/shale-gas-fracking-gallant-moratorium-1.4715225</ref> 
|-
| style="width: 157.641px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faces'''
| style="width: 926.359px;" |
*The government opposition to the protesters and the strong police repression was the main challenge faced by protesters.
|}

=== GNL Quebec (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.16.31 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 96px; width: 1137px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 16px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 16px;" |
*GNL Quebec project was a 750-km natural gas pipeline operated by Gazoduq, a gas liquefaction plant managed by Énergie Saguenay, and terminal for the export of methane in Saguenay, QC. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020a. “What GNL Québec Is and Why You Must Block the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. July 28, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/41055/what-gnl-quebec-is-and-why-you-must-say-no-to-it/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 157.344px; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 953.656px; height: 57px;" |
The movement against GNL used multi-level approach, engaging local, national, and international spheres, and created a united front.

Organizing Tactics: 
*'''Direct action: '''The movement began in 2017 with an initial demonstration by Innu Land and Water Protectors. Decentralized actions, like hanging banners at symbolic locations, enhanced visibility and emphasized the project's lack of social acceptability. The global climate strikes on September 27, 2019, that drew half a million people and featured a speech by climate activist Greta Thunberg, provided the GNL Quebec movement with an international platform. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2021. “No to GNL Québec* : Banners Blossom across the Province in Rejection of the Project.” Greenpeace Canada. September 3, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/46568/no-to-gnl-quebec-banners-blossom-across-the-province-in-rejection-of-the-project/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Local citizens, civil society groups, environmental activists, opposition parties, and student associations, all united against GNL Quebec. Forming an informal coalition expanded the movement from a local to National issue. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref>
*'''Political organizing:''' Utilizing petitions, polls, and active participation in official public consultations such as BAPE (The Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec), the movement demonstrated resistance through many formal channels with record-breaking participation. <ref>Kurdi, Loujain. 2020b. “BAPE on GNL Québec: HISTORIC PARTICIPATION EXPOSES the FLAWS of an OUTDATED PROJECT.” Greenpeace Canada. November 5, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/44494/bape-on-gnl-quebec-historic-participation-exposes-the-flaws-of-an-outdated-project/</ref> The number of citizens that contributed to the public consultation on the environmental assessment was historic (7000 submissions). 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2020 and 2021, major investors, including Warren Buffett's firm, withdrew support from the project. <ref>Houle, Jean. 2020. “GNL Québec: Un Investisseur Majeur Se Retire à Cause Des Blocus Autochtones.” Www.journaldemontreal.com. March 5, 2020. https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2020/03/05/le-projet-de-gnl-quebec-encaisse-un-veritable-coup-de-masse-1</ref> 
*The BAPE (Office of Environmental Public Hearings, Quebec) report came out in the movement’s favor, and Quebec Premier François Legault rejected the project in 2021. <ref>L’Héritier, Isabelle. 2021. “HUGE VICTORY! People Power Defeats Proposed GNL Quebec Gas Plant.” Greenpeace Canada. July 21, 2021. https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/press-release/49307/huge-victory-people-power-defeats-proposed-gnl-quebec-gas-plant/</ref> 
|}

=== Standing Rock (US); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.18.15 PM.png|600x600px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1117px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 160.141px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 16px;" |
*Energy Transfer Partners proposed the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), intended to traverse sacred Indigenous lands.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 160.141px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 930.859px; height: 57px;" |
*Standing Rock's primary objectives were: safeguarding the Missouri River, protecting sacred lands and historical sites, and upholding the sovereignty and treaty rights of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. Central to the tribe's argument was the contention that the DAPL breached Article II of the Fort Laramie Treaty, securing the right to the peaceful and uninterrupted utilization of reservation lands. <ref>Smithsonian. 2015. “Standing Rock Sioux and Dakota Access Pipeline | Teacher Resource.” Si.edu. Smithsonian: National Museum of the American Indian. 2015. https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/plains-treaties/dapl</ref>
*In March 2016, a pivotal moment occurred as Tokata Iron Eyes and the Standing Rock Youth uncovered plans to reroute the pipeline through sacred lands. This discovery marked the initiation of the #NoDAPL movement <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Online presence:''' The #NoDAPL movement was led by teenagers. They used online platforms, petitions, and mobilized. Social media, particularly the #NoDAPL hashtag, was crucial in amplifying the movement's message and reaching a global audience. <ref>Petronzio, Matt. 2016. “How Young Native Americans Built and Sustained the #NoDAPL Movement.” Mashable. December 7, 2016. https://mashable.com/article/standing-rock-nodapl-youth</ref>
*'''Physical occupation: '''As tensions escalated, encampments like Sacred Stone and Oceti Sakowin became central to resistance. <ref>Yardley, William. 2017. “Last Holdouts Are Cleared from Main Dakota Access Pipeline Protest Camp.” Los Angeles Times. February 23, 2017. https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-standing-rock-20170223-story.html</ref> These encampments served as strategic hubs, fostering communal dynamics and providing a base for legal strategies employed by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe.
*'''Symbolic resistance:''' ReZpect Our Water played a critical role within the broader #NoDAPL movement. They organized relay runs, symbolizing the historic and spiritual practice of running among Native peoples, contributing to the movement's visibility. <ref>Joseph, Alli. 2016. “Running for Their Lives: Native American Relay Tradition Revived to Protest Dakota Access Pipeline.” Salon. Salon.com. September 12, 2016. https://www.salon.com/2016/09/12/running-for-their-lives-native-american-relay-tradition-revived-to-protest-dakota-access-pipeline/</ref> 
*'''International advocacy:''' Efforts included engagements with the UN Human Rights Council and the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. <ref>Medina, Daniel A. 2016. “Standing Rock Sioux Takes Pipeline Fight to UN Human Rights Council in Geneva.” NBC News. NBC News. September 20, 2016. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/standing-rock-sioux-takes-pipeline-fight-un-human-rights-council-n651381</ref> 
'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2016 the Department of the Army denied an easement under Lake Oahe, halting the pipeline's progression. This decision generated jubilation at the Oceti Sakowin camp, and had broader implications for Indigenous rights. <ref>Healy, Jack, and Nicholas Fandos. 2016. “Protesters Gain Victory in Fight over Dakota Access Oil Pipeline.” The New York Times, December 4, 2016, sec. U.S. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/04/us/federal-officials-to-explore-different-route-for-dakota-pipeline.html</ref>
|-
| style="width: 160.141px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 930.859px;" |
*There was excessive use of force by police and private military personnel during violent confrontations with protestors. <ref>Hersher, Rebecca. 2017. “Key Moments in the Dakota Access Pipeline Fight.” Npr.org. Npr. February 22, 2017. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/22/514988040/key-moments-in-the-dakota-access-pipeline-fight</ref>
*President Trump's memorandum in 2017 accelerated the project. In 2021, there remains hope for Standing Rock protestors to be heard. <ref>Todrys, Katherine Wiltenburg . 2021. Black Snake: Standing Rock, the Dakota Access Pipeline, and Environmental Justice. University of Nebraska Press</ref>
|}

=== Athabasca Tar Sands Resistance (CAN) ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.33.03 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1124px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 16px;" |
*Shell proposed development of the Athabasca Tar Sands. The Athabasca-Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN) strongly challenged Shell, seeking compensation for damage already done and legal recognition of native land rights on traditional territories outside of reserves. <ref>Lim, Audrea. 2014. “How First Nations in Canada Are Winning the Fight against Big Oil.” The Nation. September 10. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-first-nations-canada-are-winning-fight-against-big-oil/</ref>
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 154.625px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 943.375px; height: 57px;" |
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Legal opposition:''' The ACFN mounted significant legal opposition against Shell in the form of lawsuits and interventions in the regulatory process. <ref>Narine, Shari, ed. 2015. “Shell Withdraws Pierre Mine Project Application.” Ammsa.Com. https://ammsa.com/publications/alberta-sweetgrass/shell-withdraws-pierre-mine-project-application</ref>
*'''Rejecting government channels:''' Withdrawing from consultative committees proved effective, as these committees often had little impact, and oil companies could no longer claim Indigenous consultation. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
*In 2010, the Tar Sands Healing Walk was founded by a group of Indigenous activists including the ACFN. The Healing Walk, a 14-kilometer walk through the tar sands, was intended to build community and raise awareness about the damage caused by bitumen extraction. The Walk ended in 2014 after organizers felt its goals had been achieved. <ref>Leahy, Derek. 2014. “June 28th: Final ‘Tar Sands Healing Walk’ Simply a New Beginning, Say Organizers.” The Narwhal. March 20. https://thenarwhal.ca/june-28th-final-tar-sands-healing-walk-simply-new-beginning-say-organizers/</ref>
*'''Coalition building: '''Indigenous groups, environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs), labor groups, and religious groups joined forces. These coalitions extended beyond local communities to the international scale, raising public awareness and increasing pressure on oil companies. <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
On coalition building, Lubicon Cree activist Melina Laboucan-Massimo said, ''“‘When we work in coalitions – the environmental movement, First Nations and the labor movement – there’s such a convergence of diverse voices…we’re really starting to see growing public accountability and public opposition being seen and taken seriously'’” <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''

'''SUCCESS:'''
*In 2014, a series of large development projects, including Shell’s Pierre River Mine, were canceled due to “market forces and public opposition”  It is estimated that public opposition to the tar sands has cost the oil industry over $17 billion.'' <ref>Rose, Chris. 2014. “‘Citizen Interventions’ Have Cost Canada’s Tar Sands Industry $17B, New Report Shows.” The Narwhal. November 3. https://thenarwhal.ca/citizen-interventions-have-cost-canada-s-tar-sands-industry-17b-new-report-shows/</ref> ''
|}

=== Nitaskinan60 (CAN); ONGOING ===

[[File:Screenshot 2024-03-21 at 3.37.04 PM.png|500x500px|center|middle|border]]
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 73px; width: 1103px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of project'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 16px;" |
Nitaskinan – Atikamekw territory – has been threatened by the destruction of logging companies.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 145.906px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Summary of resistance'''
| style="width: 931.094px; height: 57px;" |
*Nitaskinan60, or the Kilometer 60 campaign, is an ongoing campaign in Manawan, Québec, Canada.
'''Organizing tactics:'''
*'''Blockades:''' The Dubé family and Manawan community established a blockade and announced a moratorium on logging in Manawan. The blockade has the immediate goal of stopping the illegal logging and the long-term goal of Indigenous sovereignty and unity. <ref>Richardson, Lindsay, and Emelia Fournier. 2022. “Inside the Atikamekw Nation’s Fight against Deforestation of Ancestral Lands.” APTN News. March 18. https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/inside-the-atikamekw-nations-fight-against-the-deforestation-of-its-ancestral-lands/</ref> 
'''SUCCESS (this campaign is ongoing):'''
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) published seven sustainable forestry recommendations for better community consultation and involvement. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
*The Québec Ministère des Fôrets, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) issued a report in May, 2022, concluding that the MFFP and Scerie Saint-Michel were both at fault. However, the report neither offered reparations or compensation to the Dubé family or Manawan community, nor penalized either of the responsible parties. <ref>Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw. 2022. “COMMUNIQUÉ | Comité de travail CDAM, CNA et MFFP.” June 14, 2022. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064311084574</ref>
|-
| style="width: 145.906px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Challenges faced'''
| style="width: 931.094px;" |
*While campaigning, some activists expressed fear of danger to individuals, physical or legal.
*The greatest challenge has been a lack of government cooperation and responsibility.  
|}

== Strategy and tactics used ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1138px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 150.688px;" | '''Direct action (14/14)'''
| style="width: 961.312px; height: 28px;" |
*All of the campaigns participated in a form of '''direct action '''(physical disruption).
*Specific tactics varied: protests, marches, sit-ins, civil disobedience and blockades.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 150.688px;" | '''Community engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 961.312px; height: 37px;" |
*'''Community members '''were engaged through canvassing, community meetings, workshops, teach-ins, reading groups, focus groups, speak-ins and public events.
*Specific examples include the Standing Rock Relay Runs, the Grassy Narrows River Run, and weekly potlucks for Stop Cop City. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 150.688px;" | '''Mass engagement (9/14)'''
| style="width: 961.312px; height: 46px;" |
*Mass engagement was achieved through '''petitions and letters.'''
*This was important for the involvement of community members who do not have the same time, ability or privilege to partake in direct action or community events.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 150.688px;" |
'''Coalition building (7/14)'''
| style="width: 961.312px; height: 28px;" |
*Success came from the creation of a new entity, creating '''diverse knowledge''', perspectives and increasing the size and strength of campaigns.
|- style="height: 72px;"
| style="height: 72px; width: 150.688px;" |
'''Legal action and political pressure (7/14)'''
| style="width: 961.312px; height: 72px;" |
*Engagement with formalized political and legal processes was used by seeking policy change, using call campaigns, attending public meetings or consultations, running for office or organizing election campaigns.
*Many campaigns faced high opposition, but many also '''benefited from political alliances.'''
*Legal challenges using lawsuits, legal curt appeals, course cases, referendums and legal advocacy often delayed projects, but did not always result in material gains.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 150.688px; height: 46px;" | '''Mass communication (5/14)'''
| style="width: 961.312px; height: 46px;" |
*Communication platforms such as social media campaigns, banners, magazines, press conferences, documentaries engaged the public.
*'''Alternative media and social media '''was useful in countering mainstream media which often aligns with government and industry perspectives.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 150.688px; height: 46px;" | '''Independent research (3/14)'''
| style="width: 961.312px; height: 46px;" |
*A small handful of campaigns conducted '''independent research '''to enhance the campaigns credibility and convince of it's importance.
|}

== Participating groups ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 303px; width: 1113px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 209.188px;" | '''Locally impacted community members/land defenders + grassroots activists + ENGOs = success'''
| style="width: 877.812px; height: 51px;" |
*Actors varied across campaigns. The most common participants were networks made up of '''community members, volunteers, Indigenous groups, and environmental organizations (ENGO's).'''
*Research for the Athabasca Tar Sands case study states that, “Dominant political and industry actors were largely able to overlook the movement until a diverse and influential set of social movement actors began collaborating and shifting these local struggles transnationally.” <ref>Carter, Angela V. Haluza-DeLay, Randolf. 2014. “Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada’s “Dirty Oil.”” In Activist Science and Technology Education. Edited by Larry Bencze, and Steve Alsop, pp. 343-362. Cultural Studies of Science Education, Volume 9. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4360-1</ref>
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 209.188px;" | '''Unions'''
| style="width: 877.812px; height: 51px;" |
*Unions participated in 4 out of 14 of the campaigns.
*For the Public Power NY campaign, the involvement of labor unions was identified as a turning point in the struggle. <ref>Dawson, Ashley. 2023. “How to Win a Green New Deal in Your State.” The Nation, May 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/dsa-new-york-build-public-renewables-act/</ref> 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 209.188px;" | '''Industry professionals and student groups'''
| style="width: 877.812px; height: 28px;" |
*The least recurrent participants were academics, businesses, legal groups, health groups, and student groups.
*For GNL Quebec campaign, students made up the largest fraction of supporters with 54 student associations representing more than 350,000 members. Student’s involvement was also identified as crucial.
*Academics were involved in the TMX Pipeline and GNL Quebec campaigns. Academic Tim Takaro camped in a tree scheduled to be cut down for the construction of the TMX pipeline and this gathered significant media attention that reached different audiences. David Suzuki, a well known celebrity and academic, was involved with the campaign against GNL Quebec. The involvement of academics or well-known experts helped these campaigns gain wider media attention. <ref>Cunningham, Nick. 2020. “Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Inches Forward, but Opposition Intensifies.” DeSmog. August 14. https://www.desmog.com/2020/08/14/canada-trans-mountain-pipeline-tiny-house-warriors/</ref> 
|}

== Challenges faced ==

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 231px; width: 1102px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="height: 28px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Government opposition (7/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Legal challenges and large public demonstrations '''were used to overcome government opposition.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="height: 37px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Police repression (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 51px;" |
*'''Direct action '''was used both as a counter to repression, and also faced additional repression. Increased project costs and delays to construction helped address the challenges faced using direct action.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 205.828px;" | '''Coalition challenges (4/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Difficulty creating alliances due to diverging opinions and perspectives.
E.g. “There has been a lack of structure in the coalition when it comes to making decisions when it comes to allocation of resources…the lack of structure has meant that we are being pulled in like 25 directions all at once. We need to unravel this notion that structure is our enemy. And if we refuse to define what leadership looks like, on the basis that leadership is hierarchical. It just means that leadership goes, unaccounted [for], and it goes unchecked.” -Activist against TMX pipeline
*'''Coalitions '''were used to strengthen the response to challenges by increasing knowledge and resources
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Legal challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px; height: 28px;" |
*Activist arrests, and opposition from industry.
|- style="height: 60px;"
| style="width: 205.828px; height: 60px;" | '''Health challenges (3/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*Linked directly to the struggle.
|-
| style="width: 205.828px;" | '''Misinformation (2/14)'''
| style="width: 870.172px;" |
*'''Educational efforts''' helped to counter misinformation.
|}
 

== Results and key research findings ==

=== Researcher takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 302px; width: 1118px;"
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 16px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Direct action'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 16px;" |
*Most commonly used to successfully overcome government opposition and police repression.
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; height: 57px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Legal action and political pressure'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 57px;" |
*Most effective for procedural delays, reducing the economic viability of projects, and sometimes, for facilitating the recognition of Indigenous rights and sovereignty.
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''Coalition building'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 76px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, leading to new campaigns and/or activist groups, and providing more perspectives and knowledge
*When facing police repression, coalitions can help support activists and communities more at risk of experiencing direct criminalization or police violence.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Community engagement'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, fostering collaboration, strong community support and diverse campaigns that engage a wide variety of people.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Communication and raising public awareness'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Both a strategy and a success, increasing support for the campaign and lowering acceptability of the target. 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 178.266px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Diversity of actors, strategies and tactics'''
| style="width: 913.734px; height: 51px;" |
*Greatly contributed to the effectiveness of a successful intersectional campaign.
|}


'''Direct action, c''''''ommunity engagement and building strong, '''large, and diverse coalitions seem to be the most effective strategies, and the best strategies for overcoming challenges. 
 

=== HUB takeaways for successful climate justice campaigns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 94.5671%; height: 1033px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 19px;" |
'''To mobilize ''deeper'' (increase commitment and engagement)...'''
| style="height: 19px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Connect and engage directly with community members (e.g. canvassing, potlucks, skill shares etc).'''
''"Why in the world would I go to a public park next to a police training facility like I wasn't going to do that. I wasn't going. But when I went back, what I saw was that the community had come in and began to use the land, the community had really started to make it our park. And people were doing teachings there about how to live off of the land, showing you what mushrooms were growing that you could eat, what type of moss you could use to make a poultice for cuts or to any types of wounds, you know, then there was like a weekly potluck that was happening. And people were talking to us about that area of land and what the South River Forest meant to this community." ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''One-to-one conversations are particularly helpful.'''
''"When we went door to door talking to people, what we found was that for a lot of people, the people who live farther away from the forest, the mayor's narrative was winning in so many ways, because people were like, 'Oh, it's just a training facility like what are you mad about?'... But when you began to talk to people about the nuts and bolts of it, when you began to tell people 'what do you think about a Blackhawk helicopter landing pad?' People like we're like, 'what do we need that for?'...Yeah, well, what do you think about the firing range?" ''-Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Connect on the land.'''
''"We kept having events in the forest for as long as we could. We kept up our potluck. We started doing distribution with that. So we had food distribution... clothing that people wanted to bring, hygiene kits... whatever you don't need, pretty much just became like the community swap meet and potluck on every Wednesday... we continue to have skill shares in the forest and we continued to do things like the music festival, where a bunch of people got arrested for just being at a music festival. We kept doing those things so that people could see, like, this is where we are, this is what we're doing this is, this is where we congregate as a community. This is where we come together and do things. You know, this is what we are fighting so hard for not only for this land, we're fighting for our community, we're fighting for our bond, we're fighting for this thing that brings us together, but also keeps us alive, keeps us going gives us a greater quality of life."'' ''-''Organizer for Stop Cop City
<li>'''Know the history of the land you're on, to connect with impacted communities'''</li>''"We're on Tongva Land. The community has been traditionally black... one of the few neighborhoods that black communities could live in, and rapidly converting to large Latino populations. So very much a mixed population on unceded Tongva territory, we refer to it as South Central Los Angeles. Our original offices were on land that was owned by Edward Doheny... the big North American granddaddy oil baron from back in the day... Mount St. Mary's College is built on his former estate. His estate had a petting zoo and all these beautiful Victorian buildings. And that is the neighborhood that our organization started in."'' -Organizer for Stand L.A.
|- style="height: 120px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 120px;" | '''To mobilize widely...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 120px;" |
*'''Engage with many forms of media'''
''"We have to work hard for alternative media to get things out. So we have a number of different news crews that work with us; independent journalists, local magazines and newspapers. And then we were able to get NBC to come here to do a short documentary about cop city... and also the documentary done by Al Jazeera. Those have been like the mainstream media documentaries that have really opened people's eyes." -''Organizer for'' ''Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''To get your message across...'''
| style="height: 51px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Relate to issues concerning community members''' (i.e. rather than a blanket 'stop climate change', campaigns and communication addressed a specific concern, project, proposal or law impacting locals). 
''"At the time, I was working for voting rights organization, and I was the lead childcare organizer. And one of the things that I started to do was talk to people about how cop city affected the state of childcare... when you're talking about childcare, you are talking about health care. And when you're talking about health care, you have to talk about economic justice and environmental justice together. And you cannot have a conversation about childcare without talking about reproductive justice. Because according to the pillars of reproductive justice, I am supposed to be able to raise the children that I choose to have in a clean, safe environment that is free of state sanctioned interpersonal violence... So when when you looked at... what that intersectionality was, and how we could get people to understand.. '''everybody has a stake in this'''."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Contact press and hold press conferences at strategic times to control the narrative'''
''"There was, at one point it was really like a back and forth of, we're sending a press release, and then a company has to answer that we're sending a press release under industry, and they have to answer, so we kind of we became master the narrative where they had to always answer our communication." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Use art to grab attention, visualize the story, and help people relate'''
''"[We used] genderless, ageless wig stands, and assaulted each one of them with one symptom... a nosebleed... asthma [with a] puffer, [an inflamed] thyroid, a congested nose with a clothespin. We had several others. My self portrait was a headache that I described by putting two barbecue skewers from the nape of my neck through my forehead... And we set that up on a table with a big boombox with a black tablecloth... just as kids and parents were walking home from school, and they would walk by and say, "hey, hey, hey, what's that with the nosebleed? I had to take my kid three times to the emergency room last week with nosebleeds"... All of these symptoms began to come together and we use that event and events like it to tell people, we want to talk more with you." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Provide platforms for community members to share their stories'''
 ''"I think [uplifting the] community's voice and just speaking the truth, and providing as many people the opportunity to tell their story... storytelling, personal testimony, community based research, all of those things are very critical.''" -Organizer for Stand LA
*'''Uplift elders, and people who can describe how the community has been impacted over time'''
''"The elders are also important, because they will be the quickest ones to notice that the air has changed... What's making that happen... being privileged to share the community with people who've lived there for a very long time. I think that's really the greatest asset for change, just listening to community." ''-Organizer for Stand LA
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''To build a stronger force...'''
| style="height: 28px; width: 77.1094%;" |
*'''Form strategic alliances/coalitions between the grassroots, NGOs, unions, associations, academics etc. '''
''"Knock on all these doors and find out key organizational and individual levers that the can help you. I think it's critical to find a way to get the big green NGOs on board. They have a lot of mobilization power, and when they actually show up, they can be instrumental, and then you need to find political allies as well... all the opposition parties were with us... and the mobilization needs to be grassroots-led... that is a prime example of how local grassroots organizing, amplified by others, can become the most powerful tool in the world." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Set goals as a coalition and as individual groups/organizations'''
''"I think that the one of the biggest challenges that I've noticed, is the lack of defining our goals in a meaningful and practical way. There has been a lack of, or an unwillingness, to get specific enough with our goals and what it means to, in my opinion, actually be able to accomplish them. Because... when I talked about the campaign, or the movement or whatever, it's basically a coalition of dozens of organizations that are all united under this banner called protect the planet. And there's very diverse organizations involved in that coalition...There's a lot of overlap between the groups... everyone is united and agrees that our goal is to stop TMX... But that's not enough... it doesn't tell you how we're going to get there. And there's still a distinction between tactics, like tactics, and specific goals are two different things as well. But... what does that actually mean, to stop TMX? What does that look like? Because if we don't get more specific about what that means, we aren't able to tailor our actions in a way that is effective... You know, it ends up with people like, let's hold a rally at City Hall to stop TMX. And it's like, what is that doing? Why are we targeting City Hall? That makes no sense, like City Hall has no power to do anything here? I think there's this kind of something you hear a lot is 'Oh, well, we're raising awareness.' '''I think something that has become really clear in this campaign, and that I've heard other people say in other campaigns is that if your campaigns goal is just to raise awareness, you've already failed'''. Like, that's not enough. Yes, it's a component of any sort of social movement or campaign. But if that's where the goal ends, it's not, it's just not going to do anything. It's just not enough."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Power map as a coalition'''
''"Without defining what needs to happen for the project to be stopped, we can't tailor our actions to target the right people. And I think that's been a challenge, is figuring out who is an effective target... We need to actually target the people and the the entities that have the power to change what we're trying to change."'' -TMX Organizer
*'''Map out your spectrum of allies'''
''"You need to analyze where your allies are, active allies, passive allies, who are your active enemies, and really focus on bringing more passive allies to the active side... when this all started, there was a lot of passive allies. The students were concerned with climate, but they weren't specifically involved in the project. At first, the only active allies there was a tiny bit of people from First Nations [communities], and then citizen groups... when you're in that moment, where you're trying to develop a campaign against a big struggle, or a big project like this one, you really need to find, who are those people in society that agree with me, but aren't doing shit about it. And that's a tough part. That's a long process. But you really have to do it." ''-Organizer for GNL Quebec
*'''Do skill and knowledge shares for sustainable engagement.'''
"''We constantly do teachings with each other. You know, this Friday, we have a teaching with the Palestinian youth movement to help people understand how cop city connects to the struggle for freedom in Palestine. We constantly educate ourselves so that we educate the community. So, we do that by canvassing, we do that by public facing events like movie screenings and townhall meetings, community talkbacks where the community will come and just tell us, hey, this is my concern.''" -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Support action led by directly impacted communities'''
''"The mass education campaigns on hydraulic fracturing that had been ongoing since 2011 were not Indigenous-led. Numerous action and advocacy groups across the province were also not Indigenous-led. The frontlines certainly were Indigenous-led. So, in support of frontline activities, allies were very supportive, financially and materially." -Journalist for Mi'kmaq resistance''
|- style="height: 305px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 305px;" | '''To conserve energy/resources...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 305px;" |
*'''Intentionally define a structure, accountability and how power is shared (avoidance creates more problems)'''
''"There has been, in my experience, a refusal... to even discuss what it might mean to have some sort of structure for the coalition... there's this really problematic assumption that... organizing non hierarchically means that... structure is an enemy because structure is hierarchical. And that has been such a problem because it just means that nothing gets done... if we refuse to define what leadership looks like... it just means that leadership goes, unaccounted, and it goes unchecked. And no one knows what's going on... people are still assuming positions of leadership, but they're not accountable to people for that, and it's not clear, who is responsible for what. And I would actually argue that that ends up resulting in a more hierarchical structure than if the leadership had been defined clearly... '''One of the one of the teachings from my people that we were using in this context that I think explains it really well, is geese. So when you see Canada geese fly, they fly in a V shape, right. And there's a leader at the point of the V, that goose is the one that is setting the direction of where the flock is going. But they get tired, and they swap out. So when the when the lead goose gets tired, they swap positions with another goose that's in the V, and they just swap over like that'''. [Otherwise,] no one is responsible for anything, and everyone is responsible for everything at the same time. And it's so cumbersome. It's restrictive in terms of using our time and our energy and resources in an effective way. And that leads to burnout." -''TMX Organizer''' '''
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 74px;" | '''To maintain momentum...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 74px;" |
*'''Recognize and reflect on your successes'''
''"The biggest victory in this fight against cop city, is that people understand what it is that we do need to be safe and community because this has really opened up a huge conversation about community safety."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
*'''Leverage the momentum of other movements by drawing connections'''
"''At the time of the shutdown Canada movement... when the entire world was watching what was going on in the West... [there were great narratives] built between what was going on out west and what was going on here, tying it to basically being the same colonial projects that were that were being forced down the throat of Indigenous communities." -''Organizer for GNL Quebec
|- style="height: 125px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 125px;" | '''To strengthen relationships...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 125px;" |
*'''Center joy!'''
"''We started to choir... there are a lot of people who are very good singers, there are people who are instrumentalists. There are people who just want to have good vibes and chill out with each other. So we started singing together, we started doing that. And we've performed in a couple of places, it's been a lot of fun. People are carrying it on, you know, make sure that you definitely do that make time for joy and make space for healing."'' -Organizer for Stop Cop City
|- style="height: 311px;"
| style="width: 19.2956%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 311px;" | '''To address problematic behaviour internally...'''
| style="width: 77.1094%; height: 311px;" |
*'''Make sure structures and policies for accountability are defined; what is not okay, who to speak to when something happens and how unacceptable behaviour is addressed '''
''"It's always these men that have like, this poorly defined power and are operating within this like, very hierarchical system, but because we've refused to define [a clear structure], [abuse/harassment] doesn't get called out."'' -TMX Organizer

''"Part of what I've learned here is that just defining ourselves as [anti-oppressive] doesn't make it so... 'We will not cancel us' by Adrienne Marie Brown, explains... when we are so quick to cancel each other, and she's not talking about abusers here, there's a difference there. If someone is abusive, that requires... a different conversation, though, when it comes to just transgressions and mistakes that people make saying the wrong thing, doing the wrong thing, like that is going to happen because... every single person that is involved in these movements has grown up in a world that has these... systems of oppression that have been built into our lives in all of these ways. And a lot of the work that we have to do is unlearning all of those systems because we can't see how they have impacted us... we need to be able to have the room to make mistakes... we need those skills to be able to''' '''negotiate '''where that line is with what is unacceptable transgression. And how do we handle those mistakes in a way that actually allows people to correct those mistakes and learn from them and grow and do better next time? Without destroying the movement and like pushing people out?'''" -''TMX Organizer
|}

=== HUB observations: additional lessons ===
{| class="wikitable" style="height: 84px;"
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For environmentalists that do not understand how Indigenous sovereignty and police violence relate to the climate crisis...
| style="height: 28px; width: 993.812px;" |
There are 2 critical points to emphasize:

1) How '''structural racism and ongoing settler colonialism impact historic and ongoing climate justice campaigns, specifically on Indigenous Land defenders. '''The degree of criminalization, physical violence, and assassinations during environmental campaigns significantly increases when Indigenous people are involved <ref>Scheidel, Arnim et al. 2020. “Environmental Conflicts and Defenders: A Global Overview.” Global Environmental Change 63: 102104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104</ref>

2) Most climate justice campaigns that have had''' success in the last 20 years across Turtle Island have been initiated and led by impacted Indigenous communities'''.
|-
| style="width: 158.188px;" | For NGOs that want to support grassroots organizers
| style="width: 993.812px;" |
*'''Let the grassroots lead'''! Listen to what support they say they need; media? Funding? Training? They will tell you.
*'''Don't '''craft the message: uplift the voices of grassroots organizers (co-creation ''may'' be more possible if a coalition is formed). 
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More to come!
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|}
''''

''If you have corrections or additional resources to share with us related to this content, you can contact kenzie@lehub.ca.''
 

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<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

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Navigating in-group conflicts

2024-09-12T21:56:28Z

Mediawiki: /* Why Engage in Conflict? */

This page was created to support activists with navigating in-group conflicts. Conflict has a bad rep, but what comes from conflict can be very insightful, and what comes from avoidance can be detrimental to group dynamics and effectiveness. This page is a work in progress that will be added to over time. The information included comes from existing organizer databases and resources by movement thinkers. Included are reflections on why it's important to engage in conflict, and suggestions for navigating it generatively.

= Why Engage in Conflict? =
“The question is not ‘how do we get rid of conflict?’ The question is ‘how do we approach it?’” -Rick Hanson
 
The following chapter presented by Prentis Hemphill, with support from the Black Lives Matter Healing Justice Working Group, describes their guiding principle around restorative justice, which'' “at its very core asks us to rethink conflict. It asks us to see conflict, not necessarily as the splinters that lead inevitably to division, but to think of conflict instead as a generative moment, an opportunity to learn something about each other and the systems that we’ve created together.” <ref>https://blacklivesmatter.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/BLM_ChapterConflict_r1.pdf</ref> ''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 513px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 110px;"
| style="width: 21.2725%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 110px;" |
'''To make room for divergent thoughts/ideas'''
| style="width: 78.6907%; height: 110px;" |
We aren’t always going to agree, and we shouldn’t. Engaging in conflict means inviting many perspectives to share. "''What if we understood that we don’t need people to think exactly like us and be exactly like us to be WITH us and build with us?”'' -Dr Ayesha Khan
|- style="height: 18px;"
| style="width: 21.2725%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 18px;" |
'''To develop power with one another, rather than power over.'''
| style="width: 78.6907%; height: 18px;" |
When power and responsibility are left on their own, conflict is more likely to arise because needs are neglected, people are pushed out etc. Reflecting on power dynamics and privilege as individuals in a group setting helps us to understand conflicts, avoid preventable consequences and encourage generative conflicts. 
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 21.2725%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 74px;" | '''To direct frustration at targets, not each other'''
| style="height: 74px; width: 78.6907%;" |
 
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.2725%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); height: 82px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left;" |
'''For accountability, rather than punishment'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.6907%;" |
 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.2725%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 51px;" | '''As an opportunity for connection and generating'''
| style="width: 78.6907%; height: 51px;" |
The root of conflict is often a desire for connection. We can use conflict to hear one another.
|-
| style="width: 21.2725%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left;" | '''Avoiding conflict created more conflict'''
| style="width: 78.6907%;" |
Avoidance is a common response to conflict. When this happens, we miss an opportunity to improve, and also give the conflict more space to grow and spread.
|}

= Creating brave spaces that navigate conflicts generatively =

== An invitation to Brave Space - Mickey ScottBey Jones <ref>https://www.grossmont.edu/faculty-staff/participatory-governance/student-success-and-equity/_resources/assets/pdf/brave-space-poem.pdf</ref> ==
Together we will create brave space 
'''Because there is no such thing as a “safe space” '''
We exist in the real world 
We all carry scars and we have all caused wounds. 
In this space 
We seek to turn down the volume of the outside world. 
We amplify voices that fight to be heard elsewhere, 
We call each other to more truth and love 
We have the right to start somewhere and continue to grow. 
We have the responsibility to examine what we think we know. 
We will not be perfect. 
It will not always be what we wish it to be 
But 
It will be our brave space together, 
And 
We will work on it side by side. 

 

== Care to reduce future harm: a transformative justice approach ==

===What is transformative justice?===

“Transformative justice describes a systems approach to identifying root causes of conflict and responding to these as a community – including developing various harm-reduction processes to interpersonal violence within communities at the grassroots level rather than relying on punishment, incarceration, or policing.” -Beyond Survival, edited by Ejeris Dixon and Leah Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha (2020) <ref>https://brownstargirl.org/beyond-survival/</ref>
 
 

=== Where does transformative justice (TJ) come from? ===

“TJ was created by and for many of these communities (e.g. Indigenous communities, Black communities, immigrant communities of color, poor and low-income communities, communities of color, people with disabilities, sex workers, queer and trans communities). It is important to remember that many of these people and communities have been practicing TJ in big and small ways for generations–trying to create safety and reduce harm within the dangerous conditions they were and are forced to live in. For example, undocumented immigrant women in domestic violence relationships, disabled people who are being abused by their caretakers and attendants, sex workers who experience sexual assault or abuse, or poor children and youth of color who are surviving child sexual abuse have long been devising ways to reduce harm, stay alive and create safety and healing outside of state systems, whether or not these practices have been explicitly named as “transformative justice.”

We can apply TJ principles to communicating, but it’s important to recognize''' the origins of TJ are more often than not more intense and challenging than the context of group dynamics where most of us will likely apply this knowledge.''' If you are dealing with serious harm within your group, see the following wiki page: [https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Notes_on_accountability_from_Beyond_Survival:_Strategies_and_Stories_from_the_Transformative_Justice_Movement Notes on accountability from Beyond Survival: Strategies and Stories from the Transformative Justice Movement]. 
 
 

=== Calling in vs calling out ===

When a member takes an action that does not reflect the values of the group or breaks the guidelines of group participation, groups may either a) avoid taking action altogether, b) call the person in, or c) call the person out. 

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 90px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 67px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 67px;" | '''Calling out'''
| style="height: 67px; width: 80.3024%;" |

*Calling out is best used to draw attention to harmful behaviours and increase public pressure. <ref>https://inittogether.cargo.site/Section-1</ref>
*“Call outs have a long history as a brilliant strategy for marginalized people to stand up to those with power. they have been a way to bring collective pressure to bear on corporations, institutions, and abusers on behalf of individuals or oppressed peoples who cannot stop the injustice and get accountability on their own, but within our movements today it has increasingly become a strategy to shame or humiliate people in the wake of misunderstandings, contradictions, conflicts and mistakes.” -We Will Not Cancel Us by Adrienne Maree Brown <ref>https://www.akpress.org/we-will-not-cancel-us.html</ref>
***The first half of this quote mentions how call outs have a history as a powerful way to hold power accountable. The latter half discusses where call outs have gone wrong, in contributing to cancel culture when used against the wrong targets.
***Call outs can be very powerful when used as they were originally intended, but can be harmful in the wrong context. I.e. when we yell ‘shame’ at police who swarm an abolish the police rally, that’s an example of calling out the systemic harm of policing. ‘Cancelling’ someone is not an appropriate use of a call-out.
***See[https://www.nytimes.com/video/us/politics/100000007178355/minneapolis-mayor-booed-out-of-rally.html the following example of a rally in the US] where calling out was used strategically. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Calling in'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 80.3024%;" |

*Calling-in means reminding someone that the group has shared values and guidelines, supporting them in reflecting on the ways their behaviours may have led to unintended consequences or harms, and continuing to work with that person to make amends and change their behaviour. <ref>https://inittogether.cargo.site/Section-1</ref>
*Calling in suggests the individual can hold themselves accountable, and others will be there to support the process of amends. This is a transformative approach, that emphasizes growth and support to prevent future harm. <ref>https://inittogether.cargo.site/Section-1</ref>
*For example: if a group member uses they/them pronouns, and someone were to use the wrong pronoun, we don’t need to cancel that person. We don’t need to shame them for their mistake. We can simply call them in, reminding them of the correct pronouns and how their mistake may have caused unintentional harm. This gives the person the opportunity to thank the group or person for calling them in, apologize, correct themselves, and perhaps ask if there’s anything else they can do to make amends. 
 
|}
'''Summary'''

Another example from Maisha Johnson for Transform Harm: “If my young cousin who’s just taken her first women’s studies class makes a problematic comment, I know calling her in with a conversation or passing her an article might be all the energy I need to expend. Waging a public campaign against her isn’t necessary. But if the problematic behavior is coming from a women’s empowerment organization with a big influence, a more public call-out may be more effective.”
*Use call outs for: applying pressure to power
*Use call ins for: group members and potential recruits
 
 

== Conflict mapping tool <ref>https://www.seedsforchange.org.uk/conflictbooklet.pdf</ref> ==

We can dig deeper into the layers of conflict by exploring 3 key ideas:

*Position: Our initial response, opinion or solution to the conflict (i.e. your stance)
*Interests: what’s important to us in this particular situation, or our concerns or fears about the issue (i.e. your reasoning for your stance).
*Needs: Beneath our interests; universal needs, or the needs that we all have, for example respect, belonging, to be understood etc. (I.e. underlying your reasoning).
Conflict mapping acts as a tool that helps people in conflict form a clearer picture of the issues that are underlying, by exploring these 3 layers. It’s more structured than an open discussion, and makes a conflict conversation easier to facilitate, especially in a group where people are struggling to speak to each other in a civil way. This tool could be facilitated by someone in your group, by a neutral friend or external facilitator. It can be used for conflicts between a few members, or by the whole group. <ref>https://www.seedsforchange.org.uk/conflictbooklet.pdf</ref>  

=== Steps to conflict mapping ===

1. Write the issue in the middle of a document (keep it neutral).

2. Add segments surrounding for each person involved in the conflict.

3. Have each person record their position, interests and needs.

4. Invite everyone to look at the map and consider others’ interests and needs that they hadn’t taken into account before. 

5. Discuss solutions that consider everyone’s key comments as a team.[[File:Screen Shot 2023-07-31 at 1.16.33 PM.png|300x300px|center|border]]

Diagram by: Seeds for Change

== Finding solutions to conflicts ==

There are 4-5 steps for brainstorming solutions to conflicts.
#If relevant, '''review''' the group’s mission, vision, agreements for working together etc. to orient members towards a collective solution and/or raise critical reflections about where wrongdoing happened.
#'''Discuss''' common points of each person’s position, interests and needs (or if there are none, express understanding)
#'''Define''' a compromise that considers everyone’s position, interests and needs.
#'''Check in''' that everyone can live with the solution.
#'''Create''' an agreement and define how you’ll hold accountability if relevant.
Moving through this process requires trust, and good decision-making processes. See our pages on decision making if needed:
*[[Consensus decision making 101]]
*[[Consensus decision making (suggestions for small groups)]]
*[[Modified consensus decision making (suggestions for large and small groups)]]
*[[DARCI decision making framework]]
 
 
 
If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
 
[[File:Creative commons.png|300px|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/|center|frameless]]

<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

'''[https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Militant_Wiki Back to Homepage]'''

Making your activism accessible

2024-09-10T15:46:29Z

Mediawiki: /* */

'''Purpose:''' This page was created to support activists in making their spaces more accessible, that is, to ensure everyone's needs to access movement spaces are met so more people can contribute to the climate movement in whatever way they can! Several of the topics found in this guide are based on questions asked by activists in the HUB's community.

'''This guide includes:''' definitions of accessibility, understanding why disability justice is climate justice, considerations for accessible event, action planning, communication and content sharing, considerations for creating an accessible culture and other suggestions related to creating a space that is accessible to everyone who wants to contribute to the movement for climate justice.
 
 
'''Learning objectives:'''

*Equip grassroots groups with strategies to meet the access needs of participants, make their messaging accessible to all folks, and increase engagement and involvement in their activism and organizing spaces.
*Learn from the lived experiences of people with access needs.
*(Bonus) Discuss new ideas to add to the roundup of practices currently listed in the guide

'''Where does the knowledge come from?''' The information included comes from existing organizer databases and resources and knowledge by movement thinkers. We've included knowledge from; blogs written by people living with accessibility needs, resources provided by staff at the [https://www.peopleshub.org/ People's Hub], an instagram live with Priya Penner from '''[https://disasterstrategies.org/priya-penner-bio/ the Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies]''' and other organizers living with disabilities. However, note that each personal experience is distinct, thus we encourage further insight from different positionalities to share further ideas on how this page can be expanded upon and improved.

'''Accompanying activity suggestions:'''
*Individual or group read-through using our '''apply your understanding questions at the end of this guide'''. Go through them as a team.
*Trying to model the good practices in the guide and running an action plan workshop for the group based on them. Goal is to come up with plan, timeline and bottom-liners to implement some of the ideas in the guide
*Checking back in after a couple months’ worth of testing the ideas in the guide in real life and doing a rundown of what worked well and what didn’t as a group
*Allow group members, using some of the scenarios in the guide, to speak to resonance and hear what new ideas and considerations are shared
= Defining accessibility =
''"Universal accessibility is the character of a product, process, service, information or environment which, with a view to fairness and an inclusive approach, allows anyone to carry out activities independently and to obtain equivalent results."'' - Groupe DÉFI Accessibilité (GDA) <ref>Groupe DEFI Accessibilite (GDA) - Research report for associations in Montreal - Universal Accessibility and contributing designs (version 5.3), Langevin, Rocque, Chalghoumi & Ghorayeb, University of Montreal</ref> & [https://exaequo.net/ Ex Aequo]

[https://exaequo.net/ Ex Aequo] distinguish accessibility from adaptation:
"''Adaptation would consist of changes made in order to accommodate people in relation to “an environment, a communication, a program, or an already existing service. We adapt when we build a subway with only stairs, then add elevators several years later. We make it universally accessible when we provide access ramps to the buses."''

== Why is [[Accessibility]] Critical to Movement Spaces? ==

[https://accessculture.wordpress.com/2012/07/03/hello-world/ Access Culture] expands on definitions of accessibility, explaining:

''"For people who live on the margins, who have to fight to prove their existence, who are excluded from movements, who are subject to abuse in the form of isolation, having access to spaces means having access to community, to connection, to existence. When we make spaces accessible, when we build movements based on inclusion, we recognize that each person has an intrinsic value, that our existence is beautiful and necessary. Creating accessible spaces is about recognizing that connection is necessary, that community is necessary, that our culture is built on the myth of separation, the lie of disconnection. We must move from independence to interdependence in order to transform society."'' 

 

'''Accessibility matters for the following reasons:'''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 513px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 110px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 110px;" | '''1. Collective liberation: we all win when we oppose ableism'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 110px;" |
*'''Disabled people are oppressed by the''' '''same systems of power we are fighting across movements. '''[[Ableism]] denies people with a physical or mental impairment opportunities to care for themselves. It is deeply rooted in capitalism, colonialism and white supremacy.  
*<div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="eoqjo-0-0">'''Disability justice is anti-capitalist'''. It opposed the push for productivity, extraction and commodifying our bodies for labour and building wealth. </div>
|- style="height: 18px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 18px;" | '''2. Not actively unlearning and practicing = replicating oppression'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 18px;" |
*'''We want to fight marginalization, not contribute to it.''' Within movement spaces, we must actively work to unlearn behaviours that reinforce oppression to fight against it. This includes practicing an access culture and challenging internalized [[ableism]], racism, homophobia etc. 
***Internalized [[ableism]] prompts: do we reward some people over others because they can contribute more time and effort? Do we favour their voices over those who have to care for their health, need to work a second job, have caretaking responsibilities etc.?
***'''Access goes beyond disability.''' There's a reason primarily white folks are accessing climate activist spaces. 
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 74px;" | '''3. Prioritizing and leadership of marginalized people'''
| style="height: 74px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*'''The needs of those who do not benefit from our current oppressive systems must be prioritized as decision makers '''for a just world that prioritizes people and the planet.
*<div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="41hsc-0-0">'''Those most affected by forms of oppression are best suited to define how we can operate our society more equitably'''. Disabled, black, brown, trans etc. people live through some of the most challenging consequences of capitalism and the climate crisis. </div>
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000; text-align: left;" | '''4. Meeting everyone’s needs = more people power'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*'''On a strategic note: We will not mobilize the mass we need without considering disability justice, access needs and building cultures of care that actively challenge internalized oppression'''.
***If people do not see their '''immediate survival needs''' being prioritized by your campaign, '''they will not want to join.'''
***Otherwise, those who would be interested in organizing may be '''unable to join, or continue''', if their access and care needs are not considered. 
*'''Putting the planning in today means greater and sustained participation tomorrow. '''We are all likely to experience chronic or acute disability or access needs in our lives, whether from old age, stress, illness or an accident.  
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 51px;" | '''5. Organizers burn out when opposing ableism isn't prioritized'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 51px;" |
*'''Non-disabled organizers are impacted by [[ableism]] too'''. Oppressive systems have their own way of defining what value and care mean, and who is deserving, and when. 
***'''Internalized [[ableism]] uses productivity and sameness to define our worth'''. Doing too much to achieve too much can lead to burnout; a major problem in movement spaces. 
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/upcoming-show Disabled queer and trans communities of colour]''' have already been preparing for the survival of their communities''' '''through disasters.''' They teach each other skills in resilience-based, care-based organizing to strategically create the changes that we need for our futures. These skills are necessary for other organizers to learn from. <ref>https://www.yesmagazine.org/opinion/2019/07/31/climate-change-queer-disabled-organizers</ref>
*Learning from other multiply marginalized people, I've found amazing community. There is so much love, support and sustainability in these relationships. I wouldn't be here in the ways I am without these friends, because they've supported me when I needed support or solutions. Turning to my disabled friends and comrades is one of the best ways to get something done. Finding that community to sustain yourself and co-conspire with you, and recognize what you're going through, is key.
|}
As described by [https://www.peopleshub.org/people/aerik-woodams Aerik Woodams ] at [https://www.peopleshub.org/ People's Hub], individual access is often framed as extra work; that there are 'more important things to address'. Disabled and otherwise marginalized people ask us to do things differently. This might feel like work at first, but these efforts benefit all of us by giving us more strength, understanding and tools to build a better world. 

'' ''
=== A note on what 'counts' as activism ===

First and foremost, taking care of one's disabled body is radical activism. As described by Audre Lorde, caring for bodies that do not fit the ‘favoured’ white, male, cisgender, able-bodied ‘ideal’ set by western, capitalist, individualist norms, is political. <ref>https://www.mentalhealthtoday.co.uk/blog/awareness/why-acknowledging-and-celebrating-the-black-feminist-origins-of-self-care-is-essential</ref>

There can be a tendency in movement spaces to debate what the 'best' way to take action is. Many disabled people (and also non-disabled people) must factor in things such as energy levels, physical ability, transportation, scheduling requirements (e.g. medication, appointments etc) when thinking about how they'll participate in activism. '''There are many things we can do to support these needs at our events and action as outlined in this guide.''' '''And, we should recognize, value and encourage the diversity of ways one can meaningfully contribute to grassroots movements.''' And, that our movements are not successful without them!
 
 
The following examples are two personal accounts from people with different disabled experiences on finding their role in organizing spaces:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 120px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 110px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 110px;" | '''Priya Penner, Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies <ref>https://disasterstrategies.org/</ref> '''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 110px;" |
[Paraphrased] To do physical activism, you need a lot of people to support you in the background to ensure you're successful. I started with a grassroots organization, trying to figure out where my place was in this movement. Within that journey I was part of different subcommittees. I was part of the media committee, and these people are so important, but quickly realized to be successful in this role you need to take a step back and see what's happening, call the media and put in the hard work of calling 20, 50 etc outlets. I realized the importance of that, and did not enjoy that part nearly as much. I feel most comfortable being directly in the action. 
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 10px;" | '''Kenzie Harris, Global Grassroots Support Network <ref>https://blueprintsfc.org/</ref> '''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 10px;" |
I experienced a severe burnout and, from it, developed chronic health issues and new access needs. This meant the very fast-paced and demanding organizing I was participating in was no longer accessible to me (I tried, and my health suffered for it). I now have to consider things like... will I be able to seek accommodations for my, now heightened, sensory needs at this meeting/event/action? Will I have enough time after to recover, so that I'll have the energy and manageable pain to do daily living activities in the following days? I've learned to appreciate the other meaningful ways I can contribute, that aren't as taxing on my body/brain, more often. I feel best in an educator role, translating information for popular education and outreach purposes. I enjoy making knowledge more accessible for people to engage with. For other autistics, you may find [https://drdevonprice.substack.com/p/burning-it-all-down-without-burning the following article by Devon Price] useful in finding ways to work with, not against, your disability in movement spaces.
|}

 

The following is a resource developed by '[https://thisautonomia.substack.com/p/direct-action-planning-resource-for This Autonomia]' that could be helpful for those with limited or fluctuating capacity to find manageable ways of contributing to movements. This resource is also advisable for non-disabled people to consider how they might adjust their contributions to their energy levels.[[image:20240508_141456.jpg|800x800px|center|thumb]]

= Disability Justice is Climate Justice =

Sometimes approaches to climate can reinforce [[ableism]], and this is represented by the term eco-ableism. See our page on [[ableism]] for examples of eco-ableism

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 364px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''1. Natural disasters disproportionately harm disabled people'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 28px;" |
*'''Structural barriers become a matter of life or death during disaster.''' 
*[Paraphrased] '''People with disabilities are 2-4x more likely to die during disasters.''' <ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/sfrost/2020/07/06/deadly-discrimination/?sh=39051e92b93b</ref> Why is that? One of the things you learn is we are forgotten. We aren't part of planning conversations, disaster preparedness. We aren't talking about what happens when the best laid plans go wrong. We aren't part of the conversation in planning for disasters. So when we talk about climate, we see again that we're forgotten.''' People with disabilities aren't mentioned in plans at all.''' Countries are neglecting their obligations to fulfill the rights of disabled folks in response to the climate crisis. When we look at smaller conversations about planning for disaster, plus the larger conversations about climate justice, we aren't included.
*[Paraphrased] As a multiply marginalized person, we don't get invitations to join conversations. The fact that the Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies exists says a lot, that things are changing, but we have to keep pushing.
 
Specific examples include:
*"Some members of the disability community are especially '''vulnerable to extreme heat''' events due to increased sensitivity to keeping our body temperatures cool enough." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''Natural disaster can cut electricity''', "which is especially problematic because so many disabled people need electricity-powered medical equipment to survive." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''Droughts and flooding cause food and water insecurity'''. "Because of other social factors like the [https://disablepoverty.org/what-is-disable-poverty/ disproportionate number of disabled people who are caught in an endless poverty cycle], the disability community is especially vulnerable during these shortages." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''Disabled people may be unable to evacuate''' from disaster and/or '''may lose "critical mobility and accessibility devices''' (wheelchairs, scooters, walkers, canes, hearing aids, communication devices)." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*Post-disaster, "the prospect of '''rebuilding a home that had been built around an individual disabilit'''y can also be daunting and expensive ― particularly considering disabled workers typically [http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/07/27/7-facts-about-americans-with-disabilities/ earn significantly less] than their able-bodied counterparts." -[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/in-natural-disasters-a-disability-can-be-a-death-sentence_n_5c1ba22ee4b0407e9077eb58?guccounter=1 Jenavieve Hatch for Huffington Post]
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 74px;" |
'''2. Disabled people are marginalized and are equally deserving of liberation'''
| style="height: 74px; width: 78.2137%;" |
*'''80% of disabled people live in the Global South''', regions most impacted by the climate crisis and exploitation. <ref>https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/resources/factsheet-on-persons-with-disabilities.html</ref>
*"From homeless encampments to local jail cells, the social, political, and economic disparities among disabled queer and trans people of colour put our communities at the '''frontlines of ecological disaster'''.” -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Patty Berne]
*Disabled people are not 'hoarding resources' or 'draining the system', two phrases often used to demonize disabled people for collecting disability benefits. The ultra-rich benefit from blaming disabled bodies, while they continue to benefit from the system.
|- style="height: 178px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 178px;" | '''3. Systems of oppression are intersectional and best addressed by leadership of the most impacted'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 178px;" |
*[Paraphrased] You can't separate identities from a person. We can't separate these systems of oppression. We recognize none of us are free unless we're all free. '''Disability justice provides a framework for creating inclusive resistance movements that support other movements by resisting these intersecting systems of oppression.''' It's not like we can say 'I'm only going to fight ableism' and ignore white supremacy. They're all connected. It's not going to be climate justice if we don't prioritize the needs of the most impacted.''' '''Some of the most marginalized folks are multiply marginalized disabled folks. We know we have to prioritize their leadership. This is one key way to effectively resist. '''Disabled folks know what it's like to resist these systems, and our solutions are pretty bad-ass. We are some of the best problem solvers because we have to go through it day in and day out.'''
*'''Disability justice is migrant justice.''' "[https://wid.org/2018/09/26/climate-related-migration/ Climate change is accelerating forced migration] at a time when disabled people find it increasingly difficult to cross borders — not simply because of the physical demands, but also because of political opposition." -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser]
*** Disabled people may be unable to enter countries because their diagnosis or condition is considered 'burdensome'. -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser]
*** Migrants may struggle to access the services they need (health services and long-term medical, financial, and social support). -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''The oppressive conditions we’re living in can be disabling''' themselves. For example...
***'''Chronic stress can be disabling'''. Neurodivergent people (ADHD, dyslexia, autism, anxiety) are [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13575279.2022.2149471 more likely than neurotypical people] to experience physical health problems. 
***'''Racism can be disabling''' (e.g. [https://twitter.com/Imani_Barbarin/status/1648781887781912579?t=gxCK45M3QQOiWgEjjHpUHg&s=19 Ralph Yarl], a 16-year-old black child, experienced a brain injury after being shot by a racist white man). 
***'''Colonialism can be disabling''' (e.g. Aamijiwnaang First Nation has been impacted by settler colonialism, capitalism and environmental racism. Over 60 petrochemical facilities can be found within a 25 km2 area. Community members face high rates of cancer, respiratory illness and reproductive health issues). <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>
***'''Living in poverty can be disabling.''' It significantly increases the likelihood of developing chronic or acute health problems (e.g. limited access to healthy foods, shelter, clean air and water, chronic stress etc). <ref>https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/poverty-health.html#:~:text=Poverty%20affects%20health%20by%20limiting,an%20individual's%20standard%20of%20living.</ref>
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''4. Environmental racism and natural disasters cause disabilities'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.2137%;" |
*"If we ask ourselves why Black and brown communities have higher rates of asthma, we also must look at where they live." -[https://ssir.org/articles/entry/climate_change_environmental_activism_and_disability Daphne Frias] for Stanford Social Innovation Review.
*Injuries obtained living through a natural disaster (e.g. earthquakes, hurricanes etc) or from being exposed to toxic chemicals (e.g. Mercury, see [[environmental racism]]) may cause acute or chronic disability.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" |
'''5. Eco-ableism reinforces oppression'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 51px;" |
*"Prioritizing personal ownership of environmental impacts over corporate responsibility fuels [[ableism]] and discrimination toward people with disabilities."-[https://ssir.org/articles/entry/climate_change_environmental_activism_and_disability Daphne Frias]
**See our eco-ableism section of [[ableism]] for examples. 
**Disability is one of the first forgotten or first attacked experiences when discussing climate accountability or solutions. It's important to recognize disabled people caring for their needs are not to blame for the climate crisis. '''True accountability lies in those hoarding resources and wealth (the ultra rich).''' 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" |
'''6. There can be no climate justice without addressing immediate survival needs'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 23px;" |
*"'''Disabled people are so busy just surviving.''' We have to self advocate all the time for access to employment, education, benefits or healthcare. It means unless there is a flood at my door I’m not thinking about the climate so much. We need to get people out of poverty because you can’t do anything about the climate if you are completely ostracised from participating in regular life.” -[https://twitter.com/PaulineCastres Pauline Castres] 
*"When issues like discrimination, access to adequate healthcare, unemployment, and poverty are among our top concerns, climate change tends to be an afterthought. When we are fighting for basic human rights and equality, how do we have time to think about climate change? '''Being concerned about and fighting for climate justice is a privilege.'''" -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''7. 'Survival of the fittest' is an oppressive mindset'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 51px;" |
*'''Accepting the loss of some lives to the climate crisis as 'inevitable' is oppressive.''' "We aren't just talking about physical vulnerability; [[ableism]], racism, class inequality and other forms of oppression work together to compound and intensify risk." -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser] 
*'''Access to wealth makes it easier to evacuate, and white supremacy translates "into the political clout and communal resources that make climate disruptions more survivable in the first place''' — better infrastructure, [https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf less exposure to environmental hazards] and more robust public assistance during and after crisis." -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser]
*'''We all deserve to have our needs met on a planet that has enough resources, but that are hoarded by a minority. '''Capitalism describes disabled individuals as a drain on our resources. In contrast, it is capitalism that drains us, and drains the earth's resources. 
|}

Advice from [https://disasterstrategies.org/priya-penner-bio/ Priya Penner at the Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies] on how to prioritize disability justice in your movement spaces: 
[Paraphrased] Reach out to the most impacted folks. Let them lead; listen and take a step back. For folks that want to work in coalition with disability justice activists, let them lead, listen to what they need and work with them, not for them. You need to recognize who is missing from your table, your spaces, as climate justice activists. Disability justice activists have so much to teach folks, just as climate justice activists do. It's a mutual relationship. Prioritize access. Meeting access needs often requires a lot of money. But, if you do have money, ask what you're prioritizing. Are interpreters more important, or markers and posters? We will show up if we know we are wanted. Are you opening that door?

=== Watch/listen ===

See the following video by Climate Atlas of Canada for a quick overview of how disability justice intersects with climate justice:

{{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4G7wLlI7N6E|alignment=center}}

= Holding Accessible Events and Meetings =

== Meeting Attendees Needs <ref>https://collectifau.ca/</ref> <ref>https://www.sinsinvalid.org/blog/access-suggestions-for-a-public-event</ref> ==

Disability and able-bodies exist on a spectrum. Most of us have experience with [[ableism]] and the pressures of capitalism, and/or experience being excluded by other systems of oppression that limit our access. We invite you to''' reflect on how making a space accessible goes beyond ensuring people can physically access a space''', '''but also that they can show up as fully as others in the room'''. If helpful, we suggest checking out our wiki on [https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/How_can_we_incorporate_space_watchers_and_holders_into_our_groups_without_veering_into_policing%3F incorporating space watchers and holders] for further considerations.

'''Quick tips:'''
*Pause frequently during events and meetings to ask if anyone has any access needs that need to be addressed!
*UK Mutual Aid has an [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit?usp=sharing example of an accessibility checklist] that you can use as a blueprint to creating a checklist for your team.
*'''Consider creating an '''[https://tangledarts.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/cta-access-guide-spreads-digital.pdf access guide ] that can be distributed for your meetings/events. Once you have a template down, you can swap out specific details as needed! *See the example below of an access guide made for a HUB event!

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 1372px;"
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Childcare'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 57px;" |
*Consider where people can access with and leave '''strollers'''.
*Provide babysitting if possible!
|- style="height: 185px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 185px;" | '''Wheelchair accessibility'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 185px;" |
*A person in a wheelchair should be able to move around in all the rooms and access a toilet.
'''Doors '''must be 800mm minimum. The dimensions of a '''toilet''' cubicle must be 1500 x 1500mm minimum. 
*All '''paths''' must be obstacle-free and have a clear width of at least 920 mm.
*Check if the place is under '''construction or renovation''', which could make the space temporarily inaccessible.
*The '''entrance''' must be a single level or equipped with an access ramp. It must be at least 800 mm wide.
*'''Snow '''will always make accessibility more difficult for folks with limited mobility. [https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Making_your_activism_accessible#cite_note-3 [3]]
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Food and water'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*'''Water '''is especially important during long events or on hot days.
*Plan '''meals''' that respect dietary restrictions. 
*Provide '''snacks''' during long or hot days!
*If you're selling food, provide''' free or low-cost options'''.
*Share the''' ingredients lists'''
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" | '''Accessibility support'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 53px;" |
*Designate '''support persons''' for those in need as requests arise.
*Identify them with something such as an''' armband or shirt.'''
*Including '''descriptive language '''can paint a picture of what others see and provide richer context for those with vision trouble.
|- style="height: 79px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 79px;" | '''Transportation'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 79px;" |
*Choose a place that is accessible by '''public transport '''and that is close to toilets and shelter from the sun or the rain.
*Have people wait at these places to accompany people with reduced mobility while they wait for transport.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" | '''Ways to participate'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*If the event cannot be universally accessible, offer other '''ways to participate''', such as actions that can be done remotely.
*'''Livesteaming '''is great for those who can't attend in person.
*Plan an activity with''' several components''' to promote the involvement of people with reduced mobility.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''Timing and barriers to participation'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Be transparent about the '''schedule''' for the event. Let participants know the''' destination(s) and duration''' ahead of time. 
*Be transparent about '''barriers to participation''' and mobility!
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 76px;" | '''Language'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 76px;" |
*Are speakers using '''word choices that most people will know?'''
*Are '''interpreters '''available for community members who use a language other than English? What about those with visual or auditory impairments?
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" | '''Timing'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*Do not hold your '''event too early in the day, or too late.''' Some disabilities/situations that limit people from attending early morning/late evenings.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''Allergies and sensitivities'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Ask participants not to wear '''scented products. ''' 
*Fluorescent '''lighting '''can make spaces inaccessible to some people. 
*Having a few pairs of '''earplugs''' can be helpful at events with noise, and/or suggest attendees bring some ahead of time.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" | '''Photography'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 53px;" |
*Always ask before using''' flash photography.'''
*Encourage attendees to avoid taking photos of faces without asking for consent from those in the photo.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Bathrooms'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Are they '''accessible and safe''' for everyone (such as transgender people) to use?
|- style="height: 458px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 458px;" | '''Neurodivergent and/or introverted inclusion''' 
 
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 458px;" |
'''Neurodivergent:''' describes how developmental disorders are normal variations in the brain. <ref> https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/features/what-is-neurodiversity</ref> The neurodiverse umbrella <ref> https://instagram.com/p/CYBl-miPcCL/</ref> includes but is not limited to ADHD, dyslexia, autism, and other learning disabilities. Many people also include mental illnesses under the umbrella of neurodiversity, such as  anxiety, bipolar, PTSD, schizophrenia etc.

'''Introversion:''' Susan Cain describes that where people who are extroverted are stimulated by their environment and absorb energy by interacting with others, introverted people recharge when they are alone and feel overwhelmed by prolonged social interactions and stimulations from their environment.

Meeting neurodivergent and introverted needs:
*'''Written schedule/plans: '''Outline event plans ahead of time''' '''and/or throughout the event if possible. An awareness of time can be particularly helpful. For example, some people take time-sensitive medication, need to leave by a certain time etc.
*'''Breaks/slower periods: '''This can help avoid overstimulation and help people refocus.
*'''Quiet/low stimulation space access:''' The space should not include fluorescent light, and should be calm with no pressure to socialize.
*'''Moments of pause / introspection: '''Before starting discussions on a topic that people have not had time to think about, allowing some quiet time to think and write down your thoughts helps more people feel comfortable discussing participate in discussions. 
*'''Stimulation: '''When planning activities and get-togethers, keep in mind that we are trying to avoid both overstimulation for the most introverted people and loss of interest for the most extroverted people. Try to balance the types of activities included in your event/action to avoid overstimulating the most introverted people and losing the interest of the most extroverted people. For example, an event that exclusively involves networking will probably exclusively include extroverts! Space out activities that take a lot of social energy. 
*'''Tools to support sensory needs: '''If you're able to have a few sets of ear plugs, cheap pairs of sunglasses and a few fidget toys handy, this can really help neurodivergents who struggle to remember these! "I've brought a few fidget toys to meetings before, and within minutes people (often who haven't indicated they're neurodivergent) pick them up, and I can tell they're able to pay attention and remain grounded better!" -Kenzie Harris, Global Grassroots Support Network <ref>https://blueprintsfc.org/</ref>
*For further information on meeting neurodivergent needs, see [https://rootedinrights.org/how-to-make-your-virtual-meetings-and-events-accessible-to-the-disability-community/ this resource by Rooted in Rights.]
|- style="height: 104px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 104px;" | '''BIPOC inclusion <ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit</ref> '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 104px;" |
*Publicize the organization's [[anti-racism]]''' position '''and how the organization will deal with a situation of racism.
*Have '''staff available that are Black, Indigenous and Persons of colour''' in case of a person's concerns, insecurity or distress
*Do not publicize the event with images of BIPOC people unless they occupy an important place within the event itself (e.g. in terms of resources allocated, people invited, partner groups, staff etc).
|- style="height: 77px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 77px;" | '''Gender identity inclusion <ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit</ref> '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 77px;" |
*Have staff with '''different gender identities available''' for people’s concerns, insecurity or distress. 
*Ask people to write or say their '''pronouns.''' 
*Have''' gender-neutral toilets and identify them as such'''. Don’t use illustrations or gendered vocabulary.
|- style="height: 77px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 77px;" | '''Low-income inclusion <ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit</ref> '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 77px;" |
*The most accessible option is to''' offer things for free'''; voluntary contributions are another option, but it’s better to avoid putting people in these situations.
*Consider whether '''internet access''' is necessary for participation.
*Provide''' adapted vocabulary''' or accompanying documents.
|}

=== Example access guide ===

[[File:Screen Shot 2023-08-04 at 11.22.58 AM.png|500x500px|left|border]][[File:Screen Shot 2023-08-04 at 11.23.11 AM.png|500x500px|none|border]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|}

== Pandemic Safety Measures ==

If you do not have safety measures in place during a pandemic, higher-risk individuals in particular are unlikely to attend your event.  It also sends the message that people at high-risk of becoming very ill are disposable. Safety measures prevent people from becoming seriously ill, [https://www.healthline.com/health-news/a-mild-covid-19-case-may-still-r long-term disability] and death.
[https://theconversation.com/profiles/thomas-a-russo-1085429 Thomas A. Russo], professor of Infectious disease at the University of Buffalo, suggests that safety measures to put in place when planning an in-person event include:

*Advertising that attendees '''wear masks '''for the duration of the event, even for events held outdoors. Have extra masks available for those who come without one, ideally N95 or KN95’s which are one of the best available options to protect against COVID-19.
*Have a few volunteers who can provide '''hand sanitizer '''every so often, and especially before distributing food if this is included in your event.
*State that those who are feeling ill, have come in contact with someone who has tested positive OR have come in contact with someone who has tested negative but is showing symptoms of illness, '''should not attend'''. 
*Encourage attendees to keep their''' distance '''from one another as often as possible. 
[https://www.instagram.com/peoplescdc/ The People’s CDC ] has further recommendations for planning safe gatherings during a pandemic:

*Provide universal''' pre and post event testing'''.
*Stay in''' small, consistent groups'''.
*Perform contact '''tracing'''.
*Ensure the meeting space has adequate '''ventilation and air quality''' (open windows/doors, ensure HVAC systems are functional, use HEPA filters if possible).
*Perform high filtration '''universal masking'''. Provide certified N95/KN94 masks if possible.
*Provide a place for folks to '''eat outside'''.
*'''Reduce high-risk activities''' 5 days prior to the event (i.e. unmasked, indoor activities outside of the household) 
*Gather '''outdoors when possible'''. The risk of catching an airborne virus from an outdoor gathering is lower than from an indoor one. There is still a risk of contracting a virus, especially at crowded protests or gatherings.

== Suggestions for Virtual Events <ref>https://rootedinrights.org/how-to-make-your-virtual-meetings-and-events-accessible-to-the-disability-community/</ref> ==
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 299px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 67px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 67px;" | '''Internet access'''
| style="height: 67px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Can people '''attend without an account on that platform? '''(i.e., Facebook Live, Instagram Live/Stories, YouTube). 
*If you’re hosting an event over video conferencing software (i.e. Zoom, Google Hangouts, or GoToMeeting); offer a''' '''dial-in by phone option.
*For people with limited or no access to internet at home. Be willing to share information offline too.
*Create a '''tip sheet for online platforms with directions. '''The tip sheet can include information, step-by-step, about how to use the platform(s).
*For more, see this [https://bighack.org/best-videoconferencing-apps-and-software-for-accessibility/ resource on video conferencing software for accessibility.]
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
Invite and '''include disabled people '''and their needs
| style="height: 23px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Include disabled people as speakers.
*Share what you are '''planning to do to increase event access'''.
*Budget to provide '''closed captioning, sign language interpretation and other language''' interpretation. 
Live descriptions, captions and good audio are key for live streamed events.
*Make sure the service you’re using to host is '''compatible with assistive technology''', for example screen readers, and that it allows for computer-based listening/speaking and 'phone-based listening/speaking.
*Make sure your events are accessible to [https://www.assistiveware.com/learn-aac/7-ways-to-include-aac-users-in-conversation augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)] users. This requires offering''' multiple ways to participate''', answer questions, submit questions, and interact.
*Have an''' accessibility point person''' who can assist with access issues and technology concerns. Mention how to reach them at the beginning of your event.
*Wear a headset when presenting to improve''' '''audio quality, and try to have speakers limit background noise. It's helpful for speakers to state their name each time they speak for those with '''hearing impairments''' and the accuracy of the technology they rely on.
*Describe''' '''live scenarios and any images, read any text that appears on screen, and describe gestures for those with '''visual impairments'''. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 46px;" |
Share the''' format of the event and how long it plans to run''' 
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px;" |
*Check out the following resource on [https://inclusivedesignprinciples.org/ inclusive design principles] for the '''content of your event.'''
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 10px;" |
Provide any written or visual '''materials ahead of time.''' 
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px;" |
*Use an [https://aoda.ca/what-are-accessible-formats/ accessible file format]
*Consider providing a '''glossary of terms''' that will be used during the event.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" |
Allow attendees to '''send questions and comments in advance. '''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 28px;" |
*Allow attendees to send questions and comments in advance. You can also share if attendees will have an opportunity to ask questions during the event.
*Make it possible for people anonymously, or with their name and RSVP attached, to '''make access need requests.'''
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 74px;" | Build time for '''reflection/breaks''' into your event, as well as time for questions.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 74px;" |
 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | Offer channels to provide''' feedback '''about the event
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 51px;" |
*I.e. including accessibility, to help you prepare to plan the next one.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|}

== Suggestions for Hybrid and Virtual Meetings ==

Virtual and hybrid virtual/in person meetings require stable '''internet connections, access to hardware''' (i.e. cell phones and computers) and some '''technology literacy.''' 
If you’re working with participants who don’t have access to the internet or hardware, these tips may be hard to implement. However, there are other tools and techniques you can use such as conference call services, message groups, photos of call lists, etc. that can be used. The following are tips for holding hybrid (in-person and virtual) meetings, and general meeting tips.

[https://blueprintsfc.org/ Blueprints for Change] offers an extensive guide filled with [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1q73LK9AiOlvrA59BfBTf6U2YFD_r-3AM1n49-01Gez0/edit# tips on hosting effective hybrid meetings]. The following compiles some of the tips found in their hosting virtual/hybrid meetings guide, and from the write up developed by [https://www.trainingforchange.org/training_tools/facilitating-hybrid-groups-online/ Training for Change].

=== Considerations for Planning a Hybrid Meeting ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 319px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Things you'll need''' to do this successfully 
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*'''Internet connectivity.''' There are workarounds for lower bandwidth connections, such as the phone-in options built into platforms such as Zoom, but the drawback is a lack of visual contact. 
*Internet connection of phone-in options for''' participants '''(otherwise call-in teleconference numbers are usually available)
Those who join a meeting using their '''phone do not have the same functions available''' as those using a desktop. Consider sending important links ahead of the meeting, or in your workspace during, so people on the phone can access them.
*A '''platform to stream '''the meeting (i.e. zoom, google meets etc).
*'''Tech literacy''' (provide tools and norms, such as via sharing visuals with your attendees, ahead of time so they can learn on their own)
*Use a '''shared document '''for notetaking. Offline versions of meeting documents allows those joining by phone to participate better.  
|- style="height: 240px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 240px;" | '''Prepare ahead of time'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 240px;" |
*Schedule group meetings at least '''2-3 days ahead of time'''. This helps members to arrange for schedules, care-taking, quiet space, tech, etc.  
*Have '''plugs and power cords '''set up ahead of time so in-person attendees can plug in as needed without interrupting the meeting. Attendees joining virtually will also want to ensure they have adequate power for the duration of the meeting.
*Instruct in-person attendees to '''bring their computers/phones and dial into the virtual meeting''' platform (such as Zoom) so that all attendees, regardless of what space they’re in, can see everyone. If your meeting has a cluster of people together and only 1-2 people in the virtual space it may not be appropriate for every attendee to be at a computer. You’ll want to''' prep and think ahead about in-room camera and microphone placement and position''' chairs, easels and more in spots that can be seen and heard by the people on camera.
*Use '''one central mic to pick up everyone’s voices in the room, or pass a microphone around the room.''' Or, everyone in the room can '''unmute while they talk and re-mute when they’re done''' to avoid mic feedback. Encourage virtual attendees to have headphones handy that they can use. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 46px;" |
'''Roles you might consider when hosting hybrid meetings'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px;" |
-Lead facilitator

-Co-facilitator(s)

-Bridge facilitator; to bridge the digital and IRL spaces and who can support the IRL facilitator to make sure the digital folks are supported. This person could also be assigned to keep track of participants who have asked for a speaking turn so that both in person and digital voices are included.

-Visuals, Slides & Notes lead 

-Tech lead; to manage your session slides, doing things like screen sharing, watching the chat box, setting up and doing sound checks at the beginning of your session, and troubleshooting if problems come up along the way.

-Vibes & Energizers lead 

-Stack keeper (monitor order of speakers, chat and Q&A functions)

-Buddies for virtual participants (for hybrid meetings)
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 10px;" |
Plan for shifts in '''power dynamics''', because some people are in groups vs others are on their own.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px;" |
*How many people are connecting individually versus in groups? How many different groups are connected? Do any of the groups connecting together already have some power (i.e. circles of established friendships)?
*Consider...
-People connecting in groups may have an easier time connecting with others in the same room.  

-People connecting on their own may have an easier time connecting with others who also connected on their own.

-Those who connected the same way as the facilitator may have an easier time communicating with the facilitator. 

-When you use the chat box, those on their own device have easier access to participate.

-When people are in a room together, those controlling the screen, who are on camera and/or closer to the microphone are advantaged.
:: 
|}

=== Preparing Participants Before the Meeting ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 299px; background-color: #ffffff;"
|- style="height: 67px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 67px;" | '''Provide and seek information '''
| style="height: 67px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Check out [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ukHcdhT8J7EySVIWaz-zBI7JDD4YEnHfygBfhnbwJQk/edit this example prep email] provided by Blueprints for Change, which demonstrated some of the''' information that could be helpful to provide pre-meeting''' to make participants comfortable and prepared.
Information to provide/seek to prepare participants include:
*'''Context regarding the main agenda items''' before the meeting. For example, what is the main purpose of the meeting? What are the meeting goals? Also include approximate time allotment for each item.
*Provide items you want participants to '''review ahead of time''' so folks can reflect before the meeting. 
*'''Input and feedback''' from all who will be participating to add agenda items and confirm whether the meeting goals address their needs. 
*Ask participants to share if they will need translation, interpretation, or any other''' accommodations.''' Provide at least a few days for participants to inform you about their needs.
*Mention if you will be '''recording ahead of time''' so folks can raise concerns if they have them.
*Remind people to '''download needed software and/or sort out their audio''' in the invite email sent in advance.
*Ask folks to''' set up in advance''' of the call.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
Offer a''' training''' on how to use the platform
| style="height: 23px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Offer an''' advance prep meeting to train and support '''some folks who could use your support to join and engage in the meeting. [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1jYwFO1YF0RPpl3tt7bpFj05G_DqI0_TRWXp8XZbulPg/edit#slide=id.g714145baa4_0_57 These slides] have some information on how to engage in a zoom meeting that might be helpful. Make the meeting purpose and outcomes explicit for your attendees and help them understand the flow of the meeting.
|}

=== Holding the Hybrid/Virtual Meetings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 69px; background-color: #ffffff;"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
Start with''' introductions and a check-in'''.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
Let folks introduce themselves, their pronouns and make time for relationship building by letting people share how they are doing or something about them.
*For example, check-in questions related to care might be "what colour best describes how you're feeling today?" Or, "If you're comfortable, share one high and one low from your week so far!" 
*You can also hold more fun get-to-know one another check-in's to lighten the mood of the meeting, such as "tell us about a book or tv show you engaged with recently that you'd recommend!" Or, "what is your favourite houseplant?" 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
Try to take '''notes and video recordings '''for those who can't attend.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*Name it early that you are recording and allow folks to opt out, by getting off video, or managing their participation.
*Plans to record should also be mentioned before the meeting so concerns can be addressed. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
Provide a person or place where attendees can seek '''support'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*In the case they feel disrespected or have needs that aren't being met during the meeting.
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
It might be relevant to share '''participation guidelines '''and/or the group's mission statement to ground the group before beginning.
| style="width: 80.3024%;" |
Examples of participation guidelines, inspired by Aspiration Tech [21] , might include... 
::-Please focus on listening, not only on what you are hearing. 
::-Wherever possible, please refrain from multitasking on email or social media. 
::-Please use simple, accessible language. Please avoid jargon and acronyms.
::-When you speak, please try to make one point or a few brief points and then let others speak. 
::-Help us be mindful of the schedule and stay on time. Please support us in moving the dialog forward. 
::-Please indicate you want to speak by raising your hand on video; if you are not able to use or raise your hand, please feel free to speak up, but please try not to interrupt others. 
::-Stay muted when you are not speaking. 
::-Please be mindful of background noise and join the call from a quiet location if you can. Parents and caregivers are certainly exempt, but muting still applies.
::: 
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" | Get participants to''' engage with one another'''!
| style="width: 80.3024%;" |
*If all attendees are virtual in a “room” together encourage people who are not experiencing sensory or personal needs to''' turn their camera on.''' This helps to foster community and share non-verbal cues.''' ''' 
*In a hybrid meeting environment '''people who are on screen should be assigned a buddy who is in the physical room. '''Their buddy regularly checks in with them and makes sure they can see and hear at all times. If you only have 1-2 people in the virtual space you may also want to have a direct line open between the virtual participants and the facilitator through text. 
*Encourage folks to''' come off mute at the beginning''' for introductions and check ins. This sets the tone for engagement throughout the meeting. '''Check the chat regularly''' for participation from folks who are less comfortable speaking up, and read ideas out loud. 
*Share '''visuals in the online space''', not in the room. I.e. leaving ideas in an online doc, rather than on chart paper. This includes note-taking on a shared online document!
*Encourage new members to contribute ideas using '''strategies that avoid calling them out '''if they aren't comfortable speaking yet, such as using an interactive powerpoint or allowing them to leave ideas in the chat that can be read out by the facilitator.
*Invite your attendees to regularly '''evaluate your meeting''', share feedback and suggest tips to make your meeting work for you and your attendees.
 
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" | Use a '''circle up tool''' to keep participation equal
| style="width: 80.3024%;" | 1. Put all participants around one big virtual circle. 

2. Mark a little check next to someone whenever they speak. You can also use a star or other symbol to track when each person shares during a specific activity. Have one person assigned to do this, and to let the facilitator know who deserves speaking time. See the example from [https://www.trainingforchange.org/training_tools/facilitating-hybrid-groups-online/ Training for Change]
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" | Be mindful of participants who '''may not be able to see or hear '''or otherwise fully participate in virtual meetings.
| style="width: 80.3024%;" | *If an attendee is blind, you should use more '''descriptive language''' that paints a picture of what others are seeing and provides richer context.
*Some people use '''screen readers '''to access information. In this case, make sure your presentation has image descriptions and refrain from using images/GIFs with flashing lights as they can cause seizures, headaches, and migraines.
*If an attendee is deaf or hard of hearing, make sure you're using a platform that supports real-time '''closed captioning'''.
|}

=== Closing Meetings ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
*Hold a '''check out question''', but try to keep it simple. For example, "what's one word you would use to describe how you're feeling after today's meeting?" Or, "share a compliment about 1 attendee present at today's meeting!"
*Send the '''notes and a meeting summary '''afterwards. Share the main items that were achieved, any major decisions or action items and a meeting recording if relevant.
*Provide a channel for '''follow up '''questions, suggestions or comments.
|}

== Creating Accessible Group Cultures ==

The following section drew from the writings of:  
*Liz Kessler, a person who describes themselves as disabled and who is involved in struggles for justice <ref>https://data.over-blog-kiwi.com/1/85/65/14/20180525/ob_91a56c_milieu-militant-inclusif-neurodivergen.pdf</ref> 
*Lee, a disabled, queer, trans and autistic activist. <ref>https://accessculture.wordpress.com/2012/07/06/how-to-be-an-ally-to-disabled-neurodiverse-folks-in-activist-academic-communities/</ref> 
*Kenzie Harris, queer, disabled activist (and former HUB librarian)


'''Suggestions for fostering accessible group cultures:'''

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 390px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''LEARN ABOUT ABLEISM'''
| style="height: 76px;" |
*Many groups make the mistake of leaving personal development to individuals. Why not hold one another accountable to this unlearning/learning? Hold a book club, assign readings/listens, start a group chat on resources you found helpful etc. 
'''Please don't make the mistake of thinking that because you don't bully disabled people, you have not internalized ableism... we all have, disabled or not!'''
*Many spaces don't move beyond asking 'does anyone have any access needs'? No one will raise their needs if they can't even identify them! See [[building cultures of care]] for an exercise on identifying and advocating your needs.
*Learning about different disabilities can also help to broaden people's perspectives on what makes for an 'appropriate' access need (internalized ableism often convinces us to dismiss some as illegitimate, which replicates harm). 
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 10px;" | '''Set practices for working with different abilities and limits '''
| style="height: 10px;" |

*Check with people on what they need to be able to pause and ground themselves, and/or move forward.
*Last-minute disengagement related to personal conditions or situations is common!
*Value various forms of knowledge, i.e. other than academic knowledge (e.g. lived experience). 
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''There should be various levels of engagement within your organization'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 76px;" |
*Meetings should never be mandatory, and there should be multiple 'levels' for involvement for varying capacities. Some people just want to help out; they don't care to be part of decision making. Make sure there's opportunities for this, and that they're easy to find!
*Do not set standards for how hard, or how much, work should be completed. Workflow norms are tailored to some identities more than others.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Incorporate regular discussions about personal and group boundaries'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*This allows each person to give their consent actively and enthusiastically, and promotes respect for these limits.
*It can be helpful to intentionally carve out time or have practices in place to check on how people with varying capacities and abilities are managing. For example, have some general check in/reflection time every 3rd meeting.
*Short term limits encourage long term sustainability.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" |
'''Plan break times'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 28px;" |
*Do not have meetings or tasks to complete during breaks. Commit the entire team to taking a break so no one feels excluded or singled out.
*When a person takes a break from activism, access to the support and social contact of the activist community encourages resilience.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 53px;" | '''Focus on content, rather than how something is said'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 53px;" |
*Some people express ideas or comments using emotion, rather than using statements such as "I feel..." and "I think...". No matter how emotional the person is when sharing their ideas, what they have to say is of equal importance.
*Some people have trouble with eye contact, or need to fidget to maintain focus during a discussion. Focus on what they're sharing, not how they're sharing!
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 46px;" | '''Uplift intersectional perspectives'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px;" |
*Intersectional perspectives are those of people who experience more than one social identity limiting their accessibility to spaces.
*The people who are most often 'front and center' in our communities, and in our spaces, enjoy white privilege, attractiveness (or body) privilege, able-bodied privilege, and class. Have honest conversations about this in your group regularly.
|- style="height: 78px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 78px;" | '''Avoid and challenge ableist language'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 78px;" |
*See the [https://www.accessible-social.com/copy-and-formatting/ableism-and-language following list of words] from accessible social (e.g. crazy, stupid, lame)
|}


Finally, accept that''' building accessible group cultures is a process. '''There is no set finish line. We have to stay tuned and pay attention to the people around us.

== Developing a process for meeting access needs ==

Having a process in place can ensure consistency between group members, and reassurance and clarity for the person who raised a need. Notice this process highlight a few necessities to consider when addressing access; transparency, flexibility, capacity, accountability and gratitude. 

The following is an example of a process written by former HUB librarian Kenzie, who is disabled, for the [https://blueprintsfc.org/ Global Grassroots Support Network]:
 
 
''We are accountable to continuing to develop this process. We know as it evolves, there will be things we've missed. We value any guidance and reworking that is possible within your capacity. ''

''TELL US''

*''Please message ____ or email ____ with your access need. Alternatively, you can email ______. Please include ideas for the best possible interventions if you have some.''

''PROPOSAL AND CREATIVE PROCESS''

*''____ will contact you with an approximate length of time required to adequately address your need, and ask if this is acceptable.''
*''Depending on the complexity of the need compared to the GGSN's current offerings, ____ will propose 'checkpoints', to keep the GGSN accountable and keep you informed on where progress on meeting your need is at. This process is highly flexible depending on your needs and availability.''
*''If at any point we run into limitations (capacity, budget etc), we will transparently explain these, and workshop solutions with you.''

''CHECK-IN''

*''The new solution will be added to our list of ongoing access practices. ____ will check in on how it has been working for you, and to see if anything needs to be adjusted or whether any new needs have come up.''

''FOLLOW UP''

*''____ will say a big 'thank you' for your time, capacity, and emotional toll of your labour. They will ask permission to modify the GGSN's existing resources on accessibility to reflect your knowledge and help others outside of the organization benefit too!''

= Accessibility in Media and Materials =
There are many things to consider when it comes to accessible communication. It is important to ensure our written material is easy to read, easy to understand, and make it easy to find the information you need and use the first time you read it.

== General Guidelines for Accessible Written Materials <ref> https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/</ref> <ref>https://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/advice/employers/creating-a-dyslexia-friendly-workplace/dyslexia-friendly-style-guide</ref> <ref>https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/</ref> ==
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 376px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Order, bolding and font'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 23px;" |
*Put the most important information at the '''beginning, bolded''', and include background information (when necessary) toward the end. 
*Use '''bolding''' over underlining or italics.
*'''Use sans serif fonts''', such as Arial and Comic Sans, as letters can appear less crowded. Alternatives include Verdana, Tahoma, Century Gothic, Trebuchet, Calibri, Open Sans. 
*Font size should be at least '''12-14 point'''.
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 55px;" | '''Avoid jargon, abbreviations and technical terms'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 55px;" |
*Keep your language '''as simple as possible''' (e.g. disseminate vs 'send', in accordance with vs 'by'). See more examples of [https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/words/use-simple-words-phrases/ simplifying your language here.]
*If you are targeting the general public, a rule of thumb is to''' aim for an 8th grade reading level''' or lower. Check out [https://hemingwayapp.com/ the following resource] which can be used to reduce the reading level of your writing.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 109px;" |
'''Use as few words as possible'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 109px;" |
*Limit paragraphs/written sections to''' 3-8 lines''', 5 being a happy medium.
*Reduce '''wordy phrases''' like "a number of" to "some", and "in order to" to "to".
*Remove ''''filler' words '''such as descriptive words that do not add to your main idea.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" |
'''Break up the text''' 
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 53px;" |
*Break up written text with blank space, '''tables''', '''lists, '''images or other ways of formatting.
*'''Blank space''' draws the eyes better to key written ideas.
*'''Images '''can help to illustrate text and keep it engaging.
*Add''' headings '''if they'll help break information up further
*'''Line spacing of 1.5''' is preferable. Use left-alignment.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" |
'''Use gender-neutral language'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 28px;" |
*Avoid creating '''binaries''' such as "ladies and gentleman", "he/she said..." etc.
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 80px;" | '''Use accessible colour choices'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 80px;" |
*Choose '''contrasting colours.''' You can review your chosen colours to check if they '''meet colour blind requirements '''[https://app.contrast-finder.org/ using this resource.] Try not to use colours that are too bright as these can also be hard on the eyes and make reading difficult. 
*Use '''single colour backgrounds. '''Pale or pastel backgrounds rather than stark white can be easier to read.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Web access'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 28px;" | 
*When a document is published online, make an '''HTML version''' available (the only universal format currently)
*Use the [https://wave.webaim.org/ WAVE] tool to''' test the accessibility of a website.''' Ensure that the options displayed with the mouse can also be displayed using only a keyboard.
|}

== Writing Image Descriptions ''' <ref> https://antimonarchy.tumblr.com/post/635980711208386560/how-to-create-image-descriptions</ref> ''' ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Most important elements to describe:
*The '''people and animals '''in an image.
*The''' background or setting''' of an image.
*The''' context '''of an image. For example, an image description of a congested highway would describe the packed cars.
*The '''colours''' of an image (don’t overdo it... a simple ‘light blue’ will do). 
Basic process for writing a description:

*Describe what the '''content''' is (e.g. a photo, educational graphic etc).
*Describe the '''Object-Action-Context'''. 
*Provide d'''etails'''. For example, the clothing and the position that people in an image are in. 
*If the '''background''' is a simple colour, include it in the first sentence of the description. However if it is more complicated, such as a river winding through a dense forest, include that at the end of the description after describing the important elements.
::::::::
|}

== Accessible Audio and Video <ref>https://www.accessible-social.com/</ref> ==

'''Add subtitles/captions'''
*Check out [https://www.accessible-social.com/ Accessible Social]'s [https://www.accessible-social.com/audio-and-video/captions step-by-step guide for adding captions/subtitles] to videos!

'''Audio descriptions'''
*An audio description is a form of narration to support blind and low vision users.
*If audio descriptions are not available, written descriptions can be used. They are typically presented as written text that can be reviewed along with the video.[https://twitter.com/TheWheelOfTime/status/1475858812221280258?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1475858818533707779%7Ctwgr%5E27ef3ba67322e5f1a982a4ed4c2e7531526a69ff%7Ctwcon%5Es2_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessible-social.com%2Faudio-and-video%2Fvideo-descriptions See this example] presenting the trailer for The Wheel of Time.  
*An option for making videos with audio descriptions to create two versions of your video, one with an audio description integrated with the rest of your video’s audio and one without. Below is an example of an audio description.
{{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7j4_aP8dWA&t=11s|alignment=center}}

 
= Apply your understanding =
We suggest taking a couple/few meetings to go through this, to get the most out of your reflections!
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 333px;"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; height: 19px; background-color: rgb(187, 145, 183);" | '''Reflecting on why this matters to us'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" |
*Why is accessibility something that we want to prioritize?
*Is accessibility as a value expressed in our organization's mission/vision/principles? If not, how can this be improved?
|- style="height: 72px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: rgb(187, 145, 183); height: 72px;" | '''Reflecting on our own practices that might hinder accessibility'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 72px;" |
*Thinking critically... what are some of the practices or 'norms' in how we operate as a team (e.g. group culture) that might replicate internalized capitalism/ableism?
*What are some of the practices we hope to embody to challenge these norms?
|- style="height: 86px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: #bb91b7; height: 86px;" | '''Reflecting on barriers/resources to making our organizing group more accessible'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: #ffffff; height: 86px;" |
*What are examples of current barriers to our meetings being accessible? What resources could we deploy to improve this?
*What are examples of current barriers to our events/actions being accessible? What resources could we deploy to improve this?
*What are examples of current barriers to our outreach/education materials being accessible? What resources could we deploy to improve this?
|- style="height: 71px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: rgb(187, 145, 183); height: 71px;" | '''Reflecting on bringing disability justice into our climate justice campaigns'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 71px;" |
*What messages about how disability justice is climate justice most resonates based on our current campaigns?
*How might we incorporate disability justice in our framing and strategy?
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: #bb91b7; height: 57px;" | '''Closing reflections'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: #ffffff; height: 57px;" |
*What questions are we left with?
*What are our next steps? What's the action plan to make these reflections most useful?
|}

= Further resources =

'''Organizations'''
*[https://www.peopleshub.org/trainings-and-offerings People's hub ] offers trainings on creating culture of access, and also a peer support space for people with chronic illness/disability to meet online.
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/ Sins invalid] offers numerous resources in various forms.
*[https://www.djno.ca/ Disability Justice Network of Ontario]: DJNO has an abolitionist Prison Project that’s working to highlight the experiences of people who’re disabled, racialized and are currently/have been incarcerated. 
*[https://cilt.ca/ Centre for Independent Living in Toronto] (CILT): CILT partnered with No More Silence to offer zoom meetings with Indigenous community members who experience challenges & barriers when attempting to access cultural and ceremonial spaces to develop guidelines to increase the accessibility of these spaces.
*[https://barrierfreesaskatchewan.org/ Barrier Free Saskatchewan]-"Non-partisan coalition from the provincial community of individuals and organizations of and for persons with disabilities, Saskatchewan citizens, organizations, and companies"
*[https://www.thedisabilitycollective.com/ The Disability Collective]-Fully disability-led performing arts organization in Toronto
*[https://tangledarts.org/ Tangled Art & Disability]-Supports "Disabled, d/Deaf, chronically ill, neurodiverse, k/crip, Mad, sick & spoonie artists; to cultivate Disability Arts in Canadaz' 
'''Written'''
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/news-1/2022/7/7/disability-justice-is-climate-justice Disability Justice is Climate Justice] (Sins Invalid)-Article and ASL video
*[https://greenisthenewblack.com/disability-rights-is-a-climate-justice-issue-heres-why/ Disability Rights is a Climate Justice Issue. Here’s Why] (Leanne McNulty)-Article
*[https://www.yesmagazine.org/opinion/2019/07/31/climate-change-queer-disabled-organizers To Survive Climate Catastrophe, Look to Queer & Disabled Folks] (YES! Magazine)-Article
*[https://wid.org/rights-disabilities-disasters-resources/ The Rights of People with Disabilities in Disasters & Public Health Emergencies] (World Institute of Disability)- List of resources
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/blog/10-principles-of-disability-justice 10 Principles of Disability Justice] (Sins Invalid)-Article
*[https://briarpatchmagazine.com/issues/view/september-october-2022 Briarpatch’s Disability Justice Issue]-Magazine
*[https://monitormag.ca/articles/access-after-covid-19-how-disability-culture-can-transform-life-and-work/ Access after COVID-19: How disability culture can transform life and work] (The Monitor)-Article
*[https://www.djno.ca/history-of-disability-justice-right The history of disability rights and justice in Canada] (DJNO)
'''Video'''
*[https://rootedinrights.org/video/therighttoberescued/ The right to be rescued by Rooted in Rights]-Tells the stories of people with disabilities affected by Hurricane Katrina. Includes a discussion guide and emergency preparedness resources.
'''Audio'''

*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast Sins Invalid offers 3 podcast episodes] on the intersections of climate and disability.
***[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast/2020/10/16/episode-1-foundations-of-climate-justice-and-disability-justice Episode 1: We Love Like Barnacles]
***[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast/2020/10/16/episode-2-enviromental-racism-climate-justice-and-disability-justice Episode 2: Crip Resilience is Nature's Brilliance]
***[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast/2020/10/16/episode-3-resisting-the-medical-industial-complex Episode 3: Planetary Whistle Blowers]

 
If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
 
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<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

'''[https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Militant_Wiki Back to Homepage]'''

Making your activism accessible

2024-09-10T15:43:37Z

Mediawiki: /* A note on what 'counts' as activism */

'''Purpose:''' This page was created to support activists in making their spaces more accessible, that is, to ensure everyone's needs to access movement spaces are met so more people can contribute to the climate movement in whatever way they can! Several of the topics found in this guide are based on questions asked by activists in the HUB's community.

'''This guide includes:''' definitions of accessibility, understanding why disability justice is climate justice, considerations for accessible event, action planning, communication and content sharing, considerations for creating an accessible culture and other suggestions related to creating a space that is accessible to everyone who wants to contribute to the movement for climate justice.
 
 
'''Learning objectives:'''

*Equip grassroots groups with strategies to meet the access needs of participants, make their messaging accessible to all folks, and increase engagement and involvement in their activism and organizing spaces.
*Learn from the lived experiences of people with access needs.
*(Bonus) Discuss new ideas to add to the roundup of practices currently listed in the guide

'''Where does the knowledge come from?''' The information included comes from existing organizer databases and resources and knowledge by movement thinkers. We've included knowledge from; blogs written by people living with accessibility needs, resources provided by staff at the [https://www.peopleshub.org/ People's Hub], an instagram live with Priya Penner from '''[https://disasterstrategies.org/priya-penner-bio/ the Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies]''' and other organizers living with disabilities. However, note that each personal experience is distinct, thus we encourage further insight from different positionalities to share further ideas on how this page can be expanded upon and improved.

'''Accompanying activity suggestions:'''
*Individual or group read-through using our '''apply your understanding questions at the end of this guide'''. Go through them as a team.
*Trying to model the good practices in the guide and running an action plan workshop for the group based on them. Goal is to come up with plan, timeline and bottom-liners to implement some of the ideas in the guide
*Checking back in after a couple months’ worth of testing the ideas in the guide in real life and doing a rundown of what worked well and what didn’t as a group
*Allow group members, using some of the scenarios in the guide, to speak to resonance and hear what new ideas and considerations are shared
= Defining accessibility =
''"Universal accessibility is the character of a product, process, service, information or environment which, with a view to fairness and an inclusive approach, allows anyone to carry out activities independently and to obtain equivalent results."'' - Groupe DÉFI Accessibilité (GDA) <ref>Groupe DEFI Accessibilite (GDA) - Research report for associations in Montreal - Universal Accessibility and contributing designs (version 5.3), Langevin, Rocque, Chalghoumi & Ghorayeb, University of Montreal</ref> & [https://exaequo.net/ Ex Aequo]

[https://exaequo.net/ Ex Aequo] distinguish accessibility from adaptation:
"''Adaptation would consist of changes made in order to accommodate people in relation to “an environment, a communication, a program, or an already existing service. We adapt when we build a subway with only stairs, then add elevators several years later. We make it universally accessible when we provide access ramps to the buses."''

== Why is [[Accessibility]] Critical to Movement Spaces? ==

[https://accessculture.wordpress.com/2012/07/03/hello-world/ Access Culture] expands on definitions of accessibility, explaining:

''"For people who live on the margins, who have to fight to prove their existence, who are excluded from movements, who are subject to abuse in the form of isolation, having access to spaces means having access to community, to connection, to existence. When we make spaces accessible, when we build movements based on inclusion, we recognize that each person has an intrinsic value, that our existence is beautiful and necessary. Creating accessible spaces is about recognizing that connection is necessary, that community is necessary, that our culture is built on the myth of separation, the lie of disconnection. We must move from independence to interdependence in order to transform society."'' 

 

'''Accessibility matters for the following reasons:'''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 513px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 110px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 110px;" | '''1. Collective liberation: we all win when we oppose ableism'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 110px;" |
*'''Disabled people are oppressed by the''' '''same systems of power we are fighting across movements. '''[[Ableism]] denies people with a physical or mental impairment opportunities to care for themselves. It is deeply rooted in capitalism, colonialism and white supremacy.  
*<div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="eoqjo-0-0">'''Disability justice is anti-capitalist'''. It opposed the push for productivity, extraction and commodifying our bodies for labour and building wealth. </div>
|- style="height: 18px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 18px;" | '''2. Not actively unlearning and practicing = replicating oppression'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 18px;" |
*'''We want to fight marginalization, not contribute to it.''' Within movement spaces, we must actively work to unlearn behaviours that reinforce oppression to fight against it. This includes practicing an access culture and challenging internalized [[ableism]], racism, homophobia etc. 
***Internalized [[ableism]] prompts: do we reward some people over others because they can contribute more time and effort? Do we favour their voices over those who have to care for their health, need to work a second job, have caretaking responsibilities etc.?
***'''Access goes beyond disability.''' There's a reason primarily white folks are accessing climate activist spaces. 
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 74px;" | '''3. Prioritizing and leadership of marginalized people'''
| style="height: 74px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*'''The needs of those who do not benefit from our current oppressive systems must be prioritized as decision makers '''for a just world that prioritizes people and the planet.
*<div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="41hsc-0-0">'''Those most affected by forms of oppression are best suited to define how we can operate our society more equitably'''. Disabled, black, brown, trans etc. people live through some of the most challenging consequences of capitalism and the climate crisis. </div>
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000; text-align: left;" | '''4. Meeting everyone’s needs = more people power'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*'''On a strategic note: We will not mobilize the mass we need without considering disability justice, access needs and building cultures of care that actively challenge internalized oppression'''.
***If people do not see their '''immediate survival needs''' being prioritized by your campaign, '''they will not want to join.'''
***Otherwise, those who would be interested in organizing may be '''unable to join, or continue''', if their access and care needs are not considered. 
*'''Putting the planning in today means greater and sustained participation tomorrow. '''We are all likely to experience chronic or acute disability or access needs in our lives, whether from old age, stress, illness or an accident.  
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 51px;" | '''5. Organizers burn out when opposing ableism isn't prioritized'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 51px;" |
*'''Non-disabled organizers are impacted by [[ableism]] too'''. Oppressive systems have their own way of defining what value and care mean, and who is deserving, and when. 
***'''Internalized [[ableism]] uses productivity and sameness to define our worth'''. Doing too much to achieve too much can lead to burnout; a major problem in movement spaces. 
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/upcoming-show Disabled queer and trans communities of colour]''' have already been preparing for the survival of their communities''' '''through disasters.''' They teach each other skills in resilience-based, care-based organizing to strategically create the changes that we need for our futures. These skills are necessary for other organizers to learn from. <ref>https://www.yesmagazine.org/opinion/2019/07/31/climate-change-queer-disabled-organizers</ref>
*Learning from other multiply marginalized people, I've found amazing community. There is so much love, support and sustainability in these relationships. I wouldn't be here in the ways I am without these friends, because they've supported me when I needed support or solutions. Turning to my disabled friends and comrades is one of the best ways to get something done. Finding that community to sustain yourself and co-conspire with you, and recognize what you're going through, is key.
|}
As described by [https://www.peopleshub.org/people/aerik-woodams Aerik Woodams ] at [https://www.peopleshub.org/ People's Hub], individual access is often framed as extra work; that there are 'more important things to address'. Disabled and otherwise marginalized people ask us to do things differently. This might feel like work at first, but these efforts benefit all of us by giving us more strength, understanding and tools to build a better world. 

'' ''
=== A note on what 'counts' as activism ===

First and foremost, taking care of one's disabled body is radical activism. As described by Audre Lorde, caring for bodies that do not fit the ‘favoured’ white, male, cisgender, able-bodied ‘ideal’ set by western, capitalist, individualist norms, is political. <ref>https://www.mentalhealthtoday.co.uk/blog/awareness/why-acknowledging-and-celebrating-the-black-feminist-origins-of-self-care-is-essential</ref>

There can be a tendency in movement spaces to debate what the 'best' way to take action is. Many disabled people (and also non-disabled people) must factor in things such as energy levels, physical ability, transportation, scheduling requirements (e.g. medication, appointments etc) when thinking about how they'll participate in activism. '''There are many things we can do to support these needs at our events and action as outlined in this guide.''' '''And, we should recognize, value and encourage the diversity of ways one can meaningfully contribute to grassroots movements.''' And, that our movements are not successful without them!
 
 
The following examples are two personal accounts from people with different disabled experiences on finding their role in organizing spaces:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 120px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 110px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 110px;" | '''Priya Penner, Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies <ref>https://disasterstrategies.org/</ref> '''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 110px;" |
[Paraphrased] To do physical activism, you need a lot of people to support you in the background to ensure you're successful. I started with a grassroots organization, trying to figure out where my place was in this movement. Within that journey I was part of different subcommittees. I was part of the media committee, and these people are so important, but quickly realized to be successful in this role you need to take a step back and see what's happening, call the media and put in the hard work of calling 20, 50 etc outlets. I realized the importance of that, and did not enjoy that part nearly as much. I feel most comfortable being directly in the action. 
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 10px;" | '''Kenzie Harris, Global Grassroots Support Network <ref>https://blueprintsfc.org/</ref> '''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 10px;" |
I experienced a severe burnout and, from it, developed chronic health issues and new access needs. This meant the very fast-paced and demanding organizing I was participating in was no longer accessible to me (I tried, and my health suffered for it). I now have to consider things like... will I be able to seek accommodations for my, now heightened, sensory needs at this meeting/event/action? Will I have enough time after to recover, so that I'll have the energy and manageable pain to do daily living activities in the following days? I've learned to appreciate the other meaningful ways I can contribute, that aren't as taxing on my body/brain, more often. I feel best in an educator role, translating information for popular education and outreach purposes. I enjoy making knowledge more accessible for people to engage with. For other autistics, you may find [https://drdevonprice.substack.com/p/burning-it-all-down-without-burning the following article by Devon Price] useful in finding ways to work with, not against, your disability in movement spaces.
|}

== ==

= Disability Justice is Climate Justice =

Sometimes approaches to climate can reinforce [[ableism]], and this is represented by the term eco-ableism. See our page on [[ableism]] for examples of eco-ableism

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 364px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''1. Natural disasters disproportionately harm disabled people'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 28px;" |
*'''Structural barriers become a matter of life or death during disaster.''' 
*[Paraphrased] '''People with disabilities are 2-4x more likely to die during disasters.''' <ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/sfrost/2020/07/06/deadly-discrimination/?sh=39051e92b93b</ref> Why is that? One of the things you learn is we are forgotten. We aren't part of planning conversations, disaster preparedness. We aren't talking about what happens when the best laid plans go wrong. We aren't part of the conversation in planning for disasters. So when we talk about climate, we see again that we're forgotten.''' People with disabilities aren't mentioned in plans at all.''' Countries are neglecting their obligations to fulfill the rights of disabled folks in response to the climate crisis. When we look at smaller conversations about planning for disaster, plus the larger conversations about climate justice, we aren't included.
*[Paraphrased] As a multiply marginalized person, we don't get invitations to join conversations. The fact that the Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies exists says a lot, that things are changing, but we have to keep pushing.
 
Specific examples include:
*"Some members of the disability community are especially '''vulnerable to extreme heat''' events due to increased sensitivity to keeping our body temperatures cool enough." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''Natural disaster can cut electricity''', "which is especially problematic because so many disabled people need electricity-powered medical equipment to survive." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''Droughts and flooding cause food and water insecurity'''. "Because of other social factors like the [https://disablepoverty.org/what-is-disable-poverty/ disproportionate number of disabled people who are caught in an endless poverty cycle], the disability community is especially vulnerable during these shortages." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''Disabled people may be unable to evacuate''' from disaster and/or '''may lose "critical mobility and accessibility devices''' (wheelchairs, scooters, walkers, canes, hearing aids, communication devices)." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*Post-disaster, "the prospect of '''rebuilding a home that had been built around an individual disabilit'''y can also be daunting and expensive ― particularly considering disabled workers typically [http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/07/27/7-facts-about-americans-with-disabilities/ earn significantly less] than their able-bodied counterparts." -[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/in-natural-disasters-a-disability-can-be-a-death-sentence_n_5c1ba22ee4b0407e9077eb58?guccounter=1 Jenavieve Hatch for Huffington Post]
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 74px;" |
'''2. Disabled people are marginalized and are equally deserving of liberation'''
| style="height: 74px; width: 78.2137%;" |
*'''80% of disabled people live in the Global South''', regions most impacted by the climate crisis and exploitation. <ref>https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/resources/factsheet-on-persons-with-disabilities.html</ref>
*"From homeless encampments to local jail cells, the social, political, and economic disparities among disabled queer and trans people of colour put our communities at the '''frontlines of ecological disaster'''.” -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Patty Berne]
*Disabled people are not 'hoarding resources' or 'draining the system', two phrases often used to demonize disabled people for collecting disability benefits. The ultra-rich benefit from blaming disabled bodies, while they continue to benefit from the system.
|- style="height: 178px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 178px;" | '''3. Systems of oppression are intersectional and best addressed by leadership of the most impacted'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 178px;" |
*[Paraphrased] You can't separate identities from a person. We can't separate these systems of oppression. We recognize none of us are free unless we're all free. '''Disability justice provides a framework for creating inclusive resistance movements that support other movements by resisting these intersecting systems of oppression.''' It's not like we can say 'I'm only going to fight ableism' and ignore white supremacy. They're all connected. It's not going to be climate justice if we don't prioritize the needs of the most impacted.''' '''Some of the most marginalized folks are multiply marginalized disabled folks. We know we have to prioritize their leadership. This is one key way to effectively resist. '''Disabled folks know what it's like to resist these systems, and our solutions are pretty bad-ass. We are some of the best problem solvers because we have to go through it day in and day out.'''
*'''Disability justice is migrant justice.''' "[https://wid.org/2018/09/26/climate-related-migration/ Climate change is accelerating forced migration] at a time when disabled people find it increasingly difficult to cross borders — not simply because of the physical demands, but also because of political opposition." -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser]
*** Disabled people may be unable to enter countries because their diagnosis or condition is considered 'burdensome'. -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser]
*** Migrants may struggle to access the services they need (health services and long-term medical, financial, and social support). -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''The oppressive conditions we’re living in can be disabling''' themselves. For example...
***'''Chronic stress can be disabling'''. Neurodivergent people (ADHD, dyslexia, autism, anxiety) are [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13575279.2022.2149471 more likely than neurotypical people] to experience physical health problems. 
***'''Racism can be disabling''' (e.g. [https://twitter.com/Imani_Barbarin/status/1648781887781912579?t=gxCK45M3QQOiWgEjjHpUHg&s=19 Ralph Yarl], a 16-year-old black child, experienced a brain injury after being shot by a racist white man). 
***'''Colonialism can be disabling''' (e.g. Aamijiwnaang First Nation has been impacted by settler colonialism, capitalism and environmental racism. Over 60 petrochemical facilities can be found within a 25 km2 area. Community members face high rates of cancer, respiratory illness and reproductive health issues). <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>
***'''Living in poverty can be disabling.''' It significantly increases the likelihood of developing chronic or acute health problems (e.g. limited access to healthy foods, shelter, clean air and water, chronic stress etc). <ref>https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/poverty-health.html#:~:text=Poverty%20affects%20health%20by%20limiting,an%20individual's%20standard%20of%20living.</ref>
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''4. Environmental racism and natural disasters cause disabilities'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.2137%;" |
*"If we ask ourselves why Black and brown communities have higher rates of asthma, we also must look at where they live." -[https://ssir.org/articles/entry/climate_change_environmental_activism_and_disability Daphne Frias] for Stanford Social Innovation Review.
*Injuries obtained living through a natural disaster (e.g. earthquakes, hurricanes etc) or from being exposed to toxic chemicals (e.g. Mercury, see [[environmental racism]]) may cause acute or chronic disability.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" |
'''5. Eco-ableism reinforces oppression'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 51px;" |
*"Prioritizing personal ownership of environmental impacts over corporate responsibility fuels [[ableism]] and discrimination toward people with disabilities."-[https://ssir.org/articles/entry/climate_change_environmental_activism_and_disability Daphne Frias]
**See our eco-ableism section of [[ableism]] for examples. 
**Disability is one of the first forgotten or first attacked experiences when discussing climate accountability or solutions. It's important to recognize disabled people caring for their needs are not to blame for the climate crisis. '''True accountability lies in those hoarding resources and wealth (the ultra rich).''' 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" |
'''6. There can be no climate justice without addressing immediate survival needs'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 23px;" |
*"'''Disabled people are so busy just surviving.''' We have to self advocate all the time for access to employment, education, benefits or healthcare. It means unless there is a flood at my door I’m not thinking about the climate so much. We need to get people out of poverty because you can’t do anything about the climate if you are completely ostracised from participating in regular life.” -[https://twitter.com/PaulineCastres Pauline Castres] 
*"When issues like discrimination, access to adequate healthcare, unemployment, and poverty are among our top concerns, climate change tends to be an afterthought. When we are fighting for basic human rights and equality, how do we have time to think about climate change? '''Being concerned about and fighting for climate justice is a privilege.'''" -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''7. 'Survival of the fittest' is an oppressive mindset'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 51px;" |
*'''Accepting the loss of some lives to the climate crisis as 'inevitable' is oppressive.''' "We aren't just talking about physical vulnerability; [[ableism]], racism, class inequality and other forms of oppression work together to compound and intensify risk." -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser] 
*'''Access to wealth makes it easier to evacuate, and white supremacy translates "into the political clout and communal resources that make climate disruptions more survivable in the first place''' — better infrastructure, [https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf less exposure to environmental hazards] and more robust public assistance during and after crisis." -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser]
*'''We all deserve to have our needs met on a planet that has enough resources, but that are hoarded by a minority. '''Capitalism describes disabled individuals as a drain on our resources. In contrast, it is capitalism that drains us, and drains the earth's resources. 
|}

Advice from [https://disasterstrategies.org/priya-penner-bio/ Priya Penner at the Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies] on how to prioritize disability justice in your movement spaces: 
[Paraphrased] Reach out to the most impacted folks. Let them lead; listen and take a step back. For folks that want to work in coalition with disability justice activists, let them lead, listen to what they need and work with them, not for them. You need to recognize who is missing from your table, your spaces, as climate justice activists. Disability justice activists have so much to teach folks, just as climate justice activists do. It's a mutual relationship. Prioritize access. Meeting access needs often requires a lot of money. But, if you do have money, ask what you're prioritizing. Are interpreters more important, or markers and posters? We will show up if we know we are wanted. Are you opening that door?

=== Watch/listen ===

See the following video by Climate Atlas of Canada for a quick overview of how disability justice intersects with climate justice:

{{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4G7wLlI7N6E|alignment=center}}

= Holding Accessible Events and Meetings =

== Meeting Attendees Needs <ref>https://collectifau.ca/</ref> <ref>https://www.sinsinvalid.org/blog/access-suggestions-for-a-public-event</ref> ==

Disability and able-bodies exist on a spectrum. Most of us have experience with [[ableism]] and the pressures of capitalism, and/or experience being excluded by other systems of oppression that limit our access. We invite you to''' reflect on how making a space accessible goes beyond ensuring people can physically access a space''', '''but also that they can show up as fully as others in the room'''. If helpful, we suggest checking out our wiki on [https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/How_can_we_incorporate_space_watchers_and_holders_into_our_groups_without_veering_into_policing%3F incorporating space watchers and holders] for further considerations.

'''Quick tips:'''
*Pause frequently during events and meetings to ask if anyone has any access needs that need to be addressed!
*UK Mutual Aid has an [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit?usp=sharing example of an accessibility checklist] that you can use as a blueprint to creating a checklist for your team.
*'''Consider creating an '''[https://tangledarts.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/cta-access-guide-spreads-digital.pdf access guide ] that can be distributed for your meetings/events. Once you have a template down, you can swap out specific details as needed! *See the example below of an access guide made for a HUB event!

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 1372px;"
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Childcare'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 57px;" |
*Consider where people can access with and leave '''strollers'''.
*Provide babysitting if possible!
|- style="height: 185px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 185px;" | '''Wheelchair accessibility'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 185px;" |
*A person in a wheelchair should be able to move around in all the rooms and access a toilet.
'''Doors '''must be 800mm minimum. The dimensions of a '''toilet''' cubicle must be 1500 x 1500mm minimum. 
*All '''paths''' must be obstacle-free and have a clear width of at least 920 mm.
*Check if the place is under '''construction or renovation''', which could make the space temporarily inaccessible.
*The '''entrance''' must be a single level or equipped with an access ramp. It must be at least 800 mm wide.
*'''Snow '''will always make accessibility more difficult for folks with limited mobility. [https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Making_your_activism_accessible#cite_note-3 [3]]
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Food and water'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*'''Water '''is especially important during long events or on hot days.
*Plan '''meals''' that respect dietary restrictions. 
*Provide '''snacks''' during long or hot days!
*If you're selling food, provide''' free or low-cost options'''.
*Share the''' ingredients lists'''
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" | '''Accessibility support'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 53px;" |
*Designate '''support persons''' for those in need as requests arise.
*Identify them with something such as an''' armband or shirt.'''
*Including '''descriptive language '''can paint a picture of what others see and provide richer context for those with vision trouble.
|- style="height: 79px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 79px;" | '''Transportation'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 79px;" |
*Choose a place that is accessible by '''public transport '''and that is close to toilets and shelter from the sun or the rain.
*Have people wait at these places to accompany people with reduced mobility while they wait for transport.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" | '''Ways to participate'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*If the event cannot be universally accessible, offer other '''ways to participate''', such as actions that can be done remotely.
*'''Livesteaming '''is great for those who can't attend in person.
*Plan an activity with''' several components''' to promote the involvement of people with reduced mobility.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''Timing and barriers to participation'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Be transparent about the '''schedule''' for the event. Let participants know the''' destination(s) and duration''' ahead of time. 
*Be transparent about '''barriers to participation''' and mobility!
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 76px;" | '''Language'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 76px;" |
*Are speakers using '''word choices that most people will know?'''
*Are '''interpreters '''available for community members who use a language other than English? What about those with visual or auditory impairments?
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" | '''Timing'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*Do not hold your '''event too early in the day, or too late.''' Some disabilities/situations that limit people from attending early morning/late evenings.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''Allergies and sensitivities'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Ask participants not to wear '''scented products. ''' 
*Fluorescent '''lighting '''can make spaces inaccessible to some people. 
*Having a few pairs of '''earplugs''' can be helpful at events with noise, and/or suggest attendees bring some ahead of time.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" | '''Photography'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 53px;" |
*Always ask before using''' flash photography.'''
*Encourage attendees to avoid taking photos of faces without asking for consent from those in the photo.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Bathrooms'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Are they '''accessible and safe''' for everyone (such as transgender people) to use?
|- style="height: 458px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 458px;" | '''Neurodivergent and/or introverted inclusion''' 
 
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 458px;" |
'''Neurodivergent:''' describes how developmental disorders are normal variations in the brain. <ref> https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/features/what-is-neurodiversity</ref> The neurodiverse umbrella <ref> https://instagram.com/p/CYBl-miPcCL/</ref> includes but is not limited to ADHD, dyslexia, autism, and other learning disabilities. Many people also include mental illnesses under the umbrella of neurodiversity, such as  anxiety, bipolar, PTSD, schizophrenia etc.

'''Introversion:''' Susan Cain describes that where people who are extroverted are stimulated by their environment and absorb energy by interacting with others, introverted people recharge when they are alone and feel overwhelmed by prolonged social interactions and stimulations from their environment.

Meeting neurodivergent and introverted needs:
*'''Written schedule/plans: '''Outline event plans ahead of time''' '''and/or throughout the event if possible. An awareness of time can be particularly helpful. For example, some people take time-sensitive medication, need to leave by a certain time etc.
*'''Breaks/slower periods: '''This can help avoid overstimulation and help people refocus.
*'''Quiet/low stimulation space access:''' The space should not include fluorescent light, and should be calm with no pressure to socialize.
*'''Moments of pause / introspection: '''Before starting discussions on a topic that people have not had time to think about, allowing some quiet time to think and write down your thoughts helps more people feel comfortable discussing participate in discussions. 
*'''Stimulation: '''When planning activities and get-togethers, keep in mind that we are trying to avoid both overstimulation for the most introverted people and loss of interest for the most extroverted people. Try to balance the types of activities included in your event/action to avoid overstimulating the most introverted people and losing the interest of the most extroverted people. For example, an event that exclusively involves networking will probably exclusively include extroverts! Space out activities that take a lot of social energy. 
*'''Tools to support sensory needs: '''If you're able to have a few sets of ear plugs, cheap pairs of sunglasses and a few fidget toys handy, this can really help neurodivergents who struggle to remember these! "I've brought a few fidget toys to meetings before, and within minutes people (often who haven't indicated they're neurodivergent) pick them up, and I can tell they're able to pay attention and remain grounded better!" -Kenzie Harris, Global Grassroots Support Network <ref>https://blueprintsfc.org/</ref>
*For further information on meeting neurodivergent needs, see [https://rootedinrights.org/how-to-make-your-virtual-meetings-and-events-accessible-to-the-disability-community/ this resource by Rooted in Rights.]
|- style="height: 104px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 104px;" | '''BIPOC inclusion <ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit</ref> '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 104px;" |
*Publicize the organization's [[anti-racism]]''' position '''and how the organization will deal with a situation of racism.
*Have '''staff available that are Black, Indigenous and Persons of colour''' in case of a person's concerns, insecurity or distress
*Do not publicize the event with images of BIPOC people unless they occupy an important place within the event itself (e.g. in terms of resources allocated, people invited, partner groups, staff etc).
|- style="height: 77px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 77px;" | '''Gender identity inclusion <ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit</ref> '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 77px;" |
*Have staff with '''different gender identities available''' for people’s concerns, insecurity or distress. 
*Ask people to write or say their '''pronouns.''' 
*Have''' gender-neutral toilets and identify them as such'''. Don’t use illustrations or gendered vocabulary.
|- style="height: 77px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 77px;" | '''Low-income inclusion <ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit</ref> '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 77px;" |
*The most accessible option is to''' offer things for free'''; voluntary contributions are another option, but it’s better to avoid putting people in these situations.
*Consider whether '''internet access''' is necessary for participation.
*Provide''' adapted vocabulary''' or accompanying documents.
|}

=== Example access guide ===

[[File:Screen Shot 2023-08-04 at 11.22.58 AM.png|500x500px|left|border]][[File:Screen Shot 2023-08-04 at 11.23.11 AM.png|500x500px|none|border]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|}

== Pandemic Safety Measures ==

If you do not have safety measures in place during a pandemic, higher-risk individuals in particular are unlikely to attend your event.  It also sends the message that people at high-risk of becoming very ill are disposable. Safety measures prevent people from becoming seriously ill, [https://www.healthline.com/health-news/a-mild-covid-19-case-may-still-r long-term disability] and death.
[https://theconversation.com/profiles/thomas-a-russo-1085429 Thomas A. Russo], professor of Infectious disease at the University of Buffalo, suggests that safety measures to put in place when planning an in-person event include:

*Advertising that attendees '''wear masks '''for the duration of the event, even for events held outdoors. Have extra masks available for those who come without one, ideally N95 or KN95’s which are one of the best available options to protect against COVID-19.
*Have a few volunteers who can provide '''hand sanitizer '''every so often, and especially before distributing food if this is included in your event.
*State that those who are feeling ill, have come in contact with someone who has tested positive OR have come in contact with someone who has tested negative but is showing symptoms of illness, '''should not attend'''. 
*Encourage attendees to keep their''' distance '''from one another as often as possible. 
[https://www.instagram.com/peoplescdc/ The People’s CDC ] has further recommendations for planning safe gatherings during a pandemic:

*Provide universal''' pre and post event testing'''.
*Stay in''' small, consistent groups'''.
*Perform contact '''tracing'''.
*Ensure the meeting space has adequate '''ventilation and air quality''' (open windows/doors, ensure HVAC systems are functional, use HEPA filters if possible).
*Perform high filtration '''universal masking'''. Provide certified N95/KN94 masks if possible.
*Provide a place for folks to '''eat outside'''.
*'''Reduce high-risk activities''' 5 days prior to the event (i.e. unmasked, indoor activities outside of the household) 
*Gather '''outdoors when possible'''. The risk of catching an airborne virus from an outdoor gathering is lower than from an indoor one. There is still a risk of contracting a virus, especially at crowded protests or gatherings.

== Suggestions for Virtual Events <ref>https://rootedinrights.org/how-to-make-your-virtual-meetings-and-events-accessible-to-the-disability-community/</ref> ==
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 299px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 67px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 67px;" | '''Internet access'''
| style="height: 67px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Can people '''attend without an account on that platform? '''(i.e., Facebook Live, Instagram Live/Stories, YouTube). 
*If you’re hosting an event over video conferencing software (i.e. Zoom, Google Hangouts, or GoToMeeting); offer a''' '''dial-in by phone option.
*For people with limited or no access to internet at home. Be willing to share information offline too.
*Create a '''tip sheet for online platforms with directions. '''The tip sheet can include information, step-by-step, about how to use the platform(s).
*For more, see this [https://bighack.org/best-videoconferencing-apps-and-software-for-accessibility/ resource on video conferencing software for accessibility.]
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
Invite and '''include disabled people '''and their needs
| style="height: 23px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Include disabled people as speakers.
*Share what you are '''planning to do to increase event access'''.
*Budget to provide '''closed captioning, sign language interpretation and other language''' interpretation. 
Live descriptions, captions and good audio are key for live streamed events.
*Make sure the service you’re using to host is '''compatible with assistive technology''', for example screen readers, and that it allows for computer-based listening/speaking and 'phone-based listening/speaking.
*Make sure your events are accessible to [https://www.assistiveware.com/learn-aac/7-ways-to-include-aac-users-in-conversation augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)] users. This requires offering''' multiple ways to participate''', answer questions, submit questions, and interact.
*Have an''' accessibility point person''' who can assist with access issues and technology concerns. Mention how to reach them at the beginning of your event.
*Wear a headset when presenting to improve''' '''audio quality, and try to have speakers limit background noise. It's helpful for speakers to state their name each time they speak for those with '''hearing impairments''' and the accuracy of the technology they rely on.
*Describe''' '''live scenarios and any images, read any text that appears on screen, and describe gestures for those with '''visual impairments'''. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 46px;" |
Share the''' format of the event and how long it plans to run''' 
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px;" |
*Check out the following resource on [https://inclusivedesignprinciples.org/ inclusive design principles] for the '''content of your event.'''
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 10px;" |
Provide any written or visual '''materials ahead of time.''' 
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px;" |
*Use an [https://aoda.ca/what-are-accessible-formats/ accessible file format]
*Consider providing a '''glossary of terms''' that will be used during the event.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" |
Allow attendees to '''send questions and comments in advance. '''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 28px;" |
*Allow attendees to send questions and comments in advance. You can also share if attendees will have an opportunity to ask questions during the event.
*Make it possible for people anonymously, or with their name and RSVP attached, to '''make access need requests.'''
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 74px;" | Build time for '''reflection/breaks''' into your event, as well as time for questions.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 74px;" |
 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | Offer channels to provide''' feedback '''about the event
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 51px;" |
*I.e. including accessibility, to help you prepare to plan the next one.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|}

== Suggestions for Hybrid and Virtual Meetings ==

Virtual and hybrid virtual/in person meetings require stable '''internet connections, access to hardware''' (i.e. cell phones and computers) and some '''technology literacy.''' 
If you’re working with participants who don’t have access to the internet or hardware, these tips may be hard to implement. However, there are other tools and techniques you can use such as conference call services, message groups, photos of call lists, etc. that can be used. The following are tips for holding hybrid (in-person and virtual) meetings, and general meeting tips.

[https://blueprintsfc.org/ Blueprints for Change] offers an extensive guide filled with [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1q73LK9AiOlvrA59BfBTf6U2YFD_r-3AM1n49-01Gez0/edit# tips on hosting effective hybrid meetings]. The following compiles some of the tips found in their hosting virtual/hybrid meetings guide, and from the write up developed by [https://www.trainingforchange.org/training_tools/facilitating-hybrid-groups-online/ Training for Change].

=== Considerations for Planning a Hybrid Meeting ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 319px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Things you'll need''' to do this successfully 
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*'''Internet connectivity.''' There are workarounds for lower bandwidth connections, such as the phone-in options built into platforms such as Zoom, but the drawback is a lack of visual contact. 
*Internet connection of phone-in options for''' participants '''(otherwise call-in teleconference numbers are usually available)
Those who join a meeting using their '''phone do not have the same functions available''' as those using a desktop. Consider sending important links ahead of the meeting, or in your workspace during, so people on the phone can access them.
*A '''platform to stream '''the meeting (i.e. zoom, google meets etc).
*'''Tech literacy''' (provide tools and norms, such as via sharing visuals with your attendees, ahead of time so they can learn on their own)
*Use a '''shared document '''for notetaking. Offline versions of meeting documents allows those joining by phone to participate better.  
|- style="height: 240px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 240px;" | '''Prepare ahead of time'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 240px;" |
*Schedule group meetings at least '''2-3 days ahead of time'''. This helps members to arrange for schedules, care-taking, quiet space, tech, etc.  
*Have '''plugs and power cords '''set up ahead of time so in-person attendees can plug in as needed without interrupting the meeting. Attendees joining virtually will also want to ensure they have adequate power for the duration of the meeting.
*Instruct in-person attendees to '''bring their computers/phones and dial into the virtual meeting''' platform (such as Zoom) so that all attendees, regardless of what space they’re in, can see everyone. If your meeting has a cluster of people together and only 1-2 people in the virtual space it may not be appropriate for every attendee to be at a computer. You’ll want to''' prep and think ahead about in-room camera and microphone placement and position''' chairs, easels and more in spots that can be seen and heard by the people on camera.
*Use '''one central mic to pick up everyone’s voices in the room, or pass a microphone around the room.''' Or, everyone in the room can '''unmute while they talk and re-mute when they’re done''' to avoid mic feedback. Encourage virtual attendees to have headphones handy that they can use. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 46px;" |
'''Roles you might consider when hosting hybrid meetings'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px;" |
-Lead facilitator

-Co-facilitator(s)

-Bridge facilitator; to bridge the digital and IRL spaces and who can support the IRL facilitator to make sure the digital folks are supported. This person could also be assigned to keep track of participants who have asked for a speaking turn so that both in person and digital voices are included.

-Visuals, Slides & Notes lead 

-Tech lead; to manage your session slides, doing things like screen sharing, watching the chat box, setting up and doing sound checks at the beginning of your session, and troubleshooting if problems come up along the way.

-Vibes & Energizers lead 

-Stack keeper (monitor order of speakers, chat and Q&A functions)

-Buddies for virtual participants (for hybrid meetings)
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 10px;" |
Plan for shifts in '''power dynamics''', because some people are in groups vs others are on their own.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px;" |
*How many people are connecting individually versus in groups? How many different groups are connected? Do any of the groups connecting together already have some power (i.e. circles of established friendships)?
*Consider...
-People connecting in groups may have an easier time connecting with others in the same room.  

-People connecting on their own may have an easier time connecting with others who also connected on their own.

-Those who connected the same way as the facilitator may have an easier time communicating with the facilitator. 

-When you use the chat box, those on their own device have easier access to participate.

-When people are in a room together, those controlling the screen, who are on camera and/or closer to the microphone are advantaged.
:: 
|}

=== Preparing Participants Before the Meeting ===
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|- style="height: 67px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 67px;" | '''Provide and seek information '''
| style="height: 67px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Check out [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ukHcdhT8J7EySVIWaz-zBI7JDD4YEnHfygBfhnbwJQk/edit this example prep email] provided by Blueprints for Change, which demonstrated some of the''' information that could be helpful to provide pre-meeting''' to make participants comfortable and prepared.
Information to provide/seek to prepare participants include:
*'''Context regarding the main agenda items''' before the meeting. For example, what is the main purpose of the meeting? What are the meeting goals? Also include approximate time allotment for each item.
*Provide items you want participants to '''review ahead of time''' so folks can reflect before the meeting. 
*'''Input and feedback''' from all who will be participating to add agenda items and confirm whether the meeting goals address their needs. 
*Ask participants to share if they will need translation, interpretation, or any other''' accommodations.''' Provide at least a few days for participants to inform you about their needs.
*Mention if you will be '''recording ahead of time''' so folks can raise concerns if they have them.
*Remind people to '''download needed software and/or sort out their audio''' in the invite email sent in advance.
*Ask folks to''' set up in advance''' of the call.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
Offer a''' training''' on how to use the platform
| style="height: 23px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Offer an''' advance prep meeting to train and support '''some folks who could use your support to join and engage in the meeting. [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1jYwFO1YF0RPpl3tt7bpFj05G_DqI0_TRWXp8XZbulPg/edit#slide=id.g714145baa4_0_57 These slides] have some information on how to engage in a zoom meeting that might be helpful. Make the meeting purpose and outcomes explicit for your attendees and help them understand the flow of the meeting.
|}

=== Holding the Hybrid/Virtual Meetings ===
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|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
Start with''' introductions and a check-in'''.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
Let folks introduce themselves, their pronouns and make time for relationship building by letting people share how they are doing or something about them.
*For example, check-in questions related to care might be "what colour best describes how you're feeling today?" Or, "If you're comfortable, share one high and one low from your week so far!" 
*You can also hold more fun get-to-know one another check-in's to lighten the mood of the meeting, such as "tell us about a book or tv show you engaged with recently that you'd recommend!" Or, "what is your favourite houseplant?" 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
Try to take '''notes and video recordings '''for those who can't attend.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*Name it early that you are recording and allow folks to opt out, by getting off video, or managing their participation.
*Plans to record should also be mentioned before the meeting so concerns can be addressed. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
Provide a person or place where attendees can seek '''support'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*In the case they feel disrespected or have needs that aren't being met during the meeting.
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
It might be relevant to share '''participation guidelines '''and/or the group's mission statement to ground the group before beginning.
| style="width: 80.3024%;" |
Examples of participation guidelines, inspired by Aspiration Tech [21] , might include... 
::-Please focus on listening, not only on what you are hearing. 
::-Wherever possible, please refrain from multitasking on email or social media. 
::-Please use simple, accessible language. Please avoid jargon and acronyms.
::-When you speak, please try to make one point or a few brief points and then let others speak. 
::-Help us be mindful of the schedule and stay on time. Please support us in moving the dialog forward. 
::-Please indicate you want to speak by raising your hand on video; if you are not able to use or raise your hand, please feel free to speak up, but please try not to interrupt others. 
::-Stay muted when you are not speaking. 
::-Please be mindful of background noise and join the call from a quiet location if you can. Parents and caregivers are certainly exempt, but muting still applies.
::: 
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" | Get participants to''' engage with one another'''!
| style="width: 80.3024%;" |
*If all attendees are virtual in a “room” together encourage people who are not experiencing sensory or personal needs to''' turn their camera on.''' This helps to foster community and share non-verbal cues.''' ''' 
*In a hybrid meeting environment '''people who are on screen should be assigned a buddy who is in the physical room. '''Their buddy regularly checks in with them and makes sure they can see and hear at all times. If you only have 1-2 people in the virtual space you may also want to have a direct line open between the virtual participants and the facilitator through text. 
*Encourage folks to''' come off mute at the beginning''' for introductions and check ins. This sets the tone for engagement throughout the meeting. '''Check the chat regularly''' for participation from folks who are less comfortable speaking up, and read ideas out loud. 
*Share '''visuals in the online space''', not in the room. I.e. leaving ideas in an online doc, rather than on chart paper. This includes note-taking on a shared online document!
*Encourage new members to contribute ideas using '''strategies that avoid calling them out '''if they aren't comfortable speaking yet, such as using an interactive powerpoint or allowing them to leave ideas in the chat that can be read out by the facilitator.
*Invite your attendees to regularly '''evaluate your meeting''', share feedback and suggest tips to make your meeting work for you and your attendees.
 
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" | Use a '''circle up tool''' to keep participation equal
| style="width: 80.3024%;" | 1. Put all participants around one big virtual circle. 

2. Mark a little check next to someone whenever they speak. You can also use a star or other symbol to track when each person shares during a specific activity. Have one person assigned to do this, and to let the facilitator know who deserves speaking time. See the example from [https://www.trainingforchange.org/training_tools/facilitating-hybrid-groups-online/ Training for Change]
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" | Be mindful of participants who '''may not be able to see or hear '''or otherwise fully participate in virtual meetings.
| style="width: 80.3024%;" | *If an attendee is blind, you should use more '''descriptive language''' that paints a picture of what others are seeing and provides richer context.
*Some people use '''screen readers '''to access information. In this case, make sure your presentation has image descriptions and refrain from using images/GIFs with flashing lights as they can cause seizures, headaches, and migraines.
*If an attendee is deaf or hard of hearing, make sure you're using a platform that supports real-time '''closed captioning'''.
|}

=== Closing Meetings ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
*Hold a '''check out question''', but try to keep it simple. For example, "what's one word you would use to describe how you're feeling after today's meeting?" Or, "share a compliment about 1 attendee present at today's meeting!"
*Send the '''notes and a meeting summary '''afterwards. Share the main items that were achieved, any major decisions or action items and a meeting recording if relevant.
*Provide a channel for '''follow up '''questions, suggestions or comments.
|}

== Creating Accessible Group Cultures ==

The following section drew from the writings of:  
*Liz Kessler, a person who describes themselves as disabled and who is involved in struggles for justice <ref>https://data.over-blog-kiwi.com/1/85/65/14/20180525/ob_91a56c_milieu-militant-inclusif-neurodivergen.pdf</ref> 
*Lee, a disabled, queer, trans and autistic activist. <ref>https://accessculture.wordpress.com/2012/07/06/how-to-be-an-ally-to-disabled-neurodiverse-folks-in-activist-academic-communities/</ref> 
*Kenzie Harris, queer, disabled activist (and former HUB librarian)


'''Suggestions for fostering accessible group cultures:'''

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 390px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''LEARN ABOUT ABLEISM'''
| style="height: 76px;" |
*Many groups make the mistake of leaving personal development to individuals. Why not hold one another accountable to this unlearning/learning? Hold a book club, assign readings/listens, start a group chat on resources you found helpful etc. 
'''Please don't make the mistake of thinking that because you don't bully disabled people, you have not internalized ableism... we all have, disabled or not!'''
*Many spaces don't move beyond asking 'does anyone have any access needs'? No one will raise their needs if they can't even identify them! See [[building cultures of care]] for an exercise on identifying and advocating your needs.
*Learning about different disabilities can also help to broaden people's perspectives on what makes for an 'appropriate' access need (internalized ableism often convinces us to dismiss some as illegitimate, which replicates harm). 
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 10px;" | '''Set practices for working with different abilities and limits '''
| style="height: 10px;" |

*Check with people on what they need to be able to pause and ground themselves, and/or move forward.
*Last-minute disengagement related to personal conditions or situations is common!
*Value various forms of knowledge, i.e. other than academic knowledge (e.g. lived experience). 
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''There should be various levels of engagement within your organization'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 76px;" |
*Meetings should never be mandatory, and there should be multiple 'levels' for involvement for varying capacities. Some people just want to help out; they don't care to be part of decision making. Make sure there's opportunities for this, and that they're easy to find!
*Do not set standards for how hard, or how much, work should be completed. Workflow norms are tailored to some identities more than others.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Incorporate regular discussions about personal and group boundaries'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*This allows each person to give their consent actively and enthusiastically, and promotes respect for these limits.
*It can be helpful to intentionally carve out time or have practices in place to check on how people with varying capacities and abilities are managing. For example, have some general check in/reflection time every 3rd meeting.
*Short term limits encourage long term sustainability.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" |
'''Plan break times'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 28px;" |
*Do not have meetings or tasks to complete during breaks. Commit the entire team to taking a break so no one feels excluded or singled out.
*When a person takes a break from activism, access to the support and social contact of the activist community encourages resilience.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 53px;" | '''Focus on content, rather than how something is said'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 53px;" |
*Some people express ideas or comments using emotion, rather than using statements such as "I feel..." and "I think...". No matter how emotional the person is when sharing their ideas, what they have to say is of equal importance.
*Some people have trouble with eye contact, or need to fidget to maintain focus during a discussion. Focus on what they're sharing, not how they're sharing!
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 46px;" | '''Uplift intersectional perspectives'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px;" |
*Intersectional perspectives are those of people who experience more than one social identity limiting their accessibility to spaces.
*The people who are most often 'front and center' in our communities, and in our spaces, enjoy white privilege, attractiveness (or body) privilege, able-bodied privilege, and class. Have honest conversations about this in your group regularly.
|- style="height: 78px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 78px;" | '''Avoid and challenge ableist language'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 78px;" |
*See the [https://www.accessible-social.com/copy-and-formatting/ableism-and-language following list of words] from accessible social (e.g. crazy, stupid, lame)
|}


Finally, accept that''' building accessible group cultures is a process. '''There is no set finish line. We have to stay tuned and pay attention to the people around us.

== Developing a process for meeting access needs ==

Having a process in place can ensure consistency between group members, and reassurance and clarity for the person who raised a need. Notice this process highlight a few necessities to consider when addressing access; transparency, flexibility, capacity, accountability and gratitude. 

The following is an example of a process written by former HUB librarian Kenzie, who is disabled, for the [https://blueprintsfc.org/ Global Grassroots Support Network]:
 
 
''We are accountable to continuing to develop this process. We know as it evolves, there will be things we've missed. We value any guidance and reworking that is possible within your capacity. ''

''TELL US''

*''Please message ____ or email ____ with your access need. Alternatively, you can email ______. Please include ideas for the best possible interventions if you have some.''

''PROPOSAL AND CREATIVE PROCESS''

*''____ will contact you with an approximate length of time required to adequately address your need, and ask if this is acceptable.''
*''Depending on the complexity of the need compared to the GGSN's current offerings, ____ will propose 'checkpoints', to keep the GGSN accountable and keep you informed on where progress on meeting your need is at. This process is highly flexible depending on your needs and availability.''
*''If at any point we run into limitations (capacity, budget etc), we will transparently explain these, and workshop solutions with you.''

''CHECK-IN''

*''The new solution will be added to our list of ongoing access practices. ____ will check in on how it has been working for you, and to see if anything needs to be adjusted or whether any new needs have come up.''

''FOLLOW UP''

*''____ will say a big 'thank you' for your time, capacity, and emotional toll of your labour. They will ask permission to modify the GGSN's existing resources on accessibility to reflect your knowledge and help others outside of the organization benefit too!''

= Accessibility in Media and Materials =
There are many things to consider when it comes to accessible communication. It is important to ensure our written material is easy to read, easy to understand, and make it easy to find the information you need and use the first time you read it.

== General Guidelines for Accessible Written Materials <ref> https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/</ref> <ref>https://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/advice/employers/creating-a-dyslexia-friendly-workplace/dyslexia-friendly-style-guide</ref> <ref>https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/</ref> ==
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 376px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Order, bolding and font'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 23px;" |
*Put the most important information at the '''beginning, bolded''', and include background information (when necessary) toward the end. 
*Use '''bolding''' over underlining or italics.
*'''Use sans serif fonts''', such as Arial and Comic Sans, as letters can appear less crowded. Alternatives include Verdana, Tahoma, Century Gothic, Trebuchet, Calibri, Open Sans. 
*Font size should be at least '''12-14 point'''.
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 55px;" | '''Avoid jargon, abbreviations and technical terms'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 55px;" |
*Keep your language '''as simple as possible''' (e.g. disseminate vs 'send', in accordance with vs 'by'). See more examples of [https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/words/use-simple-words-phrases/ simplifying your language here.]
*If you are targeting the general public, a rule of thumb is to''' aim for an 8th grade reading level''' or lower. Check out [https://hemingwayapp.com/ the following resource] which can be used to reduce the reading level of your writing.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 109px;" |
'''Use as few words as possible'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 109px;" |
*Limit paragraphs/written sections to''' 3-8 lines''', 5 being a happy medium.
*Reduce '''wordy phrases''' like "a number of" to "some", and "in order to" to "to".
*Remove ''''filler' words '''such as descriptive words that do not add to your main idea.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" |
'''Break up the text''' 
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 53px;" |
*Break up written text with blank space, '''tables''', '''lists, '''images or other ways of formatting.
*'''Blank space''' draws the eyes better to key written ideas.
*'''Images '''can help to illustrate text and keep it engaging.
*Add''' headings '''if they'll help break information up further
*'''Line spacing of 1.5''' is preferable. Use left-alignment.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" |
'''Use gender-neutral language'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 28px;" |
*Avoid creating '''binaries''' such as "ladies and gentleman", "he/she said..." etc.
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 80px;" | '''Use accessible colour choices'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 80px;" |
*Choose '''contrasting colours.''' You can review your chosen colours to check if they '''meet colour blind requirements '''[https://app.contrast-finder.org/ using this resource.] Try not to use colours that are too bright as these can also be hard on the eyes and make reading difficult. 
*Use '''single colour backgrounds. '''Pale or pastel backgrounds rather than stark white can be easier to read.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Web access'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 28px;" | 
*When a document is published online, make an '''HTML version''' available (the only universal format currently)
*Use the [https://wave.webaim.org/ WAVE] tool to''' test the accessibility of a website.''' Ensure that the options displayed with the mouse can also be displayed using only a keyboard.
|}

== Writing Image Descriptions ''' <ref> https://antimonarchy.tumblr.com/post/635980711208386560/how-to-create-image-descriptions</ref> ''' ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Most important elements to describe:
*The '''people and animals '''in an image.
*The''' background or setting''' of an image.
*The''' context '''of an image. For example, an image description of a congested highway would describe the packed cars.
*The '''colours''' of an image (don’t overdo it... a simple ‘light blue’ will do). 
Basic process for writing a description:

*Describe what the '''content''' is (e.g. a photo, educational graphic etc).
*Describe the '''Object-Action-Context'''. 
*Provide d'''etails'''. For example, the clothing and the position that people in an image are in. 
*If the '''background''' is a simple colour, include it in the first sentence of the description. However if it is more complicated, such as a river winding through a dense forest, include that at the end of the description after describing the important elements.
::::::::
|}

== Accessible Audio and Video <ref>https://www.accessible-social.com/</ref> ==

'''Add subtitles/captions'''
*Check out [https://www.accessible-social.com/ Accessible Social]'s [https://www.accessible-social.com/audio-and-video/captions step-by-step guide for adding captions/subtitles] to videos!

'''Audio descriptions'''
*An audio description is a form of narration to support blind and low vision users.
*If audio descriptions are not available, written descriptions can be used. They are typically presented as written text that can be reviewed along with the video.[https://twitter.com/TheWheelOfTime/status/1475858812221280258?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1475858818533707779%7Ctwgr%5E27ef3ba67322e5f1a982a4ed4c2e7531526a69ff%7Ctwcon%5Es2_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessible-social.com%2Faudio-and-video%2Fvideo-descriptions See this example] presenting the trailer for The Wheel of Time.  
*An option for making videos with audio descriptions to create two versions of your video, one with an audio description integrated with the rest of your video’s audio and one without. Below is an example of an audio description.
{{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7j4_aP8dWA&t=11s|alignment=center}}

 
= Apply your understanding =
We suggest taking a couple/few meetings to go through this, to get the most out of your reflections!
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 333px;"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; height: 19px; background-color: rgb(187, 145, 183);" | '''Reflecting on why this matters to us'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" |
*Why is accessibility something that we want to prioritize?
*Is accessibility as a value expressed in our organization's mission/vision/principles? If not, how can this be improved?
|- style="height: 72px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: rgb(187, 145, 183); height: 72px;" | '''Reflecting on our own practices that might hinder accessibility'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 72px;" |
*Thinking critically... what are some of the practices or 'norms' in how we operate as a team (e.g. group culture) that might replicate internalized capitalism/ableism?
*What are some of the practices we hope to embody to challenge these norms?
|- style="height: 86px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: #bb91b7; height: 86px;" | '''Reflecting on barriers/resources to making our organizing group more accessible'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: #ffffff; height: 86px;" |
*What are examples of current barriers to our meetings being accessible? What resources could we deploy to improve this?
*What are examples of current barriers to our events/actions being accessible? What resources could we deploy to improve this?
*What are examples of current barriers to our outreach/education materials being accessible? What resources could we deploy to improve this?
|- style="height: 71px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: rgb(187, 145, 183); height: 71px;" | '''Reflecting on bringing disability justice into our climate justice campaigns'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 71px;" |
*What messages about how disability justice is climate justice most resonates based on our current campaigns?
*How might we incorporate disability justice in our framing and strategy?
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: #bb91b7; height: 57px;" | '''Closing reflections'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: #ffffff; height: 57px;" |
*What questions are we left with?
*What are our next steps? What's the action plan to make these reflections most useful?
|}

= Further resources =

'''Organizations'''
*[https://www.peopleshub.org/trainings-and-offerings People's hub ] offers trainings on creating culture of access, and also a peer support space for people with chronic illness/disability to meet online.
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/ Sins invalid] offers numerous resources in various forms.
*[https://www.djno.ca/ Disability Justice Network of Ontario]: DJNO has an abolitionist Prison Project that’s working to highlight the experiences of people who’re disabled, racialized and are currently/have been incarcerated. 
*[https://cilt.ca/ Centre for Independent Living in Toronto] (CILT): CILT partnered with No More Silence to offer zoom meetings with Indigenous community members who experience challenges & barriers when attempting to access cultural and ceremonial spaces to develop guidelines to increase the accessibility of these spaces.
*[https://barrierfreesaskatchewan.org/ Barrier Free Saskatchewan]-"Non-partisan coalition from the provincial community of individuals and organizations of and for persons with disabilities, Saskatchewan citizens, organizations, and companies"
*[https://www.thedisabilitycollective.com/ The Disability Collective]-Fully disability-led performing arts organization in Toronto
*[https://tangledarts.org/ Tangled Art & Disability]-Supports "Disabled, d/Deaf, chronically ill, neurodiverse, k/crip, Mad, sick & spoonie artists; to cultivate Disability Arts in Canadaz' 
'''Written'''
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/news-1/2022/7/7/disability-justice-is-climate-justice Disability Justice is Climate Justice] (Sins Invalid)-Article and ASL video
*[https://greenisthenewblack.com/disability-rights-is-a-climate-justice-issue-heres-why/ Disability Rights is a Climate Justice Issue. Here’s Why] (Leanne McNulty)-Article
*[https://www.yesmagazine.org/opinion/2019/07/31/climate-change-queer-disabled-organizers To Survive Climate Catastrophe, Look to Queer & Disabled Folks] (YES! Magazine)-Article
*[https://wid.org/rights-disabilities-disasters-resources/ The Rights of People with Disabilities in Disasters & Public Health Emergencies] (World Institute of Disability)- List of resources
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/blog/10-principles-of-disability-justice 10 Principles of Disability Justice] (Sins Invalid)-Article
*[https://briarpatchmagazine.com/issues/view/september-october-2022 Briarpatch’s Disability Justice Issue]-Magazine
*[https://monitormag.ca/articles/access-after-covid-19-how-disability-culture-can-transform-life-and-work/ Access after COVID-19: How disability culture can transform life and work] (The Monitor)-Article
*[https://www.djno.ca/history-of-disability-justice-right The history of disability rights and justice in Canada] (DJNO)
'''Video'''
*[https://rootedinrights.org/video/therighttoberescued/ The right to be rescued by Rooted in Rights]-Tells the stories of people with disabilities affected by Hurricane Katrina. Includes a discussion guide and emergency preparedness resources.
'''Audio'''

*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast Sins Invalid offers 3 podcast episodes] on the intersections of climate and disability.
***[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast/2020/10/16/episode-1-foundations-of-climate-justice-and-disability-justice Episode 1: We Love Like Barnacles]
***[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast/2020/10/16/episode-2-enviromental-racism-climate-justice-and-disability-justice Episode 2: Crip Resilience is Nature's Brilliance]
***[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast/2020/10/16/episode-3-resisting-the-medical-industial-complex Episode 3: Planetary Whistle Blowers]

 
If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
 
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<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

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File:20240508 141456.jpg

2024-09-10T15:42:24Z

Mediawiki:

Mobilizing and activating members: recruitment and retention 101

2024-09-10T15:36:15Z

Mediawiki: /* Retention suggestions */

Grassroots groups often struggle with the challenge of mobilizing new members. Many also face challenges with [[retention]], that is, members burn out and/or stop participating. Challenges to membership can make momentum building difficult, and may result in a reduced motivation of existing group members. Challenges to recruitment and retention can, in many cases, be mitigated and navigated by including some key structures and strategies in grassroots organizing spaces.
 
 
The following resource was compiled using existing organizer databases and resources by movement thinkers on mobilizing new members, and using thoughts from grassroots organizers who attended our learning circle on mobilizing new members. This guide was developed in response to request from grassroots groups asking for tips on growing their membership, that is, on effective recruitment and retention strategies.

 Highlighted text is knowledge shared during our Learning Circle on this topic.

= Beginning the planning process <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> =

Before you begin building or defining your recruitment and retention plan, reflect as a team on the following:

=== 1) Why are we here, and how did we get here? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why they joined their group...

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 235px;"
|- style="height: 88px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 88px;" | '''To connect with others who care'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 88px;" |
*A desire for shared spaces, connection and collectivity. 
*To be in the company of like-minded people who want to act on the climate crisis.
*Coming from Alberta where it's scary to be a climate activist, I want to be surrounded by those who feel the same way to feel less alone.
*To find those with the same worldview, shared concerns and a commitment to fighting for change to build solutions.
|- style="height: 91px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 91px;" | '''To combat climate grief and anxiety'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 91px;" |
*I want to feel less alone with feelings of climate grief and anxiety. 
*I feel compelled to direct climate anxiety into action.
































*I'm searching for solidarity and hope amidst climate chaos.
*To combat fear, grief and disillusionment with the lack of political will and action.
*I'm deeply concerned about climate impacts. I want a better future for my grandchildren. 
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''To take action'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Because of my personal responsibility, passion and agency. 
*To use each of our skills and potential to do our part.
*I want to advance; to learn, unlearn, and co-create the systems change needed to move us towards a just future.
*I have the desire to create something from the ground up rather than just being involved in a campaign that tells you what to do.
*For hope, power and optimism through collective action.
*Localized changemaking helps make wins feel more tangible. I realized changing the scale of climate issues to my neighbourhood broke the paralysis I was in.
*To hold those in power accountable.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Folks 'got there' by...'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Attending a virtual event.
*Founding their own group.
*Being asked directly to join!
|}


















=== 2) Who used to be around and why did they leave? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why group members leave...
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Burnout and overwhelm'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*It is hard to delegate and get people to follow through without sacrificing wellbeing. 














Burnout can feel like an inevitable part of organizing!
*There's a lack of real care for each other under capitalism and a need to learn how we can turn to each other for support.
*We don't have resources to do this work in a sustainable way, especially for marginalized folks.
*Being passionate can make it hard to step back.
*We are a small team, so everyone takes on a lot.
*Not knowing when to say no; stretched too thin.
*Many people have numerous other responsibilities and commitments such as caretaking, school, work etc.















People may be limited in the amount of free labour they can provide with bills to pay.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''The onboarding process isn't strong'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*It can help to have someone whose done a task before pass on knowledge and support by training new recruits.
A buddy system has new members pair with older members doing work they were interested in. This also helps build team relationships.
*There could be confusion around how to get involved with organizing because there's not a clear roadmap for what happens after onboarding. 
For example, there's a lack of simpler/smaller tasks for those just starting our or being onboarded. 
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | '''Spaces aren't accessible, caring or managing conflict'''
| style="height: 109px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*Spaces don't feel safe for BIPOC and youth.
The culture of climate organizations is still steeped in colonialism and white supremacy.
*There's a lack of community care and opportunities for building strong relationships.
*There can be interpersonal conflict with not enough skills for conflict management and repairing relationships.
*'Clubhouse culture' where new members don't feel comfortable engaging as they aren't invited to.
*Virtue signalling having an access culture, without having any actual practices in place; too difficult to contribute with disabilities.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" | '''A lack of direction and openness to ideas'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*A lack of direction and focus. It can feel disorganized and ineffective.



















A lack of clear goals leads to ineffective campaigns and meetings that don't go anywhere.
*A lack of openness to ideas.
*There can be rigidity about what the group will/will not engage in.

(E.g. It's difficult when founding members have pre-determined what the team will do, without leaving room for new member input).
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" | '''Feeling a lack of change'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*The slow pace of change can be frustrating.

|}

=== 3) What keeps people sticking around? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why group members stay...
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; height: 379px;"
|- style="height: 151px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 151px;" | '''Joy and celebration'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 151px;" |
*Holding space for joy and celebration.
*Debriefs after actions are a great way to celebrate with the team.
*Sharing food!
*A pleasure person. We used to have someone on our team volunteer to bring something (activity, song, video) to lighten up the end of each meeting, so folks didn't leave feeling low.
|- style="height: 91px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 91px;" | '''Learning skills and using strengths to take action'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 91px;" |
*Opportunities to learn, build skills, share interests, passions and talents.
*Acquiring new leadership skills and feeling encouraged to take on more responsibility.
*Using art and storytelling as vehicles for connection and communication.
|- style="height: 54px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 54px;" | '''Diversity of engagement'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 54px;" | 





*Having a diversity of tasks and projects.
*Having a balance between short-term campaigns to make tangible wins, and longer campaigns for the long haul.
*Taking action in a variety of ways!
|- style="height: 83px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 83px;" | '''Cultures of care and relationships'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 83px;" |
*A sense of belonging, community, camaraderie and appreciation. (E.g. telling our group members when they've done a good job!)

*Encouraging people to respect their capacities and support each other.

*Being around like-minded people and building friendships.
*Engaging with active listening and holding thoughtful discussions.

*
Actually addressing access needs; having processes in place to ensure people's needs aren't forgotten/neglected.

|-
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Feeling empowered'''
| style="width: 990.844px;" |

*Being recognized as a group in the community.

*Sharing responsibility as 'point person', facilitator, other directive-type roles.
|}

= Models to help guide recruitment and retention strategies =

Each stage, depending on where folks fall in the following models, requires a targeted set of strategies.

== Ladder of engagement <ref>https://trainings.350.org/resource/increase-your-volunteers-involvement/</ref> ==
The ladder of engagement can be a helpful tool for describing''' calls to action folks who are not involved in your group can take to become engaged, whilst also considering how people can increase their engagement towards becoming more active members'''. Someone who is a “1,” or at the bottom of the ladder in the model has no connection to your campaign or issue, and a “5” is someone who is ready to show up at an action.

Actions on the ladder escalate in intensity and/or demand or requirements of the individual as they move up and become more active. Consider what people might need to feel confident in moving up the ladder, and how you can support.

Of course, the ladder should serve as an outline only. Some people might be more willing to participate in an action that make phone calls. The idea, however, is to paint a picture of which actions have the fewest barriers to entry, that can encourage folks to get more involved as active members.

[[File:Screen Shot 2022-12-08 at 5.36.48 PM.png|500px|center|border]]

Image by: [https://trainings.350.org/resource/increase-your-volunteers-involvement/ 350.org]

== Circles of commitment <ref>https://www.momentumcommunity.org/</ref> ==
The circles of commitment helps to''' model the involvement of people engaging with or in your group, by acting as an outline for you plan to move people from the outer circles (low commitment) to the inner circles (high commitment).'''[[File:Screen Shot 2022-12-12 at 4.20.31 PM.png|500px|center|middle|border]]

Diagram from: [https://www.momentumcommunity.org/ Momentum Training Community]

'''Levels of the circles of commitment'''

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Community targets'''
| style="height: 82px;" |
Audiences you try to reach out to and engage; those not yet involved with your group in any capacity. See the section on community mapping for more on defining your targets.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''Crowd'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
Your mailing list and/or social media following.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | '''Membership'''
| style="height: 109px;" |
Those who regularly participate; e.g. those who respond to calls to action.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 23px;" | '''Committed'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
High action takers and people who would consider themselves formal 'members' of a group.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 23px;" | '''Core'''
| style="height: 23px;" | Steers a lot of the group's direction; typically includes those who have been in the group the longest, or who have the most lived and/or organizing experience. (In smaller teams, the committed and core may be combined).
|}

= Engaging community members to join your base =

The following describes strategies for moving people from community targets to the crowd/membership levels of the circles of commitment model.

== Defining community targets using community mapping <ref>https://commonslibrary.org/community-mapping/</ref> ==

A helpful first step for moving community targets is to define who they are! Who are you trying to reach?
 

Community mapping aims to gather information about how a community operates to develop the right strategies to mobilize and involve them. Rather than taking a broad approach to recruitment, this longer-term process of listening develops more targeted messaging and approaches, and builds foundations of relationships that are more likely to lead to involvement.

Community mapping can help you identify:
*organizing opportunities
*campaign partners and opportunities for solidarity
*potential threats
*the political climate
This information can support you when developing outreach plans, as well as when building coalitions and deciding on messaging.

=== Steps of community mapping <ref>https://commonslibrary.org/community-mapping/</ref> ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 191px;"
|- style="height: 176px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 176px;" | '''1. Define a community'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 176px;" |
This might include a community...
*being impacted most heavily by an issue (e.g. people living near a construction zone)
*where some level of protest or activity has already taken place (e.g. a local union) 
*that your organization already has links to (e.g. local school)
*that simply has people who are willing to work with you (e.g. parents or teachers at local schools)
Questions to ask that can help you define a community to work with include...
*What are we currently doing locally?
*Who are our current and potential allies and partners?
*Who cares about this issue (consider demographics) and why? (e.g. high school/university students taken an environmental course)
*What's in the area? '''('''Resources or organizations, Institutions such as churches, schools, hospitals, universities, city hall, etc., unique or problematic features such as amusement parks, factories, etc.)
|- style="height: 15px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 15px;" |  

'''2. Hold initial meetings to identify what you need to learn and who will help you '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 15px;" |
Invite a few members of the community to engage in some discussion. For example, if you want to engage teachers in your community, can you think of a couple teachers who would be willing enough to chat over coffee? Make this as inviting as possible, and ensure it meets their needs! (e.g. is online or over lunch best?)
*Initial meetings are held to clarify information and discuss who might be contacted next and how.
*Ideally, initial meetings will enthuse community members to engage in the next steps.
*Further meetings can be held in informal and culturally appropriate settings
Questions to ask during these meetings include...
*What's the best way of approaching people?
*Where can people be reached?
*How can the process be widened?
*What language(s) are used?
*What activities do people enjoy?
*What do people care about?
*What are the sources of tension? What are our threats?
*Where can we meet?
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''3. Document and carry out the plan outlined through discussion with community members'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Define your audience and outreach strategies to prepare for action. E.g. "our target audience is teachers, who care about the planet and the wellbeing of their students. There is tension to get everything in the curriculum done. They can be best reached over email, and enjoy when people from outside the classroom visit for presentations while they are on PREP time." 
*Draft the pitch you'll use for outreach, or a message if you're doing online outreach. 
*Note that direct, '''one-on-one outreach''' or asks to join an action or group are often much more successful than general call outs. Get in touch with people directly as much as possible.
*Carry out mobilization strategies tailored to target the audience you identified. Repeat the process again for another community target group!
The following were suggested in our learning circle as strategies/considerations when trying to engage with specific communities:
*If possible, building a relationship of trust before asking anything from the targeted community. 
(E.g. showing up at their community events if they host any. If it's a community group, attending their group's meetings to learn what's important to them, and eventually to share information about one another's groups and how you could work together)
*Consider who is most appropriate to reach certain groups; do you have any connections that could help? 
*Developing social media pages so people can quickly learn more (i.e. facebook and instagram pages)
*If you can get together with one individual from the community, do fun things while you chat and learn more! 
*For politicians: We phoned our mayor and council asking for a one on one meeting….it worked, whereas they didn't respond to previous emails.
 
|}

 

== Choosing engagement strategies ==

Strategies used to mobilize community targets OR people with capacity concerns tend to fall on the''' lower end of the ladder of engagement '''(meaning engagement isn't a huge commitment, and these actions can be great for building relationships and the motivation to join). For example:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 462px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Social media/online'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*Posts should use messaging targeted to the particular audience you want to engage.
*Use calls to action such as watching and sharing videos, signing online petitions, sending out pre-drafted emails or open letters
*Virtual meetings or events can reduce barriers to participation for many (i.e. documentary screenings and discussion).
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Showing up to an action'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
Ways to increase engagement at actions include:
*Handing out info sheets.
*Offering petitions to sign and/or collecting emails.
*Offering numbers and scripts for phone banking.
*Livestreaming the event.
*Sharing the level of risk and being transparent about actions that may involve arrest.
Participants in our learning circle said the following actions were easy to engage in: 
*Online actions (e.g. phone banking, webinars etc.)
*Rallies/marches (held at accessible times)
*Fun events held in public spaces (i.e. kid-friendly)
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Local news coverage'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*Write opinion pieces or reaching out to the local media to amplify your group's message and/or actions. Smaller newspapers are often happy to share events from local groups.
*Contact the editor through your local newspaper's website.
*You could also ask to share a call for people to join your team.
|- style="height: 15px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 15px;" |
'''Postering'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 15px;" |
*Make sure to include information about meeting time/location (if available), and how to contact you. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Direct, one-on-one recruitment conversations (canvassing, door-knocking)'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
(See the below section for more details)
|- style="height: 102px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 102px;" | '''Community gatherings'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 102px;" |
*Community BBQ's/picnics
*Gathering in public spaces that are physically, geographically and digitally accessible.
*Poster making, letter writing, phone banking sessions
*Item/donation collections (e.g. the Red Dress collection as a show of resistance against TMX and colonial violence)
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 53px;" | '''Responding to what people want to do!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 53px;" |
*Engage in their different skills and abilities.
*Move at the speed of trust.
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 80px;" | '''Keeping barriers to engagement low/reducing barriers to engagement'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 80px;" |
*Consider virtual and in-person accessibility of the actions you're telling your audience to take. See our page on [[making your activism accessible]] for more.
*Provide things like food, childcare, transportation, virtual participation etc. to reduce barriers to participation.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Outdoor gathering spaces'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: In my group at university, we had the privilege of having a garden on campus. This was a big plus for students who wanted to come out and join us in the garden. An outdoor space helps with recruitment!
|}



 

If you're a university-based group, check out [https://www.powershift.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/%5BResource%5D%20Recruitment%20Ideas.pdf this resource by Divest Ed] for '''more strategies'''!

== One-on-one recruitment <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> ==

Canvassing means "talking to someone on the street, inviting them into your shared purpose or campaign goal and trying to get their signature and contact information." -[https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070 The Future Ground Network]. Stay tuned for more from our 'deep canvassing' offering. In the meantime, you can learn more about how to engage with people directly to join your group through [https://wecprotects.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Grassroots-101_Canvassing.pdf this resource.]

=== Your recruitment pitch ===
'''A recruitment pitch, which shouldn't be longer than about 30 seconds, should include ''' <ref>http://marshallganz.usmblogs.com/files/2012/08/Public-Narrative-Worksheet-Fall-2013-.pdf</ref> :
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | a) An explanation of the '''purpose of your team''' in general. 
| style="height: 82px;" |

*Who are the people being called to action? What challenge do you hope to inspire others to take action on? What is your vision of successful action? How can we act together to achieve this? And how can they begin now, at this moment? Describe this in two or three sentences.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
b) An explanation of '''why you chose to be a part of the team''' and why you care about the issue.
| style="height: 23px;" |

*To what values, experiences, or aspirations of your community, will you appeal when you call on them to join you in action? What stories do you share that can express these values? Describe this in two or three sentences.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | c) Your '''hard ask'''
| style="height: 109px;" |
*Explain what’s happening at the next meeting and directly ask them if they'd like to attend. Specify the time, place and location of the meeting. Make them feel that you want them to be there, but not like they are doing you a favour.
*Make sure your ask is not just a suggestion or statement, but a clear and direct question that elicits a specific commitment. i.e. Will you come out on Tuesday evening at 7pm to our meeting? 
|}

=== Responding to 'no' <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> ===
Your response will depend on the type of no communicated. 
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 171px;"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); height: 82px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Not now'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"Sorry, those times don’t work. Can you email me later?"
*Make an explicit follow-up plan. i.e. "Can I set up a time with you to check in again in a couple of weeks?"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); height: 23px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" |
'''Not that'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"I don’t really feel comfortable doing xyz."
*Listen to your person’s concerns, and try to find a solution that will work for them. i.e. "Is there a way I can support you, such as if we meet early to go over the script together? Or would you prefer to come for data entry this Friday at 5 p.m.?"
|- style="height: 66px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 66px;" | '''Not ever'''
| style="height: 66px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"I’m not interested."
*If appropriate, asking why may yield helpful feedback. i.e. "Sure, that's no problem. Do you mind if I ask why?"
|}

= Engaging your base to increase involvement =

== Choosing engagement strategies ==

The following describes strategies for moving people from the crowd into membership/committed circles of the circles of commitment model.

Strategies used to activate current members of your crowd who do not have consistent capacity issues should fall primarily on the '''mid to upper end of the ladder of engagement ''' (they take and encourage commitment) For example:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 350px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Taking action!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
Participants in our learning circle said the following actions required more effort to engage in (and that they increased their commitment):
*Sit ins
*Marches, rallies and sit-ins (because it feels invigorating to visibly see support) 
*Community outreach (i.e. door knocking, hosting a booth etc).
*Creating a social media campaign
*Meeting with or lobbying local politicians
*Art builds
*Banner drops
*Road blockages/shutdowns
*Representing the group at a coalition meeting or event
*A garage sale to raise funds for the group's work
*Fun actions such as dressing up in costumes (the opportunity to be silly) and having food and music
*A sign making event
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Opportunities for providing support'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
*Promote positions or tasks that need filling on social media.
*Put an open call out for folks to help organize an upcoming event.
*Being invited to take on more responsibility and tasks.
*Ask people what they're good at and how they want to contribute.
*It helps to be encouraged to step out of one's comfort zone with support from the team and mentorship of trusted peers.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Opportunities for discussion and spreading the word.'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*Develop a teach-in presentation for folks to deliver, for example.
*Engaging in discussion to exchange knowledge that empowers further action.
|- style="height: 104px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 104px;" | '''Training sessions '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 104px;" |
*E.g. FREESKOOL is a convening of many groups for a day of teachings/trainings.
*Opportunity to learn from each other, establish community and solidarity.
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: In some schools, a bootcamp (3 day online intensive) to get people up to speed on information, and bring the information to new people, is helpful. The important thing is to keep the relationships.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Coalition gatherings'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*E.g. Climate Justice Toronto hosted a convening of groups coming from many issue spaces to converge on how they could work together and support one another. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Direct, one-on-one recruitment conversations'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
(See the above section for more details)
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 55px;" | '''Taking over space!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 55px;" |
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: "we took over space on campus for 3 days, so lots of community building and recruitment was achieved."
|}





== How to welcome new members ==

Have a '''welcome plan '''prepared for new joiners to welcome them and provide the information they need about the group they're joining! The following are some suggestions for welcoming new members using a presentation, meeting and follow up
'''  <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> '''
'''''':
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Scheduled in advance with few people'''
| style="height: 82px;" |
*Keep it to no more than 30-40 minutes in length if possible.
*Keep it small so participants can gain personal connections.
*The following were suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: Do not organize a meeting too soon after sending a message (allow people to free up their time). Mention an understanding for the lack of time of those who commit.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''A loose agenda could look like...'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
*Sharing stories. i.e. why you care and why you want to be involved now, more about the group
*Share goals, strategy, project plans and/or emerging directions. 
*The following were suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle:''' '''Divest McGill made a document to inform incoming members of who the board of directors (the targets) for their campaign were, complete with their names, photos and info on each. This helps new members plug in.
*Explain the different roles available on the team, and discuss the skills or interests they have that might fit. Come up with creative ideas for how they can use their unique skills and passions to further the purpose of the team. 
*Give them a specific task to do, based on the role they want to take on and what tasks the project needs.
*Sharing the notes and a summary of what happened in the last team meeting.
*Share the next meeting date!
|-
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Assign a buddy or contact person'''
|
*Assign a buddy or new contact support person. This person can help answer questions and create a sense of community and confidence in the group.
|}

 For more on welcoming new members see [https://beautifultrouble.org/toolbox/tool/make-new-folks-welcome/ this resource by Beautiful Trouble].
 
=== Question: How can we merge new members in the group while balancing prior group dynamic (e.g. inside jokes, team culture etc.)? ===
Hub team members had the following suggestions:
*Create more opportunities for '''regular group bonding'''. You could embed it in meetings (via check-ins/check-outs, gathering around food, having social time after the meeting).
*Set up a buddy system for new people by pairing them up with someone who has been with the group for a long time. It helps build a sense of inclusion, they can explain dynamics etc. 
Further suggestions include:
*Document as much of this 'insider knowledge' as you can for new joiners, and go through it together!
*Part of the onboarding process for '[https://www.thehum.org/post/onboarding-new-team-members the Hum]' is to fill out a page in the team's 'user manual', which they use to describe how each individuals works best. See the [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1VGbdHhLCAssy1hgKpzRfJIG8YXOcmar28DCZIgnES-o/edit?usp=sharing template and an example here]. This can be a great way to support the merge process for new members.

= Retention suggestions =
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 140px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Take action!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*Actions are not only a great opportunity to hand out flyers to people passing by. They also give existing members the feeling of having an impact, which keeps everyone motivated (rather than sitting through endless meetings). 
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Don't neglect the value of joy and connection'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
*These are the elements that both draw people in and help them to stay.
*Invest intentional time into getting to now one another, and having fun together! Examples might include going out for coffee together, having a potluck, attending a local music event etc.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Ask people for their''' '''accessibility needs, and incorporate new practices'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*What is keeping people from participating? How can you make engagement more accessible to them?
*DO NOT leave it up to disabled people or others with capacity concerns to explain how an access culture or anti-racist practices work. Prioritize this before problems arise.
*See our wiki on [[making your activism accessible]] for more.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Include''' '''various forms of participation and meet people where they're at'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*People should take on roles and tasks that suit their availability, and recognize that capacities fluctuate.
*Check in with one another often. Is anyone overextended or willing to take on more?
*Track the amount of time members can commit early on, or develop a system to share capacity on an ongoing basis, to prevent burnout. (I.e. ask group members to share a number 1-5 estimating their capacity to contribute to action planning until the next meeting).
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Articulate purpose''' '''often'''

''' '''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Include a quick mention of the purpose of each meeting in your agenda.
*Every so often it can be helpful to remind of the group's mission, so folks are refreshed on why they've come together.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" |
'''Plan for breaks'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Group-wide breaks are great because you can easily commit to a date that you'll return to working together.
*Rotating breaks for members can also be helpful for maintaining capacity and avoiding burnout. You can set an approximate date of return, and/or have a group member reach out to check on the teammate about their return.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Show appreciation and care'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Engage in expressions of gratitude and happiness about team members' presence.
*Have a care team that actively checks in with people throughout the duration of actions.
|}

See this [https://www.themovementhub.org/resources/retain-members/ tree of engagement tool] by the Movement Hub, which can be used to guide your discussions and outline your retainment strategies.
 
 
 
 
If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
 
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<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

Mobilizing and activating members: recruitment and retention 101

2024-09-10T15:33:59Z

Mediawiki: /* Choosing engagement strategies */

Grassroots groups often struggle with the challenge of mobilizing new members. Many also face challenges with [[retention]], that is, members burn out and/or stop participating. Challenges to membership can make momentum building difficult, and may result in a reduced motivation of existing group members. Challenges to recruitment and retention can, in many cases, be mitigated and navigated by including some key structures and strategies in grassroots organizing spaces.
 
 
The following resource was compiled using existing organizer databases and resources by movement thinkers on mobilizing new members, and using thoughts from grassroots organizers who attended our learning circle on mobilizing new members. This guide was developed in response to request from grassroots groups asking for tips on growing their membership, that is, on effective recruitment and retention strategies.

 Highlighted text is knowledge shared during our Learning Circle on this topic.

= Beginning the planning process <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> =

Before you begin building or defining your recruitment and retention plan, reflect as a team on the following:

=== 1) Why are we here, and how did we get here? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why they joined their group...

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 235px;"
|- style="height: 88px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 88px;" | '''To connect with others who care'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 88px;" |
*A desire for shared spaces, connection and collectivity. 
*To be in the company of like-minded people who want to act on the climate crisis.
*Coming from Alberta where it's scary to be a climate activist, I want to be surrounded by those who feel the same way to feel less alone.
*To find those with the same worldview, shared concerns and a commitment to fighting for change to build solutions.
|- style="height: 91px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 91px;" | '''To combat climate grief and anxiety'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 91px;" |
*I want to feel less alone with feelings of climate grief and anxiety. 
*I feel compelled to direct climate anxiety into action.
































*I'm searching for solidarity and hope amidst climate chaos.
*To combat fear, grief and disillusionment with the lack of political will and action.
*I'm deeply concerned about climate impacts. I want a better future for my grandchildren. 
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''To take action'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Because of my personal responsibility, passion and agency. 
*To use each of our skills and potential to do our part.
*I want to advance; to learn, unlearn, and co-create the systems change needed to move us towards a just future.
*I have the desire to create something from the ground up rather than just being involved in a campaign that tells you what to do.
*For hope, power and optimism through collective action.
*Localized changemaking helps make wins feel more tangible. I realized changing the scale of climate issues to my neighbourhood broke the paralysis I was in.
*To hold those in power accountable.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Folks 'got there' by...'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Attending a virtual event.
*Founding their own group.
*Being asked directly to join!
|}


















=== 2) Who used to be around and why did they leave? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why group members leave...
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Burnout and overwhelm'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*It is hard to delegate and get people to follow through without sacrificing wellbeing. 














Burnout can feel like an inevitable part of organizing!
*There's a lack of real care for each other under capitalism and a need to learn how we can turn to each other for support.
*We don't have resources to do this work in a sustainable way, especially for marginalized folks.
*Being passionate can make it hard to step back.
*We are a small team, so everyone takes on a lot.
*Not knowing when to say no; stretched too thin.
*Many people have numerous other responsibilities and commitments such as caretaking, school, work etc.















People may be limited in the amount of free labour they can provide with bills to pay.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''The onboarding process isn't strong'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*It can help to have someone whose done a task before pass on knowledge and support by training new recruits.
A buddy system has new members pair with older members doing work they were interested in. This also helps build team relationships.
*There could be confusion around how to get involved with organizing because there's not a clear roadmap for what happens after onboarding. 
For example, there's a lack of simpler/smaller tasks for those just starting our or being onboarded. 
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | '''Spaces aren't accessible, caring or managing conflict'''
| style="height: 109px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*Spaces don't feel safe for BIPOC and youth.
The culture of climate organizations is still steeped in colonialism and white supremacy.
*There's a lack of community care and opportunities for building strong relationships.
*There can be interpersonal conflict with not enough skills for conflict management and repairing relationships.
*'Clubhouse culture' where new members don't feel comfortable engaging as they aren't invited to.
*Virtue signalling having an access culture, without having any actual practices in place; too difficult to contribute with disabilities.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" | '''A lack of direction and openness to ideas'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*A lack of direction and focus. It can feel disorganized and ineffective.



















A lack of clear goals leads to ineffective campaigns and meetings that don't go anywhere.
*A lack of openness to ideas.
*There can be rigidity about what the group will/will not engage in.

(E.g. It's difficult when founding members have pre-determined what the team will do, without leaving room for new member input).
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" | '''Feeling a lack of change'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*The slow pace of change can be frustrating.

|}

=== 3) What keeps people sticking around? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why group members stay...
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; height: 379px;"
|- style="height: 151px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 151px;" | '''Joy and celebration'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 151px;" |
*Holding space for joy and celebration.
*Debriefs after actions are a great way to celebrate with the team.
*Sharing food!
*A pleasure person. We used to have someone on our team volunteer to bring something (activity, song, video) to lighten up the end of each meeting, so folks didn't leave feeling low.
|- style="height: 91px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 91px;" | '''Learning skills and using strengths to take action'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 91px;" |
*Opportunities to learn, build skills, share interests, passions and talents.
*Acquiring new leadership skills and feeling encouraged to take on more responsibility.
*Using art and storytelling as vehicles for connection and communication.
|- style="height: 54px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 54px;" | '''Diversity of engagement'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 54px;" | 





*Having a diversity of tasks and projects.
*Having a balance between short-term campaigns to make tangible wins, and longer campaigns for the long haul.
*Taking action in a variety of ways!
|- style="height: 83px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 83px;" | '''Cultures of care and relationships'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 83px;" |
*A sense of belonging, community, camaraderie and appreciation. (E.g. telling our group members when they've done a good job!)

*Encouraging people to respect their capacities and support each other.

*Being around like-minded people and building friendships.
*Engaging with active listening and holding thoughtful discussions.

*
Actually addressing access needs; having processes in place to ensure people's needs aren't forgotten/neglected.

|-
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Feeling empowered'''
| style="width: 990.844px;" |

*Being recognized as a group in the community.

*Sharing responsibility as 'point person', facilitator, other directive-type roles.
|}

= Models to help guide recruitment and retention strategies =

Each stage, depending on where folks fall in the following models, requires a targeted set of strategies.

== Ladder of engagement <ref>https://trainings.350.org/resource/increase-your-volunteers-involvement/</ref> ==
The ladder of engagement can be a helpful tool for describing''' calls to action folks who are not involved in your group can take to become engaged, whilst also considering how people can increase their engagement towards becoming more active members'''. Someone who is a “1,” or at the bottom of the ladder in the model has no connection to your campaign or issue, and a “5” is someone who is ready to show up at an action.

Actions on the ladder escalate in intensity and/or demand or requirements of the individual as they move up and become more active. Consider what people might need to feel confident in moving up the ladder, and how you can support.

Of course, the ladder should serve as an outline only. Some people might be more willing to participate in an action that make phone calls. The idea, however, is to paint a picture of which actions have the fewest barriers to entry, that can encourage folks to get more involved as active members.

[[File:Screen Shot 2022-12-08 at 5.36.48 PM.png|500px|center|border]]

Image by: [https://trainings.350.org/resource/increase-your-volunteers-involvement/ 350.org]

== Circles of commitment <ref>https://www.momentumcommunity.org/</ref> ==
The circles of commitment helps to''' model the involvement of people engaging with or in your group, by acting as an outline for you plan to move people from the outer circles (low commitment) to the inner circles (high commitment).'''[[File:Screen Shot 2022-12-12 at 4.20.31 PM.png|500px|center|middle|border]]

Diagram from: [https://www.momentumcommunity.org/ Momentum Training Community]

'''Levels of the circles of commitment'''

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Community targets'''
| style="height: 82px;" |
Audiences you try to reach out to and engage; those not yet involved with your group in any capacity. See the section on community mapping for more on defining your targets.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''Crowd'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
Your mailing list and/or social media following.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | '''Membership'''
| style="height: 109px;" |
Those who regularly participate; e.g. those who respond to calls to action.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 23px;" | '''Committed'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
High action takers and people who would consider themselves formal 'members' of a group.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 23px;" | '''Core'''
| style="height: 23px;" | Steers a lot of the group's direction; typically includes those who have been in the group the longest, or who have the most lived and/or organizing experience. (In smaller teams, the committed and core may be combined).
|}

= Engaging community members to join your base =

The following describes strategies for moving people from community targets to the crowd/membership levels of the circles of commitment model.

== Defining community targets using community mapping <ref>https://commonslibrary.org/community-mapping/</ref> ==

A helpful first step for moving community targets is to define who they are! Who are you trying to reach?
 

Community mapping aims to gather information about how a community operates to develop the right strategies to mobilize and involve them. Rather than taking a broad approach to recruitment, this longer-term process of listening develops more targeted messaging and approaches, and builds foundations of relationships that are more likely to lead to involvement.

Community mapping can help you identify:
*organizing opportunities
*campaign partners and opportunities for solidarity
*potential threats
*the political climate
This information can support you when developing outreach plans, as well as when building coalitions and deciding on messaging.

=== Steps of community mapping <ref>https://commonslibrary.org/community-mapping/</ref> ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 191px;"
|- style="height: 176px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 176px;" | '''1. Define a community'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 176px;" |
This might include a community...
*being impacted most heavily by an issue (e.g. people living near a construction zone)
*where some level of protest or activity has already taken place (e.g. a local union) 
*that your organization already has links to (e.g. local school)
*that simply has people who are willing to work with you (e.g. parents or teachers at local schools)
Questions to ask that can help you define a community to work with include...
*What are we currently doing locally?
*Who are our current and potential allies and partners?
*Who cares about this issue (consider demographics) and why? (e.g. high school/university students taken an environmental course)
*What's in the area? '''('''Resources or organizations, Institutions such as churches, schools, hospitals, universities, city hall, etc., unique or problematic features such as amusement parks, factories, etc.)
|- style="height: 15px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 15px;" |  

'''2. Hold initial meetings to identify what you need to learn and who will help you '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 15px;" |
Invite a few members of the community to engage in some discussion. For example, if you want to engage teachers in your community, can you think of a couple teachers who would be willing enough to chat over coffee? Make this as inviting as possible, and ensure it meets their needs! (e.g. is online or over lunch best?)
*Initial meetings are held to clarify information and discuss who might be contacted next and how.
*Ideally, initial meetings will enthuse community members to engage in the next steps.
*Further meetings can be held in informal and culturally appropriate settings
Questions to ask during these meetings include...
*What's the best way of approaching people?
*Where can people be reached?
*How can the process be widened?
*What language(s) are used?
*What activities do people enjoy?
*What do people care about?
*What are the sources of tension? What are our threats?
*Where can we meet?
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''3. Document and carry out the plan outlined through discussion with community members'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Define your audience and outreach strategies to prepare for action. E.g. "our target audience is teachers, who care about the planet and the wellbeing of their students. There is tension to get everything in the curriculum done. They can be best reached over email, and enjoy when people from outside the classroom visit for presentations while they are on PREP time." 
*Draft the pitch you'll use for outreach, or a message if you're doing online outreach. 
*Note that direct, '''one-on-one outreach''' or asks to join an action or group are often much more successful than general call outs. Get in touch with people directly as much as possible.
*Carry out mobilization strategies tailored to target the audience you identified. Repeat the process again for another community target group!
The following were suggested in our learning circle as strategies/considerations when trying to engage with specific communities:
*If possible, building a relationship of trust before asking anything from the targeted community. 
(E.g. showing up at their community events if they host any. If it's a community group, attending their group's meetings to learn what's important to them, and eventually to share information about one another's groups and how you could work together)
*Consider who is most appropriate to reach certain groups; do you have any connections that could help? 
*Developing social media pages so people can quickly learn more (i.e. facebook and instagram pages)
*If you can get together with one individual from the community, do fun things while you chat and learn more! 
*For politicians: We phoned our mayor and council asking for a one on one meeting….it worked, whereas they didn't respond to previous emails.
 
|}

 

== Choosing engagement strategies ==

Strategies used to mobilize community targets OR people with capacity concerns tend to fall on the''' lower end of the ladder of engagement '''(meaning engagement isn't a huge commitment, and these actions can be great for building relationships and the motivation to join). For example:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 462px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Social media/online'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*Posts should use messaging targeted to the particular audience you want to engage.
*Use calls to action such as watching and sharing videos, signing online petitions, sending out pre-drafted emails or open letters
*Virtual meetings or events can reduce barriers to participation for many (i.e. documentary screenings and discussion).
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Showing up to an action'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
Ways to increase engagement at actions include:
*Handing out info sheets.
*Offering petitions to sign and/or collecting emails.
*Offering numbers and scripts for phone banking.
*Livestreaming the event.
*Sharing the level of risk and being transparent about actions that may involve arrest.
Participants in our learning circle said the following actions were easy to engage in: 
*Online actions (e.g. phone banking, webinars etc.)
*Rallies/marches (held at accessible times)
*Fun events held in public spaces (i.e. kid-friendly)
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Local news coverage'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*Write opinion pieces or reaching out to the local media to amplify your group's message and/or actions. Smaller newspapers are often happy to share events from local groups.
*Contact the editor through your local newspaper's website.
*You could also ask to share a call for people to join your team.
|- style="height: 15px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 15px;" |
'''Postering'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 15px;" |
*Make sure to include information about meeting time/location (if available), and how to contact you. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Direct, one-on-one recruitment conversations (canvassing, door-knocking)'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
(See the below section for more details)
|- style="height: 102px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 102px;" | '''Community gatherings'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 102px;" |
*Community BBQ's/picnics
*Gathering in public spaces that are physically, geographically and digitally accessible.
*Poster making, letter writing, phone banking sessions
*Item/donation collections (e.g. the Red Dress collection as a show of resistance against TMX and colonial violence)
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 53px;" | '''Responding to what people want to do!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 53px;" |
*Engage in their different skills and abilities.
*Move at the speed of trust.
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 80px;" | '''Keeping barriers to engagement low/reducing barriers to engagement'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 80px;" |
*Consider virtual and in-person accessibility of the actions you're telling your audience to take. See our page on [[making your activism accessible]] for more.
*Provide things like food, childcare, transportation, virtual participation etc. to reduce barriers to participation.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Outdoor gathering spaces'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: In my group at university, we had the privilege of having a garden on campus. This was a big plus for students who wanted to come out and join us in the garden. An outdoor space helps with recruitment!
|}



 

If you're a university-based group, check out [https://www.powershift.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/%5BResource%5D%20Recruitment%20Ideas.pdf this resource by Divest Ed] for '''more strategies'''!

== One-on-one recruitment <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> ==

Canvassing means "talking to someone on the street, inviting them into your shared purpose or campaign goal and trying to get their signature and contact information." -[https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070 The Future Ground Network]. Stay tuned for more from our 'deep canvassing' offering. In the meantime, you can learn more about how to engage with people directly to join your group through [https://wecprotects.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Grassroots-101_Canvassing.pdf this resource.]

=== Your recruitment pitch ===
'''A recruitment pitch, which shouldn't be longer than about 30 seconds, should include ''' <ref>http://marshallganz.usmblogs.com/files/2012/08/Public-Narrative-Worksheet-Fall-2013-.pdf</ref> :
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | a) An explanation of the '''purpose of your team''' in general. 
| style="height: 82px;" |

*Who are the people being called to action? What challenge do you hope to inspire others to take action on? What is your vision of successful action? How can we act together to achieve this? And how can they begin now, at this moment? Describe this in two or three sentences.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
b) An explanation of '''why you chose to be a part of the team''' and why you care about the issue.
| style="height: 23px;" |

*To what values, experiences, or aspirations of your community, will you appeal when you call on them to join you in action? What stories do you share that can express these values? Describe this in two or three sentences.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | c) Your '''hard ask'''
| style="height: 109px;" |
*Explain what’s happening at the next meeting and directly ask them if they'd like to attend. Specify the time, place and location of the meeting. Make them feel that you want them to be there, but not like they are doing you a favour.
*Make sure your ask is not just a suggestion or statement, but a clear and direct question that elicits a specific commitment. i.e. Will you come out on Tuesday evening at 7pm to our meeting? 
|}

=== Responding to 'no' <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> ===
Your response will depend on the type of no communicated. 
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 171px;"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); height: 82px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Not now'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"Sorry, those times don’t work. Can you email me later?"
*Make an explicit follow-up plan. i.e. "Can I set up a time with you to check in again in a couple of weeks?"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); height: 23px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" |
'''Not that'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"I don’t really feel comfortable doing xyz."
*Listen to your person’s concerns, and try to find a solution that will work for them. i.e. "Is there a way I can support you, such as if we meet early to go over the script together? Or would you prefer to come for data entry this Friday at 5 p.m.?"
|- style="height: 66px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 66px;" | '''Not ever'''
| style="height: 66px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"I’m not interested."
*If appropriate, asking why may yield helpful feedback. i.e. "Sure, that's no problem. Do you mind if I ask why?"
|}

= Engaging your base to increase involvement =

== Choosing engagement strategies ==

The following describes strategies for moving people from the crowd into membership/committed circles of the circles of commitment model.

Strategies used to activate current members of your crowd who do not have consistent capacity issues should fall primarily on the '''mid to upper end of the ladder of engagement ''' (they take and encourage commitment) For example:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 350px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Taking action!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
Participants in our learning circle said the following actions required more effort to engage in (and that they increased their commitment):
*Sit ins
*Marches, rallies and sit-ins (because it feels invigorating to visibly see support) 
*Community outreach (i.e. door knocking, hosting a booth etc).
*Creating a social media campaign
*Meeting with or lobbying local politicians
*Art builds
*Banner drops
*Road blockages/shutdowns
*Representing the group at a coalition meeting or event
*A garage sale to raise funds for the group's work
*Fun actions such as dressing up in costumes (the opportunity to be silly) and having food and music
*A sign making event
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Opportunities for providing support'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
*Promote positions or tasks that need filling on social media.
*Put an open call out for folks to help organize an upcoming event.
*Being invited to take on more responsibility and tasks.
*Ask people what they're good at and how they want to contribute.
*It helps to be encouraged to step out of one's comfort zone with support from the team and mentorship of trusted peers.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Opportunities for discussion and spreading the word.'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*Develop a teach-in presentation for folks to deliver, for example.
*Engaging in discussion to exchange knowledge that empowers further action.
|- style="height: 104px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 104px;" | '''Training sessions '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 104px;" |
*E.g. FREESKOOL is a convening of many groups for a day of teachings/trainings.
*Opportunity to learn from each other, establish community and solidarity.
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: In some schools, a bootcamp (3 day online intensive) to get people up to speed on information, and bring the information to new people, is helpful. The important thing is to keep the relationships.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Coalition gatherings'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*E.g. Climate Justice Toronto hosted a convening of groups coming from many issue spaces to converge on how they could work together and support one another. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Direct, one-on-one recruitment conversations'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
(See the above section for more details)
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 55px;" | '''Taking over space!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 55px;" |
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: "we took over space on campus for 3 days, so lots of community building and recruitment was achieved."
|}





== How to welcome new members ==

Have a '''welcome plan '''prepared for new joiners to welcome them and provide the information they need about the group they're joining! The following are some suggestions for welcoming new members using a presentation, meeting and follow up
'''  <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> '''
'''''':
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Scheduled in advance with few people'''
| style="height: 82px;" |
*Keep it to no more than 30-40 minutes in length if possible.
*Keep it small so participants can gain personal connections.
*The following were suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: Do not organize a meeting too soon after sending a message (allow people to free up their time). Mention an understanding for the lack of time of those who commit.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''A loose agenda could look like...'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
*Sharing stories. i.e. why you care and why you want to be involved now, more about the group
*Share goals, strategy, project plans and/or emerging directions. 
*The following were suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle:''' '''Divest McGill made a document to inform incoming members of who the board of directors (the targets) for their campaign were, complete with their names, photos and info on each. This helps new members plug in.
*Explain the different roles available on the team, and discuss the skills or interests they have that might fit. Come up with creative ideas for how they can use their unique skills and passions to further the purpose of the team. 
*Give them a specific task to do, based on the role they want to take on and what tasks the project needs.
*Sharing the notes and a summary of what happened in the last team meeting.
*Share the next meeting date!
|-
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Assign a buddy or contact person'''
|
*Assign a buddy or new contact support person. This person can help answer questions and create a sense of community and confidence in the group.
|}

 For more on welcoming new members see [https://beautifultrouble.org/toolbox/tool/make-new-folks-welcome/ this resource by Beautiful Trouble].
 
=== Question: How can we merge new members in the group while balancing prior group dynamic (e.g. inside jokes, team culture etc.)? ===
Hub team members had the following suggestions:
*Create more opportunities for '''regular group bonding'''. You could embed it in meetings (via check-ins/check-outs, gathering around food, having social time after the meeting).
*Set up a buddy system for new people by pairing them up with someone who has been with the group for a long time. It helps build a sense of inclusion, they can explain dynamics etc. 
Further suggestions include:
*Document as much of this 'insider knowledge' as you can for new joiners, and go through it together!
*Part of the onboarding process for '[https://www.thehum.org/post/onboarding-new-team-members the Hum]' is to fill out a page in the team's 'user manual', which they use to describe how each individuals works best. See the [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1VGbdHhLCAssy1hgKpzRfJIG8YXOcmar28DCZIgnES-o/edit?usp=sharing template and an example here]. This can be a great way to support the merge process for new members.

= Retention suggestions =
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 140px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Take action!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*Actions are not only a great opportunity to hand out flyers to people passing by. They also give existing members the feeling of having an impact, which keeps everyone motivated (rather than sitting through endless meetings). 
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Don't neglect the value of joy and connection'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
*These are the elements that both draw people in and help them to stay.
*Invest intentional time into getting to now one another, and having fun together! Examples might include going out for coffee together, having a potluck, attending a local music event etc.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Ask people for their''' '''accessibility needs'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*What is keeping them from attending meetings or actions? How can you make engagement more accessible to them?
*See our wiki on [[making your activism accessible]] for more.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Include''' '''various forms of participation and meet people where they're at'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*People should take on roles and tasks that suit their availability, and recognize that capacities fluctuate.
*Check in with one another often. Is anyone overextended or willing to take on more?
*Track the amount of time members can commit early on, or develop a system to share capacity on an ongoing basis, to prevent burnout. (I.e. ask group members to share a number 1-5 estimating their capacity to contribute to action planning until the next meeting).
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Articulate purpose''' '''often'''

''' '''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Include a quick mention of the purpose of each meeting in your agenda.
*Every so often it can be helpful to remind of the group's mission, so folks are refreshed on why they've come together.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" |
'''Plan for breaks'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Group-wide breaks are great because you can easily commit to a date that you'll return to working together.
*Rotating breaks for members can also be helpful for maintaining capacity and avoiding burnout. You can set an approximate date of return, and/or have a group member reach out to check on the teammate about their return.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Show appreciation and care'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Engage in expressions of gratitude and happiness about team members' presence.
*Have a care team that actively checks in with people throughout the duration of actions.
|}

See this [https://www.themovementhub.org/resources/retain-members/ tree of engagement tool] by the Movement Hub, which can be used to guide your discussions and outline your retainment strategies.
 
 
 
 
If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
 
[[File:Creative commons.png|300px|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/|center|frameless]]

<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

Mobilizing and activating members: recruitment and retention 101

2024-09-10T15:33:32Z

Mediawiki: /* Choosing engagement strategies */

Grassroots groups often struggle with the challenge of mobilizing new members. Many also face challenges with [[retention]], that is, members burn out and/or stop participating. Challenges to membership can make momentum building difficult, and may result in a reduced motivation of existing group members. Challenges to recruitment and retention can, in many cases, be mitigated and navigated by including some key structures and strategies in grassroots organizing spaces.
 
 
The following resource was compiled using existing organizer databases and resources by movement thinkers on mobilizing new members, and using thoughts from grassroots organizers who attended our learning circle on mobilizing new members. This guide was developed in response to request from grassroots groups asking for tips on growing their membership, that is, on effective recruitment and retention strategies.

 Highlighted text is knowledge shared during our Learning Circle on this topic.

= Beginning the planning process <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> =

Before you begin building or defining your recruitment and retention plan, reflect as a team on the following:

=== 1) Why are we here, and how did we get here? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why they joined their group...

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 235px;"
|- style="height: 88px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 88px;" | '''To connect with others who care'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 88px;" |
*A desire for shared spaces, connection and collectivity. 
*To be in the company of like-minded people who want to act on the climate crisis.
*Coming from Alberta where it's scary to be a climate activist, I want to be surrounded by those who feel the same way to feel less alone.
*To find those with the same worldview, shared concerns and a commitment to fighting for change to build solutions.
|- style="height: 91px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 91px;" | '''To combat climate grief and anxiety'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 91px;" |
*I want to feel less alone with feelings of climate grief and anxiety. 
*I feel compelled to direct climate anxiety into action.
































*I'm searching for solidarity and hope amidst climate chaos.
*To combat fear, grief and disillusionment with the lack of political will and action.
*I'm deeply concerned about climate impacts. I want a better future for my grandchildren. 
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''To take action'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Because of my personal responsibility, passion and agency. 
*To use each of our skills and potential to do our part.
*I want to advance; to learn, unlearn, and co-create the systems change needed to move us towards a just future.
*I have the desire to create something from the ground up rather than just being involved in a campaign that tells you what to do.
*For hope, power and optimism through collective action.
*Localized changemaking helps make wins feel more tangible. I realized changing the scale of climate issues to my neighbourhood broke the paralysis I was in.
*To hold those in power accountable.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Folks 'got there' by...'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Attending a virtual event.
*Founding their own group.
*Being asked directly to join!
|}


















=== 2) Who used to be around and why did they leave? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why group members leave...
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Burnout and overwhelm'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*It is hard to delegate and get people to follow through without sacrificing wellbeing. 














Burnout can feel like an inevitable part of organizing!
*There's a lack of real care for each other under capitalism and a need to learn how we can turn to each other for support.
*We don't have resources to do this work in a sustainable way, especially for marginalized folks.
*Being passionate can make it hard to step back.
*We are a small team, so everyone takes on a lot.
*Not knowing when to say no; stretched too thin.
*Many people have numerous other responsibilities and commitments such as caretaking, school, work etc.















People may be limited in the amount of free labour they can provide with bills to pay.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''The onboarding process isn't strong'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*It can help to have someone whose done a task before pass on knowledge and support by training new recruits.
A buddy system has new members pair with older members doing work they were interested in. This also helps build team relationships.
*There could be confusion around how to get involved with organizing because there's not a clear roadmap for what happens after onboarding. 
For example, there's a lack of simpler/smaller tasks for those just starting our or being onboarded. 
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | '''Spaces aren't accessible, caring or managing conflict'''
| style="height: 109px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*Spaces don't feel safe for BIPOC and youth.
The culture of climate organizations is still steeped in colonialism and white supremacy.
*There's a lack of community care and opportunities for building strong relationships.
*There can be interpersonal conflict with not enough skills for conflict management and repairing relationships.
*'Clubhouse culture' where new members don't feel comfortable engaging as they aren't invited to.
*Virtue signalling having an access culture, without having any actual practices in place; too difficult to contribute with disabilities.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" | '''A lack of direction and openness to ideas'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*A lack of direction and focus. It can feel disorganized and ineffective.



















A lack of clear goals leads to ineffective campaigns and meetings that don't go anywhere.
*A lack of openness to ideas.
*There can be rigidity about what the group will/will not engage in.

(E.g. It's difficult when founding members have pre-determined what the team will do, without leaving room for new member input).
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" | '''Feeling a lack of change'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*The slow pace of change can be frustrating.

|}

=== 3) What keeps people sticking around? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why group members stay...
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; height: 379px;"
|- style="height: 151px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 151px;" | '''Joy and celebration'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 151px;" |
*Holding space for joy and celebration.
*Debriefs after actions are a great way to celebrate with the team.
*Sharing food!
*A pleasure person. We used to have someone on our team volunteer to bring something (activity, song, video) to lighten up the end of each meeting, so folks didn't leave feeling low.
|- style="height: 91px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 91px;" | '''Learning skills and using strengths to take action'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 91px;" |
*Opportunities to learn, build skills, share interests, passions and talents.
*Acquiring new leadership skills and feeling encouraged to take on more responsibility.
*Using art and storytelling as vehicles for connection and communication.
|- style="height: 54px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 54px;" | '''Diversity of engagement'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 54px;" | 





*Having a diversity of tasks and projects.
*Having a balance between short-term campaigns to make tangible wins, and longer campaigns for the long haul.
*Taking action in a variety of ways!
|- style="height: 83px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 83px;" | '''Cultures of care and relationships'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 83px;" |
*A sense of belonging, community, camaraderie and appreciation. (E.g. telling our group members when they've done a good job!)

*Encouraging people to respect their capacities and support each other.

*Being around like-minded people and building friendships.
*Engaging with active listening and holding thoughtful discussions.

*
Actually addressing access needs; having processes in place to ensure people's needs aren't forgotten/neglected.

|-
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Feeling empowered'''
| style="width: 990.844px;" |

*Being recognized as a group in the community.

*Sharing responsibility as 'point person', facilitator, other directive-type roles.
|}

= Models to help guide recruitment and retention strategies =

Each stage, depending on where folks fall in the following models, requires a targeted set of strategies.

== Ladder of engagement <ref>https://trainings.350.org/resource/increase-your-volunteers-involvement/</ref> ==
The ladder of engagement can be a helpful tool for describing''' calls to action folks who are not involved in your group can take to become engaged, whilst also considering how people can increase their engagement towards becoming more active members'''. Someone who is a “1,” or at the bottom of the ladder in the model has no connection to your campaign or issue, and a “5” is someone who is ready to show up at an action.

Actions on the ladder escalate in intensity and/or demand or requirements of the individual as they move up and become more active. Consider what people might need to feel confident in moving up the ladder, and how you can support.

Of course, the ladder should serve as an outline only. Some people might be more willing to participate in an action that make phone calls. The idea, however, is to paint a picture of which actions have the fewest barriers to entry, that can encourage folks to get more involved as active members.

[[File:Screen Shot 2022-12-08 at 5.36.48 PM.png|500px|center|border]]

Image by: [https://trainings.350.org/resource/increase-your-volunteers-involvement/ 350.org]

== Circles of commitment <ref>https://www.momentumcommunity.org/</ref> ==
The circles of commitment helps to''' model the involvement of people engaging with or in your group, by acting as an outline for you plan to move people from the outer circles (low commitment) to the inner circles (high commitment).'''[[File:Screen Shot 2022-12-12 at 4.20.31 PM.png|500px|center|middle|border]]

Diagram from: [https://www.momentumcommunity.org/ Momentum Training Community]

'''Levels of the circles of commitment'''

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Community targets'''
| style="height: 82px;" |
Audiences you try to reach out to and engage; those not yet involved with your group in any capacity. See the section on community mapping for more on defining your targets.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''Crowd'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
Your mailing list and/or social media following.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | '''Membership'''
| style="height: 109px;" |
Those who regularly participate; e.g. those who respond to calls to action.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 23px;" | '''Committed'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
High action takers and people who would consider themselves formal 'members' of a group.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 23px;" | '''Core'''
| style="height: 23px;" | Steers a lot of the group's direction; typically includes those who have been in the group the longest, or who have the most lived and/or organizing experience. (In smaller teams, the committed and core may be combined).
|}

= Engaging community members to join your base =

The following describes strategies for moving people from community targets to the crowd/membership levels of the circles of commitment model.

== Defining community targets using community mapping <ref>https://commonslibrary.org/community-mapping/</ref> ==

A helpful first step for moving community targets is to define who they are! Who are you trying to reach?
 

Community mapping aims to gather information about how a community operates to develop the right strategies to mobilize and involve them. Rather than taking a broad approach to recruitment, this longer-term process of listening develops more targeted messaging and approaches, and builds foundations of relationships that are more likely to lead to involvement.

Community mapping can help you identify:
*organizing opportunities
*campaign partners and opportunities for solidarity
*potential threats
*the political climate
This information can support you when developing outreach plans, as well as when building coalitions and deciding on messaging.

=== Steps of community mapping <ref>https://commonslibrary.org/community-mapping/</ref> ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 191px;"
|- style="height: 176px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 176px;" | '''1. Define a community'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 176px;" |
This might include a community...
*being impacted most heavily by an issue (e.g. people living near a construction zone)
*where some level of protest or activity has already taken place (e.g. a local union) 
*that your organization already has links to (e.g. local school)
*that simply has people who are willing to work with you (e.g. parents or teachers at local schools)
Questions to ask that can help you define a community to work with include...
*What are we currently doing locally?
*Who are our current and potential allies and partners?
*Who cares about this issue (consider demographics) and why? (e.g. high school/university students taken an environmental course)
*What's in the area? '''('''Resources or organizations, Institutions such as churches, schools, hospitals, universities, city hall, etc., unique or problematic features such as amusement parks, factories, etc.)
|- style="height: 15px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 15px;" |  

'''2. Hold initial meetings to identify what you need to learn and who will help you '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 15px;" |
Invite a few members of the community to engage in some discussion. For example, if you want to engage teachers in your community, can you think of a couple teachers who would be willing enough to chat over coffee? Make this as inviting as possible, and ensure it meets their needs! (e.g. is online or over lunch best?)
*Initial meetings are held to clarify information and discuss who might be contacted next and how.
*Ideally, initial meetings will enthuse community members to engage in the next steps.
*Further meetings can be held in informal and culturally appropriate settings
Questions to ask during these meetings include...
*What's the best way of approaching people?
*Where can people be reached?
*How can the process be widened?
*What language(s) are used?
*What activities do people enjoy?
*What do people care about?
*What are the sources of tension? What are our threats?
*Where can we meet?
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''3. Document and carry out the plan outlined through discussion with community members'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Define your audience and outreach strategies to prepare for action. E.g. "our target audience is teachers, who care about the planet and the wellbeing of their students. There is tension to get everything in the curriculum done. They can be best reached over email, and enjoy when people from outside the classroom visit for presentations while they are on PREP time." 
*Draft the pitch you'll use for outreach, or a message if you're doing online outreach. 
*Note that direct, '''one-on-one outreach''' or asks to join an action or group are often much more successful than general call outs. Get in touch with people directly as much as possible.
*Carry out mobilization strategies tailored to target the audience you identified. Repeat the process again for another community target group!
The following were suggested in our learning circle as strategies/considerations when trying to engage with specific communities:
*If possible, building a relationship of trust before asking anything from the targeted community. 
(E.g. showing up at their community events if they host any. If it's a community group, attending their group's meetings to learn what's important to them, and eventually to share information about one another's groups and how you could work together)
*Consider who is most appropriate to reach certain groups; do you have any connections that could help? 
*Developing social media pages so people can quickly learn more (i.e. facebook and instagram pages)
*If you can get together with one individual from the community, do fun things while you chat and learn more! 
*For politicians: We phoned our mayor and council asking for a one on one meeting….it worked, whereas they didn't respond to previous emails.
 
|}

 

== Choosing engagement strategies ==

Strategies used to mobilize community targets OR people with capacity concerns tend to fall on the''' lower end of the ladder of engagement '''(meaning engagement isn't a huge commitment, and these actions can be great for building relationships and the motivation to join). For example:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 462px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Social media/online'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*Posts should use messaging targeted to the particular audience you want to engage.
*Use calls to action such as watching and sharing videos, signing online petitions, sending out pre-drafted emails or open letters
*Virtual meetings or events can reduce barriers to participation for many (i.e. documentary screenings and discussion).
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Showing up to an action'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
Ways to increase engagement at actions include:
*Handing out info sheets.
*Offering petitions to sign and/or collecting emails.
*Offering numbers and scripts for phone banking.
*Livestreaming the event.
*Sharing the level of risk and being transparent about actions that may involve arrest.
Participants in our learning circle said the following actions were easy to engage in: 
*Online actions (e.g. phone banking, webinars etc.)
*Rallies/marches (held at accessible times)
*Fun events held in public spaces (i.e. kid-friendly)
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Local news coverage'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*Write opinion pieces or reaching out to the local media to amplify your group's message and/or actions. Smaller newspapers are often happy to share events from local groups.
*Contact the editor through your local newspaper's website.
*You could also ask to share a call for people to join your team.
|- style="height: 15px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 15px;" |
'''Postering'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 15px;" |
*Make sure to include information about meeting time/location (if available), and how to contact you. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Direct, one-on-one recruitment conversations (canvassing, door-knocking)'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
(See the below section for more details)
|- style="height: 102px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 102px;" | '''Community gatherings'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 102px;" |
*Community BBQ's/picnics
*Gathering in public spaces that are physically, geographically and digitally accessible.
*Poster making, letter writing, phone banking sessions
*Item/donation collections (e.g. the Red Dress collection as a show of resistance against TMX and colonial violence)
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 53px;" | '''Responding to what people want to do!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 53px;" |
*Engage in their different skills and abilities.
*Move at the speed of trust.
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 80px;" | '''Keeping barriers to engagement low/reducing barriers to engagement'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 80px;" |
*Consider virtual and in-person accessibility of the actions you're telling your audience to take. See our page on [[making your activism accessible]] for more.
*Provide things like food, childcare, transportation, virtual participation etc. to reduce barriers to participation.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Outdoor gathering spaces'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: In my group at university, we had the privilege of having a garden on campus. This was a big plus for students who wanted to come out and join us in the garden. An outdoor space helps with recruitment!
|}



 

If you're a university-based group, check out [https://www.powershift.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/%5BResource%5D%20Recruitment%20Ideas.pdf this resource by Divest Ed] for '''more strategies'''!

== One-on-one recruitment <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> ==

Canvassing means "talking to someone on the street, inviting them into your shared purpose or campaign goal and trying to get their signature and contact information." -[https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070 The Future Ground Network]. Stay tuned for more from our 'deep canvassing' offering. In the meantime, you can learn more about how to engage with people directly to join your group through [https://wecprotects.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Grassroots-101_Canvassing.pdf this resource.]

=== Your recruitment pitch ===
'''A recruitment pitch, which shouldn't be longer than about 30 seconds, should include ''' <ref>http://marshallganz.usmblogs.com/files/2012/08/Public-Narrative-Worksheet-Fall-2013-.pdf</ref> :
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | a) An explanation of the '''purpose of your team''' in general. 
| style="height: 82px;" |

*Who are the people being called to action? What challenge do you hope to inspire others to take action on? What is your vision of successful action? How can we act together to achieve this? And how can they begin now, at this moment? Describe this in two or three sentences.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
b) An explanation of '''why you chose to be a part of the team''' and why you care about the issue.
| style="height: 23px;" |

*To what values, experiences, or aspirations of your community, will you appeal when you call on them to join you in action? What stories do you share that can express these values? Describe this in two or three sentences.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | c) Your '''hard ask'''
| style="height: 109px;" |
*Explain what’s happening at the next meeting and directly ask them if they'd like to attend. Specify the time, place and location of the meeting. Make them feel that you want them to be there, but not like they are doing you a favour.
*Make sure your ask is not just a suggestion or statement, but a clear and direct question that elicits a specific commitment. i.e. Will you come out on Tuesday evening at 7pm to our meeting? 
|}

=== Responding to 'no' <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> ===
Your response will depend on the type of no communicated. 
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 171px;"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); height: 82px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Not now'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"Sorry, those times don’t work. Can you email me later?"
*Make an explicit follow-up plan. i.e. "Can I set up a time with you to check in again in a couple of weeks?"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); height: 23px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" |
'''Not that'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"I don’t really feel comfortable doing xyz."
*Listen to your person’s concerns, and try to find a solution that will work for them. i.e. "Is there a way I can support you, such as if we meet early to go over the script together? Or would you prefer to come for data entry this Friday at 5 p.m.?"
|- style="height: 66px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 66px;" | '''Not ever'''
| style="height: 66px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"I’m not interested."
*If appropriate, asking why may yield helpful feedback. i.e. "Sure, that's no problem. Do you mind if I ask why?"
|}

= Engaging your base to increase involvement =

==Choosing engagement strategies==

The following describes strategies for moving people from the crowd into membership/committed circles of the circles of commitment model.

Strategies used to activate current members of your crowd should fall primarily on the '''mid to upper end of the ladder of engagement ''' (they take and encourage commitment) For example:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 350px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Taking action!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
Participants in our learning circle said the following actions required more effort to engage in (and that they increased their commitment):
*Sit ins
*Marches, rallies and sit-ins (because it feels invigorating to visibly see support) 
*Community outreach (i.e. door knocking, hosting a booth etc).
*Creating a social media campaign
*Meeting with or lobbying local politicians
*Art builds
*Banner drops
*Road blockages/shutdowns
*Representing the group at a coalition meeting or event
*A garage sale to raise funds for the group's work
*Fun actions such as dressing up in costumes (the opportunity to be silly) and having food and music
*A sign making event
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Opportunities for providing support'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
*Promote positions or tasks that need filling on social media.
*Put an open call out for folks to help organize an upcoming event.
*Being invited to take on more responsibility and tasks.
*Ask people what they're good at and how they want to contribute.
*It helps to be encouraged to step out of one's comfort zone with support from the team and mentorship of trusted peers.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Opportunities for discussion and spreading the word.'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*Develop a teach-in presentation for folks to deliver, for example.
*Engaging in discussion to exchange knowledge that empowers further action.
|- style="height: 104px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 104px;" | '''Training sessions '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 104px;" |
*E.g. FREESKOOL is a convening of many groups for a day of teachings/trainings.
*Opportunity to learn from each other, establish community and solidarity.
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: In some schools, a bootcamp (3 day online intensive) to get people up to speed on information, and bring the information to new people, is helpful. The important thing is to keep the relationships.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Coalition gatherings'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*E.g. Climate Justice Toronto hosted a convening of groups coming from many issue spaces to converge on how they could work together and support one another. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Direct, one-on-one recruitment conversations'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
(See the above section for more details)
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 55px;" | '''Taking over space!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 55px;" |
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: "we took over space on campus for 3 days, so lots of community building and recruitment was achieved."
|}




== How to welcome new members ==

Have a '''welcome plan '''prepared for new joiners to welcome them and provide the information they need about the group they're joining! The following are some suggestions for welcoming new members using a presentation, meeting and follow up
'''  <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> '''
'''''':
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Scheduled in advance with few people'''
| style="height: 82px;" |
*Keep it to no more than 30-40 minutes in length if possible.
*Keep it small so participants can gain personal connections.
*The following were suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: Do not organize a meeting too soon after sending a message (allow people to free up their time). Mention an understanding for the lack of time of those who commit.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''A loose agenda could look like...'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
*Sharing stories. i.e. why you care and why you want to be involved now, more about the group
*Share goals, strategy, project plans and/or emerging directions. 
*The following were suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle:''' '''Divest McGill made a document to inform incoming members of who the board of directors (the targets) for their campaign were, complete with their names, photos and info on each. This helps new members plug in.
*Explain the different roles available on the team, and discuss the skills or interests they have that might fit. Come up with creative ideas for how they can use their unique skills and passions to further the purpose of the team. 
*Give them a specific task to do, based on the role they want to take on and what tasks the project needs.
*Sharing the notes and a summary of what happened in the last team meeting.
*Share the next meeting date!
|-
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Assign a buddy or contact person'''
|
*Assign a buddy or new contact support person. This person can help answer questions and create a sense of community and confidence in the group.
|}

 For more on welcoming new members see [https://beautifultrouble.org/toolbox/tool/make-new-folks-welcome/ this resource by Beautiful Trouble].
 
=== Question: How can we merge new members in the group while balancing prior group dynamic (e.g. inside jokes, team culture etc.)? ===
Hub team members had the following suggestions:
*Create more opportunities for '''regular group bonding'''. You could embed it in meetings (via check-ins/check-outs, gathering around food, having social time after the meeting).
*Set up a buddy system for new people by pairing them up with someone who has been with the group for a long time. It helps build a sense of inclusion, they can explain dynamics etc. 
Further suggestions include:
*Document as much of this 'insider knowledge' as you can for new joiners, and go through it together!
*Part of the onboarding process for '[https://www.thehum.org/post/onboarding-new-team-members the Hum]' is to fill out a page in the team's 'user manual', which they use to describe how each individuals works best. See the [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1VGbdHhLCAssy1hgKpzRfJIG8YXOcmar28DCZIgnES-o/edit?usp=sharing template and an example here]. This can be a great way to support the merge process for new members.

= Retention suggestions =
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 140px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Take action!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*Actions are not only a great opportunity to hand out flyers to people passing by. They also give existing members the feeling of having an impact, which keeps everyone motivated (rather than sitting through endless meetings). 
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Don't neglect the value of joy and connection'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
*These are the elements that both draw people in and help them to stay.
*Invest intentional time into getting to now one another, and having fun together! Examples might include going out for coffee together, having a potluck, attending a local music event etc.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Ask people for their''' '''accessibility needs'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*What is keeping them from attending meetings or actions? How can you make engagement more accessible to them?
*See our wiki on [[making your activism accessible]] for more.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Include''' '''various forms of participation and meet people where they're at'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*People should take on roles and tasks that suit their availability, and recognize that capacities fluctuate.
*Check in with one another often. Is anyone overextended or willing to take on more?
*Track the amount of time members can commit early on, or develop a system to share capacity on an ongoing basis, to prevent burnout. (I.e. ask group members to share a number 1-5 estimating their capacity to contribute to action planning until the next meeting).
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Articulate purpose''' '''often'''

''' '''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Include a quick mention of the purpose of each meeting in your agenda.
*Every so often it can be helpful to remind of the group's mission, so folks are refreshed on why they've come together.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" |
'''Plan for breaks'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Group-wide breaks are great because you can easily commit to a date that you'll return to working together.
*Rotating breaks for members can also be helpful for maintaining capacity and avoiding burnout. You can set an approximate date of return, and/or have a group member reach out to check on the teammate about their return.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Show appreciation and care'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Engage in expressions of gratitude and happiness about team members' presence.
*Have a care team that actively checks in with people throughout the duration of actions.
|}

See this [https://www.themovementhub.org/resources/retain-members/ tree of engagement tool] by the Movement Hub, which can be used to guide your discussions and outline your retainment strategies.
 
 
 
 
If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
 
[[File:Creative commons.png|300px|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/|center|frameless]]

<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

Mobilizing and activating members: recruitment and retention 101

2024-09-10T15:32:42Z

Mediawiki: /* 3) What keeps people sticking around? */

Grassroots groups often struggle with the challenge of mobilizing new members. Many also face challenges with [[retention]], that is, members burn out and/or stop participating. Challenges to membership can make momentum building difficult, and may result in a reduced motivation of existing group members. Challenges to recruitment and retention can, in many cases, be mitigated and navigated by including some key structures and strategies in grassroots organizing spaces.
 
 
The following resource was compiled using existing organizer databases and resources by movement thinkers on mobilizing new members, and using thoughts from grassroots organizers who attended our learning circle on mobilizing new members. This guide was developed in response to request from grassroots groups asking for tips on growing their membership, that is, on effective recruitment and retention strategies.

 Highlighted text is knowledge shared during our Learning Circle on this topic.

= Beginning the planning process <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> =

Before you begin building or defining your recruitment and retention plan, reflect as a team on the following:

=== 1) Why are we here, and how did we get here? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why they joined their group...

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 235px;"
|- style="height: 88px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 88px;" | '''To connect with others who care'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 88px;" |
*A desire for shared spaces, connection and collectivity. 
*To be in the company of like-minded people who want to act on the climate crisis.
*Coming from Alberta where it's scary to be a climate activist, I want to be surrounded by those who feel the same way to feel less alone.
*To find those with the same worldview, shared concerns and a commitment to fighting for change to build solutions.
|- style="height: 91px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 91px;" | '''To combat climate grief and anxiety'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 91px;" |
*I want to feel less alone with feelings of climate grief and anxiety. 
*I feel compelled to direct climate anxiety into action.
































*I'm searching for solidarity and hope amidst climate chaos.
*To combat fear, grief and disillusionment with the lack of political will and action.
*I'm deeply concerned about climate impacts. I want a better future for my grandchildren. 
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''To take action'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Because of my personal responsibility, passion and agency. 
*To use each of our skills and potential to do our part.
*I want to advance; to learn, unlearn, and co-create the systems change needed to move us towards a just future.
*I have the desire to create something from the ground up rather than just being involved in a campaign that tells you what to do.
*For hope, power and optimism through collective action.
*Localized changemaking helps make wins feel more tangible. I realized changing the scale of climate issues to my neighbourhood broke the paralysis I was in.
*To hold those in power accountable.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Folks 'got there' by...'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Attending a virtual event.
*Founding their own group.
*Being asked directly to join!
|}


















=== 2) Who used to be around and why did they leave? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why group members leave...
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Burnout and overwhelm'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*It is hard to delegate and get people to follow through without sacrificing wellbeing. 














Burnout can feel like an inevitable part of organizing!
*There's a lack of real care for each other under capitalism and a need to learn how we can turn to each other for support.
*We don't have resources to do this work in a sustainable way, especially for marginalized folks.
*Being passionate can make it hard to step back.
*We are a small team, so everyone takes on a lot.
*Not knowing when to say no; stretched too thin.
*Many people have numerous other responsibilities and commitments such as caretaking, school, work etc.















People may be limited in the amount of free labour they can provide with bills to pay.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''The onboarding process isn't strong'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*It can help to have someone whose done a task before pass on knowledge and support by training new recruits.
A buddy system has new members pair with older members doing work they were interested in. This also helps build team relationships.
*There could be confusion around how to get involved with organizing because there's not a clear roadmap for what happens after onboarding. 
For example, there's a lack of simpler/smaller tasks for those just starting our or being onboarded. 
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | '''Spaces aren't accessible, caring or managing conflict'''
| style="height: 109px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*Spaces don't feel safe for BIPOC and youth.
The culture of climate organizations is still steeped in colonialism and white supremacy.
*There's a lack of community care and opportunities for building strong relationships.
*There can be interpersonal conflict with not enough skills for conflict management and repairing relationships.
*'Clubhouse culture' where new members don't feel comfortable engaging as they aren't invited to.
*Virtue signalling having an access culture, without having any actual practices in place; too difficult to contribute with disabilities.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" | '''A lack of direction and openness to ideas'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*A lack of direction and focus. It can feel disorganized and ineffective.



















A lack of clear goals leads to ineffective campaigns and meetings that don't go anywhere.
*A lack of openness to ideas.
*There can be rigidity about what the group will/will not engage in.

(E.g. It's difficult when founding members have pre-determined what the team will do, without leaving room for new member input).
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" | '''Feeling a lack of change'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*The slow pace of change can be frustrating.

|}

=== 3) What keeps people sticking around? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why group members stay...
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; height: 379px;"
|- style="height: 151px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 151px;" | '''Joy and celebration'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 151px;" |
*Holding space for joy and celebration.
*Debriefs after actions are a great way to celebrate with the team.
*Sharing food!
*A pleasure person. We used to have someone on our team volunteer to bring something (activity, song, video) to lighten up the end of each meeting, so folks didn't leave feeling low.
|- style="height: 91px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 91px;" | '''Learning skills and using strengths to take action'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 91px;" |
*Opportunities to learn, build skills, share interests, passions and talents.
*Acquiring new leadership skills and feeling encouraged to take on more responsibility.
*Using art and storytelling as vehicles for connection and communication.
|- style="height: 54px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 54px;" | '''Diversity of engagement'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 54px;" | 





*Having a diversity of tasks and projects.
*Having a balance between short-term campaigns to make tangible wins, and longer campaigns for the long haul.
*Taking action in a variety of ways!
|- style="height: 83px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 83px;" | '''Cultures of care and relationships'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 83px;" |
*A sense of belonging, community, camaraderie and appreciation. (E.g. telling our group members when they've done a good job!)

*Encouraging people to respect their capacities and support each other.

*Being around like-minded people and building friendships.
*Engaging with active listening and holding thoughtful discussions.

*
Actually addressing access needs; having processes in place to ensure people's needs aren't forgotten/neglected.

|-
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Feeling empowered'''
| style="width: 990.844px;" |

*Being recognized as a group in the community.

*Sharing responsibility as 'point person', facilitator, other directive-type roles.
|}

= Models to help guide recruitment and retention strategies =

Each stage, depending on where folks fall in the following models, requires a targeted set of strategies.

== Ladder of engagement <ref>https://trainings.350.org/resource/increase-your-volunteers-involvement/</ref> ==
The ladder of engagement can be a helpful tool for describing''' calls to action folks who are not involved in your group can take to become engaged, whilst also considering how people can increase their engagement towards becoming more active members'''. Someone who is a “1,” or at the bottom of the ladder in the model has no connection to your campaign or issue, and a “5” is someone who is ready to show up at an action.

Actions on the ladder escalate in intensity and/or demand or requirements of the individual as they move up and become more active. Consider what people might need to feel confident in moving up the ladder, and how you can support.

Of course, the ladder should serve as an outline only. Some people might be more willing to participate in an action that make phone calls. The idea, however, is to paint a picture of which actions have the fewest barriers to entry, that can encourage folks to get more involved as active members.

[[File:Screen Shot 2022-12-08 at 5.36.48 PM.png|500px|center|border]]

Image by: [https://trainings.350.org/resource/increase-your-volunteers-involvement/ 350.org]

== Circles of commitment <ref>https://www.momentumcommunity.org/</ref> ==
The circles of commitment helps to''' model the involvement of people engaging with or in your group, by acting as an outline for you plan to move people from the outer circles (low commitment) to the inner circles (high commitment).'''[[File:Screen Shot 2022-12-12 at 4.20.31 PM.png|500px|center|middle|border]]

Diagram from: [https://www.momentumcommunity.org/ Momentum Training Community]

'''Levels of the circles of commitment'''

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Community targets'''
| style="height: 82px;" |
Audiences you try to reach out to and engage; those not yet involved with your group in any capacity. See the section on community mapping for more on defining your targets.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''Crowd'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
Your mailing list and/or social media following.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | '''Membership'''
| style="height: 109px;" |
Those who regularly participate; e.g. those who respond to calls to action.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 23px;" | '''Committed'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
High action takers and people who would consider themselves formal 'members' of a group.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 23px;" | '''Core'''
| style="height: 23px;" | Steers a lot of the group's direction; typically includes those who have been in the group the longest, or who have the most lived and/or organizing experience. (In smaller teams, the committed and core may be combined).
|}

= Engaging community members to join your base =

The following describes strategies for moving people from community targets to the crowd/membership levels of the circles of commitment model.

== Defining community targets using community mapping <ref>https://commonslibrary.org/community-mapping/</ref> ==

A helpful first step for moving community targets is to define who they are! Who are you trying to reach?
 

Community mapping aims to gather information about how a community operates to develop the right strategies to mobilize and involve them. Rather than taking a broad approach to recruitment, this longer-term process of listening develops more targeted messaging and approaches, and builds foundations of relationships that are more likely to lead to involvement.

Community mapping can help you identify:
*organizing opportunities
*campaign partners and opportunities for solidarity
*potential threats
*the political climate
This information can support you when developing outreach plans, as well as when building coalitions and deciding on messaging.

=== Steps of community mapping <ref>https://commonslibrary.org/community-mapping/</ref> ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 191px;"
|- style="height: 176px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 176px;" | '''1. Define a community'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 176px;" |
This might include a community...
*being impacted most heavily by an issue (e.g. people living near a construction zone)
*where some level of protest or activity has already taken place (e.g. a local union) 
*that your organization already has links to (e.g. local school)
*that simply has people who are willing to work with you (e.g. parents or teachers at local schools)
Questions to ask that can help you define a community to work with include...
*What are we currently doing locally?
*Who are our current and potential allies and partners?
*Who cares about this issue (consider demographics) and why? (e.g. high school/university students taken an environmental course)
*What's in the area? '''('''Resources or organizations, Institutions such as churches, schools, hospitals, universities, city hall, etc., unique or problematic features such as amusement parks, factories, etc.)
|- style="height: 15px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 15px;" |  

'''2. Hold initial meetings to identify what you need to learn and who will help you '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 15px;" |
Invite a few members of the community to engage in some discussion. For example, if you want to engage teachers in your community, can you think of a couple teachers who would be willing enough to chat over coffee? Make this as inviting as possible, and ensure it meets their needs! (e.g. is online or over lunch best?)
*Initial meetings are held to clarify information and discuss who might be contacted next and how.
*Ideally, initial meetings will enthuse community members to engage in the next steps.
*Further meetings can be held in informal and culturally appropriate settings
Questions to ask during these meetings include...
*What's the best way of approaching people?
*Where can people be reached?
*How can the process be widened?
*What language(s) are used?
*What activities do people enjoy?
*What do people care about?
*What are the sources of tension? What are our threats?
*Where can we meet?
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''3. Document and carry out the plan outlined through discussion with community members'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Define your audience and outreach strategies to prepare for action. E.g. "our target audience is teachers, who care about the planet and the wellbeing of their students. There is tension to get everything in the curriculum done. They can be best reached over email, and enjoy when people from outside the classroom visit for presentations while they are on PREP time." 
*Draft the pitch you'll use for outreach, or a message if you're doing online outreach. 
*Note that direct, '''one-on-one outreach''' or asks to join an action or group are often much more successful than general call outs. Get in touch with people directly as much as possible.
*Carry out mobilization strategies tailored to target the audience you identified. Repeat the process again for another community target group!
The following were suggested in our learning circle as strategies/considerations when trying to engage with specific communities:
*If possible, building a relationship of trust before asking anything from the targeted community. 
(E.g. showing up at their community events if they host any. If it's a community group, attending their group's meetings to learn what's important to them, and eventually to share information about one another's groups and how you could work together)
*Consider who is most appropriate to reach certain groups; do you have any connections that could help? 
*Developing social media pages so people can quickly learn more (i.e. facebook and instagram pages)
*If you can get together with one individual from the community, do fun things while you chat and learn more! 
*For politicians: We phoned our mayor and council asking for a one on one meeting….it worked, whereas they didn't respond to previous emails.
 
|}

 

== Choosing engagement strategies ==

Strategies used to mobilize community targets tend to fall on the''' lower end of the ladder of engagement '''(meaning engagement isn't a huge commitment, and these actions can be great for building relationships and the motivation to join). For example:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 462px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Social media/online'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*Posts should use messaging targeted to the particular audience you want to engage.
*Use calls to action such as watching and sharing videos, signing online petitions, sending out pre-drafted emails or open letters
*Virtual meetings or events can reduce barriers to participation for many (i.e. documentary screenings and discussion).
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Showing up to an action'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
Ways to increase engagement at actions include:
*Handing out info sheets.
*Offering petitions to sign and/or collecting emails.
*Offering numbers and scripts for phone banking.
*Livestreaming the event.
*Sharing the level of risk and being transparent about actions that may involve arrest.
Participants in our learning circle said the following actions were easy to engage in: 
*Online actions (e.g. phone banking, webinars etc.)
*Rallies/marches (held at accessible times)
*Fun events held in public spaces (i.e. kid-friendly)
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Local news coverage'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*Write opinion pieces or reaching out to the local media to amplify your group's message and/or actions. Smaller newspapers are often happy to share events from local groups.
*Contact the editor through your local newspaper's website.
*You could also ask to share a call for people to join your team.
|- style="height: 15px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 15px;" |
'''Postering'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 15px;" |
*Make sure to include information about meeting time/location (if available), and how to contact you. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Direct, one-on-one recruitment conversations (canvassing, door-knocking)'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
(See the below section for more details)
|- style="height: 102px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 102px;" | '''Community gatherings'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 102px;" |
*Community BBQ's/picnics
*Gathering in public spaces that are physically, geographically and digitally accessible.
*Poster making, letter writing, phone banking sessions
*Item/donation collections (e.g. the Red Dress collection as a show of resistance against TMX and colonial violence)
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 53px;" | '''Responding to what people want to do!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 53px;" |
*Engage in their different skills and abilities.
*Move at the speed of trust.
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 80px;" | '''Keeping barriers to engagement low/reducing barriers to engagement'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 80px;" |
*Consider virtual and in-person accessibility of the actions you're telling your audience to take. See our page on [[making your activism accessible]] for more.
*Provide things like food, childcare, transportation, virtual participation etc. to reduce barriers to participation.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Outdoor gathering spaces'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: In my group at university, we had the privilege of having a garden on campus. This was a big plus for students who wanted to come out and join us in the garden. An outdoor space helps with recruitment!
|}



 

If you're a university-based group, check out [https://www.powershift.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/%5BResource%5D%20Recruitment%20Ideas.pdf this resource by Divest Ed] for '''more strategies'''!

== One-on-one recruitment <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> ==

Canvassing means "talking to someone on the street, inviting them into your shared purpose or campaign goal and trying to get their signature and contact information." -[https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070 The Future Ground Network]. Stay tuned for more from our 'deep canvassing' offering. In the meantime, you can learn more about how to engage with people directly to join your group through [https://wecprotects.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Grassroots-101_Canvassing.pdf this resource.]

=== Your recruitment pitch ===
'''A recruitment pitch, which shouldn't be longer than about 30 seconds, should include ''' <ref>http://marshallganz.usmblogs.com/files/2012/08/Public-Narrative-Worksheet-Fall-2013-.pdf</ref> :
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | a) An explanation of the '''purpose of your team''' in general. 
| style="height: 82px;" |

*Who are the people being called to action? What challenge do you hope to inspire others to take action on? What is your vision of successful action? How can we act together to achieve this? And how can they begin now, at this moment? Describe this in two or three sentences.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
b) An explanation of '''why you chose to be a part of the team''' and why you care about the issue.
| style="height: 23px;" |

*To what values, experiences, or aspirations of your community, will you appeal when you call on them to join you in action? What stories do you share that can express these values? Describe this in two or three sentences.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | c) Your '''hard ask'''
| style="height: 109px;" |
*Explain what’s happening at the next meeting and directly ask them if they'd like to attend. Specify the time, place and location of the meeting. Make them feel that you want them to be there, but not like they are doing you a favour.
*Make sure your ask is not just a suggestion or statement, but a clear and direct question that elicits a specific commitment. i.e. Will you come out on Tuesday evening at 7pm to our meeting? 
|}

=== Responding to 'no' <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> ===
Your response will depend on the type of no communicated. 
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 171px;"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); height: 82px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Not now'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"Sorry, those times don’t work. Can you email me later?"
*Make an explicit follow-up plan. i.e. "Can I set up a time with you to check in again in a couple of weeks?"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); height: 23px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" |
'''Not that'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"I don’t really feel comfortable doing xyz."
*Listen to your person’s concerns, and try to find a solution that will work for them. i.e. "Is there a way I can support you, such as if we meet early to go over the script together? Or would you prefer to come for data entry this Friday at 5 p.m.?"
|- style="height: 66px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 66px;" | '''Not ever'''
| style="height: 66px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"I’m not interested."
*If appropriate, asking why may yield helpful feedback. i.e. "Sure, that's no problem. Do you mind if I ask why?"
|}

= Engaging your base to increase involvement =

==Choosing engagement strategies==

The following describes strategies for moving people from the crowd into membership/committed circles of the circles of commitment model.

Strategies used to activate current members of your crowd should fall primarily on the '''mid to upper end of the ladder of engagement ''' (they take and encourage commitment) For example:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 350px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Taking action!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
Participants in our learning circle said the following actions required more effort to engage in (and that they increased their commitment):
*Sit ins
*Marches, rallies and sit-ins (because it feels invigorating to visibly see support) 
*Community outreach (i.e. door knocking, hosting a booth etc).
*Creating a social media campaign
*Meeting with or lobbying local politicians
*Art builds
*Banner drops
*Road blockages/shutdowns
*Representing the group at a coalition meeting or event
*A garage sale to raise funds for the group's work
*Fun actions such as dressing up in costumes (the opportunity to be silly) and having food and music
*A sign making event
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Opportunities for providing support'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
*Promote positions or tasks that need filling on social media.
*Put an open call out for folks to help organize an upcoming event.
*Being invited to take on more responsibility and tasks.
*Ask people what they're good at and how they want to contribute.
*It helps to be encouraged to step out of one's comfort zone with support from the team and mentorship of trusted peers.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Opportunities for discussion and spreading the word.'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*Develop a teach-in presentation for folks to deliver, for example.
*Engaging in discussion to exchange knowledge that empowers further action.
|- style="height: 104px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 104px;" | '''Training sessions '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 104px;" |
*E.g. FREESKOOL is a convening of many groups for a day of teachings/trainings.
*Opportunity to learn from each other, establish community and solidarity.
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: In some schools, a bootcamp (3 day online intensive) to get people up to speed on information, and bring the information to new people, is helpful. The important thing is to keep the relationships.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Coalition gatherings'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*E.g. Climate Justice Toronto hosted a convening of groups coming from many issue spaces to converge on how they could work together and support one another. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Direct, one-on-one recruitment conversations'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
(See the above section for more details)
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 55px;" | '''Taking over space!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 55px;" |
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: "we took over space on campus for 3 days, so lots of community building and recruitment was achieved."
|}




== How to welcome new members ==

Have a '''welcome plan '''prepared for new joiners to welcome them and provide the information they need about the group they're joining! The following are some suggestions for welcoming new members using a presentation, meeting and follow up
'''  <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> '''
'''''':
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Scheduled in advance with few people'''
| style="height: 82px;" |
*Keep it to no more than 30-40 minutes in length if possible.
*Keep it small so participants can gain personal connections.
*The following were suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: Do not organize a meeting too soon after sending a message (allow people to free up their time). Mention an understanding for the lack of time of those who commit.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''A loose agenda could look like...'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
*Sharing stories. i.e. why you care and why you want to be involved now, more about the group
*Share goals, strategy, project plans and/or emerging directions. 
*The following were suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle:''' '''Divest McGill made a document to inform incoming members of who the board of directors (the targets) for their campaign were, complete with their names, photos and info on each. This helps new members plug in.
*Explain the different roles available on the team, and discuss the skills or interests they have that might fit. Come up with creative ideas for how they can use their unique skills and passions to further the purpose of the team. 
*Give them a specific task to do, based on the role they want to take on and what tasks the project needs.
*Sharing the notes and a summary of what happened in the last team meeting.
*Share the next meeting date!
|-
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Assign a buddy or contact person'''
|
*Assign a buddy or new contact support person. This person can help answer questions and create a sense of community and confidence in the group.
|}

 For more on welcoming new members see [https://beautifultrouble.org/toolbox/tool/make-new-folks-welcome/ this resource by Beautiful Trouble].
 
=== Question: How can we merge new members in the group while balancing prior group dynamic (e.g. inside jokes, team culture etc.)? ===
Hub team members had the following suggestions:
*Create more opportunities for '''regular group bonding'''. You could embed it in meetings (via check-ins/check-outs, gathering around food, having social time after the meeting).
*Set up a buddy system for new people by pairing them up with someone who has been with the group for a long time. It helps build a sense of inclusion, they can explain dynamics etc. 
Further suggestions include:
*Document as much of this 'insider knowledge' as you can for new joiners, and go through it together!
*Part of the onboarding process for '[https://www.thehum.org/post/onboarding-new-team-members the Hum]' is to fill out a page in the team's 'user manual', which they use to describe how each individuals works best. See the [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1VGbdHhLCAssy1hgKpzRfJIG8YXOcmar28DCZIgnES-o/edit?usp=sharing template and an example here]. This can be a great way to support the merge process for new members.

= Retention suggestions =
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 140px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Take action!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*Actions are not only a great opportunity to hand out flyers to people passing by. They also give existing members the feeling of having an impact, which keeps everyone motivated (rather than sitting through endless meetings). 
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Don't neglect the value of joy and connection'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
*These are the elements that both draw people in and help them to stay.
*Invest intentional time into getting to now one another, and having fun together! Examples might include going out for coffee together, having a potluck, attending a local music event etc.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Ask people for their''' '''accessibility needs'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*What is keeping them from attending meetings or actions? How can you make engagement more accessible to them?
*See our wiki on [[making your activism accessible]] for more.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Include''' '''various forms of participation and meet people where they're at'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*People should take on roles and tasks that suit their availability, and recognize that capacities fluctuate.
*Check in with one another often. Is anyone overextended or willing to take on more?
*Track the amount of time members can commit early on, or develop a system to share capacity on an ongoing basis, to prevent burnout. (I.e. ask group members to share a number 1-5 estimating their capacity to contribute to action planning until the next meeting).
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Articulate purpose''' '''often'''

''' '''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Include a quick mention of the purpose of each meeting in your agenda.
*Every so often it can be helpful to remind of the group's mission, so folks are refreshed on why they've come together.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" |
'''Plan for breaks'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Group-wide breaks are great because you can easily commit to a date that you'll return to working together.
*Rotating breaks for members can also be helpful for maintaining capacity and avoiding burnout. You can set an approximate date of return, and/or have a group member reach out to check on the teammate about their return.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Show appreciation and care'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Engage in expressions of gratitude and happiness about team members' presence.
*Have a care team that actively checks in with people throughout the duration of actions.
|}

See this [https://www.themovementhub.org/resources/retain-members/ tree of engagement tool] by the Movement Hub, which can be used to guide your discussions and outline your retainment strategies.
 
 
 
 
If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
 
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<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

Mobilizing and activating members: recruitment and retention 101

2024-09-10T15:31:52Z

Mediawiki: /* 2) Who used to be around and why did they leave? */

Grassroots groups often struggle with the challenge of mobilizing new members. Many also face challenges with [[retention]], that is, members burn out and/or stop participating. Challenges to membership can make momentum building difficult, and may result in a reduced motivation of existing group members. Challenges to recruitment and retention can, in many cases, be mitigated and navigated by including some key structures and strategies in grassroots organizing spaces.
 
 
The following resource was compiled using existing organizer databases and resources by movement thinkers on mobilizing new members, and using thoughts from grassroots organizers who attended our learning circle on mobilizing new members. This guide was developed in response to request from grassroots groups asking for tips on growing their membership, that is, on effective recruitment and retention strategies.

 Highlighted text is knowledge shared during our Learning Circle on this topic.

= Beginning the planning process <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> =

Before you begin building or defining your recruitment and retention plan, reflect as a team on the following:

=== 1) Why are we here, and how did we get here? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why they joined their group...

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 235px;"
|- style="height: 88px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 88px;" | '''To connect with others who care'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 88px;" |
*A desire for shared spaces, connection and collectivity. 
*To be in the company of like-minded people who want to act on the climate crisis.
*Coming from Alberta where it's scary to be a climate activist, I want to be surrounded by those who feel the same way to feel less alone.
*To find those with the same worldview, shared concerns and a commitment to fighting for change to build solutions.
|- style="height: 91px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 91px;" | '''To combat climate grief and anxiety'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 91px;" |
*I want to feel less alone with feelings of climate grief and anxiety. 
*I feel compelled to direct climate anxiety into action.
































*I'm searching for solidarity and hope amidst climate chaos.
*To combat fear, grief and disillusionment with the lack of political will and action.
*I'm deeply concerned about climate impacts. I want a better future for my grandchildren. 
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''To take action'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Because of my personal responsibility, passion and agency. 
*To use each of our skills and potential to do our part.
*I want to advance; to learn, unlearn, and co-create the systems change needed to move us towards a just future.
*I have the desire to create something from the ground up rather than just being involved in a campaign that tells you what to do.
*For hope, power and optimism through collective action.
*Localized changemaking helps make wins feel more tangible. I realized changing the scale of climate issues to my neighbourhood broke the paralysis I was in.
*To hold those in power accountable.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Folks 'got there' by...'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Attending a virtual event.
*Founding their own group.
*Being asked directly to join!
|}


















=== 2) Who used to be around and why did they leave? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why group members leave...
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Burnout and overwhelm'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*It is hard to delegate and get people to follow through without sacrificing wellbeing. 














Burnout can feel like an inevitable part of organizing!
*There's a lack of real care for each other under capitalism and a need to learn how we can turn to each other for support.
*We don't have resources to do this work in a sustainable way, especially for marginalized folks.
*Being passionate can make it hard to step back.
*We are a small team, so everyone takes on a lot.
*Not knowing when to say no; stretched too thin.
*Many people have numerous other responsibilities and commitments such as caretaking, school, work etc.















People may be limited in the amount of free labour they can provide with bills to pay.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''The onboarding process isn't strong'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*It can help to have someone whose done a task before pass on knowledge and support by training new recruits.
A buddy system has new members pair with older members doing work they were interested in. This also helps build team relationships.
*There could be confusion around how to get involved with organizing because there's not a clear roadmap for what happens after onboarding. 
For example, there's a lack of simpler/smaller tasks for those just starting our or being onboarded. 
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | '''Spaces aren't accessible, caring or managing conflict'''
| style="height: 109px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*Spaces don't feel safe for BIPOC and youth.
The culture of climate organizations is still steeped in colonialism and white supremacy.
*There's a lack of community care and opportunities for building strong relationships.
*There can be interpersonal conflict with not enough skills for conflict management and repairing relationships.
*'Clubhouse culture' where new members don't feel comfortable engaging as they aren't invited to.
*Virtue signalling having an access culture, without having any actual practices in place; too difficult to contribute with disabilities.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" | '''A lack of direction and openness to ideas'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*A lack of direction and focus. It can feel disorganized and ineffective.



















A lack of clear goals leads to ineffective campaigns and meetings that don't go anywhere.
*A lack of openness to ideas.
*There can be rigidity about what the group will/will not engage in.

(E.g. It's difficult when founding members have pre-determined what the team will do, without leaving room for new member input).
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" | '''Feeling a lack of change'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*The slow pace of change can be frustrating.

|}

=== 3) What keeps people sticking around? ===

Participants in the HUB's learning circle responded with the following upon reflection on why group members stay...
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; height: 379px;"
|- style="height: 151px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 151px;" | '''Joy and celebration'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 151px;" |
*Holding space for joy and celebration.
*Debriefs after actions are a great way to celebrate with the team.
*Sharing food!
*A pleasure person. We used to have someone on our team volunteer to bring something (activity, song, video) to lighten up the end of each meeting, so folks didn't leave feeling low.
|- style="height: 91px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 91px;" | '''Learning skills and using strengths to take action'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 91px;" |
*Opportunities to learn, build skills, share interests, passions and talents.
*Acquiring new leadership skills and feeling encouraged to take on more responsibility.
*Using art and storytelling as vehicles for connection and communication.
|- style="height: 54px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 54px;" | '''Diversity of engagement'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 54px;" | 





*Having a diversity of tasks and projects.
*Having a balance between short-term campaigns to make tangible wins, and longer campaigns for the long haul.
*Taking action in a variety of ways!
|- style="height: 83px;"
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 83px;" | '''Cultures of care and relationships'''
| style="width: 990.844px; height: 83px;" |
*A sense of belonging, community, camaraderie and appreciation. (E.g. telling our group members when they've done a good job!)

*Encouraging people to respect their capacities and support each other.

*Being around like-minded people and building friendships.
*Engaging with active listening and holding thoughtful discussions.

|-
| style="width: 181.125px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Feeling empowered'''
| style="width: 990.844px;" |

*Being recognized as a group in the community.


*Sharing responsibility as 'point person', facilitator, other directive-type roles.
|}

= Models to help guide recruitment and retention strategies =

Each stage, depending on where folks fall in the following models, requires a targeted set of strategies.

== Ladder of engagement <ref>https://trainings.350.org/resource/increase-your-volunteers-involvement/</ref> ==
The ladder of engagement can be a helpful tool for describing''' calls to action folks who are not involved in your group can take to become engaged, whilst also considering how people can increase their engagement towards becoming more active members'''. Someone who is a “1,” or at the bottom of the ladder in the model has no connection to your campaign or issue, and a “5” is someone who is ready to show up at an action.

Actions on the ladder escalate in intensity and/or demand or requirements of the individual as they move up and become more active. Consider what people might need to feel confident in moving up the ladder, and how you can support.

Of course, the ladder should serve as an outline only. Some people might be more willing to participate in an action that make phone calls. The idea, however, is to paint a picture of which actions have the fewest barriers to entry, that can encourage folks to get more involved as active members.

[[File:Screen Shot 2022-12-08 at 5.36.48 PM.png|500px|center|border]]

Image by: [https://trainings.350.org/resource/increase-your-volunteers-involvement/ 350.org]

== Circles of commitment <ref>https://www.momentumcommunity.org/</ref> ==
The circles of commitment helps to''' model the involvement of people engaging with or in your group, by acting as an outline for you plan to move people from the outer circles (low commitment) to the inner circles (high commitment).'''[[File:Screen Shot 2022-12-12 at 4.20.31 PM.png|500px|center|middle|border]]

Diagram from: [https://www.momentumcommunity.org/ Momentum Training Community]

'''Levels of the circles of commitment'''

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Community targets'''
| style="height: 82px;" |
Audiences you try to reach out to and engage; those not yet involved with your group in any capacity. See the section on community mapping for more on defining your targets.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''Crowd'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
Your mailing list and/or social media following.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | '''Membership'''
| style="height: 109px;" |
Those who regularly participate; e.g. those who respond to calls to action.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 23px;" | '''Committed'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
High action takers and people who would consider themselves formal 'members' of a group.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 23px;" | '''Core'''
| style="height: 23px;" | Steers a lot of the group's direction; typically includes those who have been in the group the longest, or who have the most lived and/or organizing experience. (In smaller teams, the committed and core may be combined).
|}

= Engaging community members to join your base =

The following describes strategies for moving people from community targets to the crowd/membership levels of the circles of commitment model.

== Defining community targets using community mapping <ref>https://commonslibrary.org/community-mapping/</ref> ==

A helpful first step for moving community targets is to define who they are! Who are you trying to reach?
 

Community mapping aims to gather information about how a community operates to develop the right strategies to mobilize and involve them. Rather than taking a broad approach to recruitment, this longer-term process of listening develops more targeted messaging and approaches, and builds foundations of relationships that are more likely to lead to involvement.

Community mapping can help you identify:
*organizing opportunities
*campaign partners and opportunities for solidarity
*potential threats
*the political climate
This information can support you when developing outreach plans, as well as when building coalitions and deciding on messaging.

=== Steps of community mapping <ref>https://commonslibrary.org/community-mapping/</ref> ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 191px;"
|- style="height: 176px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 176px;" | '''1. Define a community'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 176px;" |
This might include a community...
*being impacted most heavily by an issue (e.g. people living near a construction zone)
*where some level of protest or activity has already taken place (e.g. a local union) 
*that your organization already has links to (e.g. local school)
*that simply has people who are willing to work with you (e.g. parents or teachers at local schools)
Questions to ask that can help you define a community to work with include...
*What are we currently doing locally?
*Who are our current and potential allies and partners?
*Who cares about this issue (consider demographics) and why? (e.g. high school/university students taken an environmental course)
*What's in the area? '''('''Resources or organizations, Institutions such as churches, schools, hospitals, universities, city hall, etc., unique or problematic features such as amusement parks, factories, etc.)
|- style="height: 15px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 15px;" |  

'''2. Hold initial meetings to identify what you need to learn and who will help you '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 15px;" |
Invite a few members of the community to engage in some discussion. For example, if you want to engage teachers in your community, can you think of a couple teachers who would be willing enough to chat over coffee? Make this as inviting as possible, and ensure it meets their needs! (e.g. is online or over lunch best?)
*Initial meetings are held to clarify information and discuss who might be contacted next and how.
*Ideally, initial meetings will enthuse community members to engage in the next steps.
*Further meetings can be held in informal and culturally appropriate settings
Questions to ask during these meetings include...
*What's the best way of approaching people?
*Where can people be reached?
*How can the process be widened?
*What language(s) are used?
*What activities do people enjoy?
*What do people care about?
*What are the sources of tension? What are our threats?
*Where can we meet?
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''3. Document and carry out the plan outlined through discussion with community members'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Define your audience and outreach strategies to prepare for action. E.g. "our target audience is teachers, who care about the planet and the wellbeing of their students. There is tension to get everything in the curriculum done. They can be best reached over email, and enjoy when people from outside the classroom visit for presentations while they are on PREP time." 
*Draft the pitch you'll use for outreach, or a message if you're doing online outreach. 
*Note that direct, '''one-on-one outreach''' or asks to join an action or group are often much more successful than general call outs. Get in touch with people directly as much as possible.
*Carry out mobilization strategies tailored to target the audience you identified. Repeat the process again for another community target group!
The following were suggested in our learning circle as strategies/considerations when trying to engage with specific communities:
*If possible, building a relationship of trust before asking anything from the targeted community. 
(E.g. showing up at their community events if they host any. If it's a community group, attending their group's meetings to learn what's important to them, and eventually to share information about one another's groups and how you could work together)
*Consider who is most appropriate to reach certain groups; do you have any connections that could help? 
*Developing social media pages so people can quickly learn more (i.e. facebook and instagram pages)
*If you can get together with one individual from the community, do fun things while you chat and learn more! 
*For politicians: We phoned our mayor and council asking for a one on one meeting….it worked, whereas they didn't respond to previous emails.
 
|}

 

== Choosing engagement strategies ==

Strategies used to mobilize community targets tend to fall on the''' lower end of the ladder of engagement '''(meaning engagement isn't a huge commitment, and these actions can be great for building relationships and the motivation to join). For example:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 462px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Social media/online'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*Posts should use messaging targeted to the particular audience you want to engage.
*Use calls to action such as watching and sharing videos, signing online petitions, sending out pre-drafted emails or open letters
*Virtual meetings or events can reduce barriers to participation for many (i.e. documentary screenings and discussion).
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Showing up to an action'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
Ways to increase engagement at actions include:
*Handing out info sheets.
*Offering petitions to sign and/or collecting emails.
*Offering numbers and scripts for phone banking.
*Livestreaming the event.
*Sharing the level of risk and being transparent about actions that may involve arrest.
Participants in our learning circle said the following actions were easy to engage in: 
*Online actions (e.g. phone banking, webinars etc.)
*Rallies/marches (held at accessible times)
*Fun events held in public spaces (i.e. kid-friendly)
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Local news coverage'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*Write opinion pieces or reaching out to the local media to amplify your group's message and/or actions. Smaller newspapers are often happy to share events from local groups.
*Contact the editor through your local newspaper's website.
*You could also ask to share a call for people to join your team.
|- style="height: 15px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 15px;" |
'''Postering'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 15px;" |
*Make sure to include information about meeting time/location (if available), and how to contact you. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Direct, one-on-one recruitment conversations (canvassing, door-knocking)'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
(See the below section for more details)
|- style="height: 102px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 102px;" | '''Community gatherings'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 102px;" |
*Community BBQ's/picnics
*Gathering in public spaces that are physically, geographically and digitally accessible.
*Poster making, letter writing, phone banking sessions
*Item/donation collections (e.g. the Red Dress collection as a show of resistance against TMX and colonial violence)
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 53px;" | '''Responding to what people want to do!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 53px;" |
*Engage in their different skills and abilities.
*Move at the speed of trust.
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 80px;" | '''Keeping barriers to engagement low/reducing barriers to engagement'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 80px;" |
*Consider virtual and in-person accessibility of the actions you're telling your audience to take. See our page on [[making your activism accessible]] for more.
*Provide things like food, childcare, transportation, virtual participation etc. to reduce barriers to participation.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Outdoor gathering spaces'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: In my group at university, we had the privilege of having a garden on campus. This was a big plus for students who wanted to come out and join us in the garden. An outdoor space helps with recruitment!
|}



 

If you're a university-based group, check out [https://www.powershift.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/%5BResource%5D%20Recruitment%20Ideas.pdf this resource by Divest Ed] for '''more strategies'''!

== One-on-one recruitment <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> ==

Canvassing means "talking to someone on the street, inviting them into your shared purpose or campaign goal and trying to get their signature and contact information." -[https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070 The Future Ground Network]. Stay tuned for more from our 'deep canvassing' offering. In the meantime, you can learn more about how to engage with people directly to join your group through [https://wecprotects.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Grassroots-101_Canvassing.pdf this resource.]

=== Your recruitment pitch ===
'''A recruitment pitch, which shouldn't be longer than about 30 seconds, should include ''' <ref>http://marshallganz.usmblogs.com/files/2012/08/Public-Narrative-Worksheet-Fall-2013-.pdf</ref> :
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | a) An explanation of the '''purpose of your team''' in general. 
| style="height: 82px;" |

*Who are the people being called to action? What challenge do you hope to inspire others to take action on? What is your vision of successful action? How can we act together to achieve this? And how can they begin now, at this moment? Describe this in two or three sentences.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
b) An explanation of '''why you chose to be a part of the team''' and why you care about the issue.
| style="height: 23px;" |

*To what values, experiences, or aspirations of your community, will you appeal when you call on them to join you in action? What stories do you share that can express these values? Describe this in two or three sentences.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 109px;" | c) Your '''hard ask'''
| style="height: 109px;" |
*Explain what’s happening at the next meeting and directly ask them if they'd like to attend. Specify the time, place and location of the meeting. Make them feel that you want them to be there, but not like they are doing you a favour.
*Make sure your ask is not just a suggestion or statement, but a clear and direct question that elicits a specific commitment. i.e. Will you come out on Tuesday evening at 7pm to our meeting? 
|}

=== Responding to 'no' <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> ===
Your response will depend on the type of no communicated. 
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 171px;"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); height: 82px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Not now'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"Sorry, those times don’t work. Can you email me later?"
*Make an explicit follow-up plan. i.e. "Can I set up a time with you to check in again in a couple of weeks?"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); height: 23px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" |
'''Not that'''
| style="height: 23px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"I don’t really feel comfortable doing xyz."
*Listen to your person’s concerns, and try to find a solution that will work for them. i.e. "Is there a way I can support you, such as if we meet early to go over the script together? Or would you prefer to come for data entry this Friday at 5 p.m.?"
|- style="height: 66px;"
| style="width: 242.828px; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 66px;" | '''Not ever'''
| style="height: 66px; width: 929.141px;" |
*"I’m not interested."
*If appropriate, asking why may yield helpful feedback. i.e. "Sure, that's no problem. Do you mind if I ask why?"
|}

= Engaging your base to increase involvement =

==Choosing engagement strategies==

The following describes strategies for moving people from the crowd into membership/committed circles of the circles of commitment model.

Strategies used to activate current members of your crowd should fall primarily on the '''mid to upper end of the ladder of engagement ''' (they take and encourage commitment) For example:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 350px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Taking action!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
Participants in our learning circle said the following actions required more effort to engage in (and that they increased their commitment):
*Sit ins
*Marches, rallies and sit-ins (because it feels invigorating to visibly see support) 
*Community outreach (i.e. door knocking, hosting a booth etc).
*Creating a social media campaign
*Meeting with or lobbying local politicians
*Art builds
*Banner drops
*Road blockages/shutdowns
*Representing the group at a coalition meeting or event
*A garage sale to raise funds for the group's work
*Fun actions such as dressing up in costumes (the opportunity to be silly) and having food and music
*A sign making event
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Opportunities for providing support'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
*Promote positions or tasks that need filling on social media.
*Put an open call out for folks to help organize an upcoming event.
*Being invited to take on more responsibility and tasks.
*Ask people what they're good at and how they want to contribute.
*It helps to be encouraged to step out of one's comfort zone with support from the team and mentorship of trusted peers.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Opportunities for discussion and spreading the word.'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*Develop a teach-in presentation for folks to deliver, for example.
*Engaging in discussion to exchange knowledge that empowers further action.
|- style="height: 104px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 104px;" | '''Training sessions '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 104px;" |
*E.g. FREESKOOL is a convening of many groups for a day of teachings/trainings.
*Opportunity to learn from each other, establish community and solidarity.
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: In some schools, a bootcamp (3 day online intensive) to get people up to speed on information, and bring the information to new people, is helpful. The important thing is to keep the relationships.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | '''Coalition gatherings'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*E.g. Climate Justice Toronto hosted a convening of groups coming from many issue spaces to converge on how they could work together and support one another. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Direct, one-on-one recruitment conversations'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
(See the above section for more details)
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 55px;" | '''Taking over space!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 55px;" |
*The following was suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: "we took over space on campus for 3 days, so lots of community building and recruitment was achieved."
|}




== How to welcome new members ==

Have a '''welcome plan '''prepared for new joiners to welcome them and provide the information they need about the group they're joining! The following are some suggestions for welcoming new members using a presentation, meeting and follow up
'''  <ref>https://futuregroundnetwork.org/resource/how-to-recruit-new-members/?wpdmdl=1502&refresh=639b7f5ed5b1b1671135070</ref> '''
'''''':
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 260px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" | '''Scheduled in advance with few people'''
| style="height: 82px;" |
*Keep it to no more than 30-40 minutes in length if possible.
*Keep it small so participants can gain personal connections.
*The following were suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle: Do not organize a meeting too soon after sending a message (allow people to free up their time). Mention an understanding for the lack of time of those who commit.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 23px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''A loose agenda could look like...'''
| style="height: 23px;" |
*Sharing stories. i.e. why you care and why you want to be involved now, more about the group
*Share goals, strategy, project plans and/or emerging directions. 
*The following were suggested from participants in our [[navigating turnover in student groups]] learning circle:''' '''Divest McGill made a document to inform incoming members of who the board of directors (the targets) for their campaign were, complete with their names, photos and info on each. This helps new members plug in.
*Explain the different roles available on the team, and discuss the skills or interests they have that might fit. Come up with creative ideas for how they can use their unique skills and passions to further the purpose of the team. 
*Give them a specific task to do, based on the role they want to take on and what tasks the project needs.
*Sharing the notes and a summary of what happened in the last team meeting.
*Share the next meeting date!
|-
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Assign a buddy or contact person'''
|
*Assign a buddy or new contact support person. This person can help answer questions and create a sense of community and confidence in the group.
|}

 For more on welcoming new members see [https://beautifultrouble.org/toolbox/tool/make-new-folks-welcome/ this resource by Beautiful Trouble].
 
=== Question: How can we merge new members in the group while balancing prior group dynamic (e.g. inside jokes, team culture etc.)? ===
Hub team members had the following suggestions:
*Create more opportunities for '''regular group bonding'''. You could embed it in meetings (via check-ins/check-outs, gathering around food, having social time after the meeting).
*Set up a buddy system for new people by pairing them up with someone who has been with the group for a long time. It helps build a sense of inclusion, they can explain dynamics etc. 
Further suggestions include:
*Document as much of this 'insider knowledge' as you can for new joiners, and go through it together!
*Part of the onboarding process for '[https://www.thehum.org/post/onboarding-new-team-members the Hum]' is to fill out a page in the team's 'user manual', which they use to describe how each individuals works best. See the [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1VGbdHhLCAssy1hgKpzRfJIG8YXOcmar28DCZIgnES-o/edit?usp=sharing template and an example here]. This can be a great way to support the merge process for new members.

= Retention suggestions =
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 140px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 51px;" |
'''Take action!'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 51px;" |
*Actions are not only a great opportunity to hand out flyers to people passing by. They also give existing members the feeling of having an impact, which keeps everyone motivated (rather than sitting through endless meetings). 
|- style="height: 29px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 29px;" |
'''Don't neglect the value of joy and connection'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 29px;" |
*These are the elements that both draw people in and help them to stay.
*Invest intentional time into getting to now one another, and having fun together! Examples might include going out for coffee together, having a potluck, attending a local music event etc.
|- style="height: 37px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 37px;" |
'''Ask people for their''' '''accessibility needs'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 37px;" |
*What is keeping them from attending meetings or actions? How can you make engagement more accessible to them?
*See our wiki on [[making your activism accessible]] for more.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
'''Include''' '''various forms of participation and meet people where they're at'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*People should take on roles and tasks that suit their availability, and recognize that capacities fluctuate.
*Check in with one another often. Is anyone overextended or willing to take on more?
*Track the amount of time members can commit early on, or develop a system to share capacity on an ongoing basis, to prevent burnout. (I.e. ask group members to share a number 1-5 estimating their capacity to contribute to action planning until the next meeting).
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Articulate purpose''' '''often'''

''' '''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Include a quick mention of the purpose of each meeting in your agenda.
*Every so often it can be helpful to remind of the group's mission, so folks are refreshed on why they've come together.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" |
'''Plan for breaks'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Group-wide breaks are great because you can easily commit to a date that you'll return to working together.
*Rotating breaks for members can also be helpful for maintaining capacity and avoiding burnout. You can set an approximate date of return, and/or have a group member reach out to check on the teammate about their return.
|-
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" | '''Show appreciation and care'''
| style="width: 55.8815%;" |
*Engage in expressions of gratitude and happiness about team members' presence.
*Have a care team that actively checks in with people throughout the duration of actions.
|}

See this [https://www.themovementhub.org/resources/retain-members/ tree of engagement tool] by the Movement Hub, which can be used to guide your discussions and outline your retainment strategies.
 
 
 
 
If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
 
[[File:Creative commons.png|300px|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/|center|frameless]]

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Militarism

2024-09-10T15:26:25Z

Mediawiki: /* War and militarism are climate issues */

'''Militarism '''can be defined as:'' "The normalization of war and preparation for war, prioritizing the needs and interests of military institutions and extension of military culture and influence into everyday life such as in education, central and local government and business, charities etc." ''-[https://www.forceswatch.net/comment/what-is-militarism/ ForcesWatch]
== War and militarism are climate issues ==
Many of the examples in this table were included from the event [[Climate Justice and Imperialism: Debunking Global Systems of Oppression]].

'''Please note: the information includes in this table mainly highlights the environmental impacts of war. The enormous, horrific and multi-layered impact of war and militarism on humans who inhabit the environment cannot be understated, and is a critical part of understanding this as a climate justice issue. Some further examples to better highlight the human impact are included in the table titled 'examples from around the world.''''

'''"Money for war, can't feed the poor"''' 
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 318px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Wars are fought over oil, gas and minerals'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*'''"We're at a moment in history where the climate crisis is both in large part caused by, and is also being used as, an excuse for, and to enable, increased war and militarism... not only is foreign military intervention in a civil war over 100x more likely where there is oil and gas, but also war preparations are the leading consumer of oil and gas."''' -Rachel Small, World Beyond War <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref> 
*Western nations wage wars to secure access to fossil fuels, targeting governments that nationalize oil companies. The Middle East, which holds over half of the world’s oil reserves, has been a point of conflicts driven by imperialism and greed. 
*"In Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan initially cut off Armenians’ gas supply and then their electricity. Throughout the harsh winter, Armenians could only sporadically access hot water thanks to solar water heaters. These renewable sources threaten the power of those who profit from wars and oil, thereby weakening the economic foundations of authoritarian regimes and reducing their incentives for military aggression." -Amara Possain <ref>https://www.nationalobserver.com/2023/11/14/opinion/true-peace-and-justice-possible-if-world-transitions-clean-energy</ref>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''"Money for war, can't feed the poor"'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*The United States has one of the largest militaries in the world. The Palestinian resistance movement has exposed the hypocrisy of states like the United States, who despite funnelling billions to support Israeli's war and genocide on Gaza, claim there is 'not enough money' to fund things like affordable housing, a climate transition and forgiving student debt.
<div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer" role="button" aria-label="1 hour, 5 minutes, 45 seconds just highlight that the military budget has increased over 70% in just a few">
*The military budget in so-called Canada has increased over 70% in just a few years. '''We currently spend over 20 times on the military as the Canadian state than the federal government does on all environmental initiatives'''. - Rachel Small <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8

</ref>
***Canada is also spending more money on keeping climate migrants out than on stopping the climate crisis. "'''Canada is spending 15x more right now on the militarization of its borders than on the climate financing''' that is meant to mitigate climate change... in other words, Canada one of the countries most responsible for the climate crisis, is spending vastly more right now on arming its borders to keep migrants out that on tackling one of the crises that's forcing people to flee their homes in the first place." - Rachel Small
</div>
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 55px;" | '''Mining minerals and burning fossil fuels for war'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 55px;" |
*Not only are wars fought to extract more, but minerals extracted also circulate back into the construction of war machines.
*"The Canadian mining industry is the global leader in mining for war machines from uranium, to metals, to rare earth elements used in every single F35 fighter jet bombing Gaza." -Rachel Small <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref>
***"Every single one of those F-35s has over 900 PBS of rare earth elements. These require open pit mines on an almost unfathomable scale to extract... and '''globally 1/4 of all greenhouse gas emissions come from mining'''... the field that Canada is the global leader on." - Rachel Small <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref>
*Military emissions aren't included in federal GHG reduction targets. A low estimate of global militarism’s contribution to global fossil fuel emissions is 5.5%. This is about 2x the GHG's of non-military flights. '''If global militarism were a country, it would rank 4th in greenhouse gas emissions'''. <ref>https://worldbeyondwar.org/environment/</ref> 
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 10px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" |
'''Military violence on Indigenous land defenders '''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px;" |
*Indigenous peoples are regularly being attacked and surveilled by the Canadian and US military.
*Abroad and all around the world,''' Indigenous land defenders against oil, gas and mining in their communities are met with militarized violence inflicted by their states. The companies extracting, transporting, burning and investing in this violence are companies from the Global North'''.
*<div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer" role="button" aria-label="1 hour, 20 minutes, 34 seconds largely informed by former CIA director David Petraeus um who was the lead">C-IRG, often deployed on Indigenous land defenders, is largely informed by former CIA director David Petraeus, the lead commander for the CIA who was on the ground during Afghanistan and Iraq. He's been testing his playbook on countering insurgencies on the Wet'suwet'en. - Maya Menezes <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref> </div>
|- style="height: 175px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 175px;" | '''Weapons kill people and the planet<ref>https://worldbeyondwar.org/environment/</ref> '''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 175px;" |
*Tens of millions of landminds and cluster bombs them are estimated to be on the earth. A 1993 U.S. State Department report called them “the most toxic and widespread pollution facing mankind.” 
*Land mines damage the environment in four ways: “fear of mines denies access to abundant natural resources and arable land; populations are forced to move preferentially into marginal and fragile environments in order to avoid minefields; this migration speeds depletion of biological diversity; and land-mine explosions disrupt essential soil and water processes.” - Jennifer Leaning
*Toxins from war also remain in the land, air and water. For example, between 1944 and 1970 the U.S. military dumped chemical weapons into the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. As the canisters of nerve gas and mustard gas slowly corrode and break open underwater, the toxins flow out, killing sea life and killing and injuring fishermen.
*We don't yet know the extent of environmental degradation from Israel's attack on Gaza. In 2014, a study by Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network explained when Israel dropped 21,000 tonnes of explosives on the Gaza strip, it caused serious soil damage and reduced agricultural productivity. 
|}

 

== Examples from around the world ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 204px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 21.7028%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''The occupation of Palestine<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/11/28/palestine-is-a-climate-justice-issue</ref> '''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 28px;" |
Israel‘s occupation and apartheid, which denies Palestinians the right to manage their land and resources, makes them more vulnerable to climate-related events. Military powers are used to enforce the apartheid.   
*Water: Gaza’s acute shortage of potable water from climate change was worsened by Israel’s restrictions on the entry of materials and fuel needed for wastewater treatment. Sewage infiltrated Gaza’s aquifer and flows untreated into Gaza’s coastal waters, damaging marine life and health. 97% of Gaza’s water is unhealthy for human consumption and contaminated water causes 1/4 of all illness in Gaza. While Palestinian villages struggle to adapt to water scarcity, Israeli settlements enjoy unlimited access to water for drinking, to irrigate crops and lawns, and for swimming pools. 640,000 settlers in the West Bank consume 6x the water of 2.9 million Palestinians.
*Food: Israel’s military prevents Palestinians from using the 20% of Gaza's arable land next to Israel’s militarized fence, and targets Gaza’s farmland with herbicides. Israel's removal of olive trees to weaken Palestinians’ connection to the land and economic self-sufficiency is greenwashed by Israel's planting of trees. Israel has uprooted 800,000 olive trees since 1967. Olive trees represent peace and Palestinians connection to the land  
*Energy: 98% of Israel’s electricity production comes from fossil fuels, and Palestinians are given an average of 12 hours per day to use it. Israelis are given unlimited access. Palestinians have turned to solar panels to create their own electricity. Panels have been targeted by Israel's bombing. Moreover, the Israeli military seizes solar panels sent by humanitarian aid groups for Palestinian communities, even while it has passed progressive laws requiring the installation of solar panels on all new buildings.
*Waste: Israel routinely dumps its waste in occupied Palestine. Palestinians burn plastic waste for income, contributing to the increasing levels of cancer among Palestinians.
*Funding from the West: Countries in the West support Israel's occupation by purchasing weapons and other goods from Israel, and selling weapons to Israel. Between 2018-2022, Canada imported $132 million dollars worth of weapons from Israel. Canadian companies such as Canada's big banks fund technology used by the Israeli military. For example, Scotia bank holds the largest foreign share of an Israeli weapons manufacturer. As of May 2024, over 30,000 Palestinians have been murdered from the war on Gaza.
*Also, see Move Beyond Coal's overview of climate and Palestine connections [https://www.movebeyondcoal.com/palestinesolidarity HERE] 
|-
| style="width: 21.7028%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000;" |  '''Military coup of Myanmar'''
| style="width: 78.2137%;" |

*[https://actionnetwork.org/groups/blood-money-campaign Blood money campaign] is a collective of Myanmar activists fighting to stop oil and gas revenues reaching the Myanmar military junta. They call for targeted sanctions of the Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE), impacting corporations like TotalEnergies, Petronas, PTTEP, and POSCO. Chevron has pulled out as a result. 
***Myanmar's military Junta enforced the Myanmar Conscription Law, forcing the peoples of Myanmar age 18-35 to serve. 2023 was the worst year for air strikes by the military on civilians in Myanmar since coup three years ago.
*In addition to military violence, Myanmar has suffered massive climate change losses, ranking as the world’s second most [https://www.germanwatch.org/en/19777 affected country] between 2000–2019.<ref>https://eastasiaforum.org/2023/11/09/conflicts-intensify-climate-change-risks-in-myanmar/</ref> 
*"An immediate consequence of the military crackdown is that [https://www.rosalux.de/en/news/id/46138/tackling-climate-change-after-the-coup key environmental activists] left the country, were arrested or went into hiding. Local civil society organizations were able to advocate and take climate action, but now face considerable security risks and resource limitations." -[https://eastasiaforum.org/2023/11/09/conflicts-intensify-climate-change-risks-in-myanmar/ Alex Lo and Shar Thae Hoy] 
|}

If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca. 
<div></div>

 [[File:Creative commons.png|300px|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/|center|frameless]]

<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>
'''[https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Militant_Wiki Back to Homepage]'''

Militarism

2024-09-10T15:25:15Z

Mediawiki: /* War and militarism are climate issues */

'''Militarism '''can be defined as:'' "The normalization of war and preparation for war, prioritizing the needs and interests of military institutions and extension of military culture and influence into everyday life such as in education, central and local government and business, charities etc." ''-[https://www.forceswatch.net/comment/what-is-militarism/ ForcesWatch]
== War and militarism are climate issues ==
Many of the examples in this table were included from the event [[Climate Justice and Imperialism: Debunking Global Systems of Oppression]].

'''Please note: the information includes in this table mainly highlights the environmental impacts of war. The enormous, horrific and multi-layered impact of war and militarism on humans who inhabit the environment cannot be understated, and is a critical part of understanding this as a climate justice issue. Some further examples to better highlight the human impact are included in the table titled 'examples from around the world.''''

'''"Money for war, can't feed the poor"''' 
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 318px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Wars are fought over oil, gas and minerals'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*'''"We're at a moment in history where the climate crisis is both in large part caused by, and is also being used as, an excuse for, and to enable, increased war and militarism... not only is foreign military intervention in a civil war over 100x more likely where there is oil and gas, but also war preparations are the leading consumer of oil and gas."''' -Rachel Small, World Beyond War <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref> 
*Western nations wage wars to secure access to fossil fuels, targeting governments that nationalize oil companies. The Middle East, which holds over half of the world’s oil reserves, has been a point of conflicts driven by imperialism and greed. 
*"In Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan initially cut off Armenians’ gas supply and then their electricity. Throughout the harsh winter, Armenians could only sporadically access hot water thanks to solar water heaters. These renewable sources threaten the power of those who profit from wars and oil, thereby weakening the economic foundations of authoritarian regimes and reducing their incentives for military aggression." -Amara Possain <ref>https://www.nationalobserver.com/2023/11/14/opinion/true-peace-and-justice-possible-if-world-transitions-clean-energy</ref>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''"Money for war, can't feed the poor"'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*The United States has one of the largest militaries in the world. The Palestinian resistance movement has exposed the hypocrisy of states like the United States, who despite funnelling billions to support Israeli's war and genocide on Gaza, claim there is 'not enough money' to fund things like affordable housing, a climate transition and forgiving student debt.
<div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer" role="button" aria-label="1 hour, 5 minutes, 45 seconds just highlight that the military budget has increased over 70% in just a few">
*The military budget in so-called Canada has increased over 70% in just a few years. '''We currently spend over 20 times on the military as the Canadian state than the federal government does on all environmental initiatives'''. - Rachel Small <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8

</ref>
***Canada is also spending more money on keeping climate migrants out than on stopping the climate crisis. "'''Canada is spending 15x more right now on the militarization of its borders than on the climate financing''' that is meant to mitigate climate change... in other words, Canada one of the countries most responsible for the climate crisis, is spending vastly more right now on arming its borders to keep migrants out that on tackling one of the crises that's forcing people to flee their homes in the first place." - Rachel Small
</div>
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 55px;" | '''Mining minerals and burning fossil fuels for war'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 55px;" |
*Not only are wars fought to extract more, but minerals extracted also circulate back into the construction of war machines.
*"The Canadian mining industry is the global leader in mining for war machines from uranium, to metals, to rare earth elements used in every single F35 fighter jet bombing Gaza." -Rachel Small <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref>
***"Every single one of those F-35s has over 900 PBS of rare earth elements. These require open pit mines on an almost unfathomable scale to extract... and '''globally 1/4 of all greenhouse gas emissions come from mining'''... the field that Canada is the global leader on." - Rachel Small <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref>
*Military emissions aren't included in federal GHG reduction targets. A low estimate of global militarism’s contribution to global fossil fuel emissions is 5.5%. This is about 2x the GHG's of non-military flights. '''If global militarism were a country, it would rank 4th in greenhouse gas emissions'''. <ref>https://worldbeyondwar.org/environment/</ref> 
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 10px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" |
'''Military violence on Indigenous land defenders '''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px;" |
*Indigenous peoples are regularly being attacked and surveilled by the Canadian and US military.
*Abroad and all around the world,''' Indigenous land defenders against oil, gas and mining in their communities are met with militarized violence inflicted by their states. The companies extracting, transporting, burning and investing in this violence are companies from the Global North'''.
*<div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer" role="button" aria-label="1 hour, 20 minutes, 34 seconds largely informed by former CIA director David Petraeus um who was the lead">C-IRG, often deployed on Indigenous land defenders, is largely informed by former CIA director David Petraeus, the lead commander for the CIA who was on the ground during Afghanistan and Iraq. He's been testing his playbook on countering insurgencies on the Wet'suwet'en. - Maya Menezes <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref> </div>
|- style="height: 175px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 175px;" | '''Weapons kill people and the planet'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 175px;" |
*Tens of millions of landminds and cluster bombs them are estimated to be on the earth. A 1993 U.S. State Department report called them “the most toxic and widespread pollution facing mankind.” 
*Land mines damage the environment in four ways: “fear of mines denies access to abundant natural resources and arable land; populations are forced to move preferentially into marginal and fragile environments in order to avoid minefields; this migration speeds depletion of biological diversity; and land-mine explosions disrupt essential soil and water processes.” - Jennifer Leaning
*Toxins from war also remain in the land, air and water. For example, between 1944 and 1970 the U.S. military dumped chemical weapons into the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. As the canisters of nerve gas and mustard gas slowly corrode and break open underwater, the toxins flow out, killing sea life and killing and injuring fishermen. <ref>https://worldbeyondwar.org/environment/</ref> 
*We don't yet know the extent of environmental degradation from Israel's attack on Gaza. In 2014, a study by Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network explained when Israel dropped 21,000 tonnes of explosives on the Gaza strip, it caused serious soil damage and reduced agricultural productivity. 
|}

 

== Examples from around the world ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 204px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 21.7028%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''The occupation of Palestine<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/11/28/palestine-is-a-climate-justice-issue</ref> '''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 28px;" |
Israel‘s occupation and apartheid, which denies Palestinians the right to manage their land and resources, makes them more vulnerable to climate-related events. Military powers are used to enforce the apartheid.   
*Water: Gaza’s acute shortage of potable water from climate change was worsened by Israel’s restrictions on the entry of materials and fuel needed for wastewater treatment. Sewage infiltrated Gaza’s aquifer and flows untreated into Gaza’s coastal waters, damaging marine life and health. 97% of Gaza’s water is unhealthy for human consumption and contaminated water causes 1/4 of all illness in Gaza. While Palestinian villages struggle to adapt to water scarcity, Israeli settlements enjoy unlimited access to water for drinking, to irrigate crops and lawns, and for swimming pools. 640,000 settlers in the West Bank consume 6x the water of 2.9 million Palestinians.
*Food: Israel’s military prevents Palestinians from using the 20% of Gaza's arable land next to Israel’s militarized fence, and targets Gaza’s farmland with herbicides. Israel's removal of olive trees to weaken Palestinians’ connection to the land and economic self-sufficiency is greenwashed by Israel's planting of trees. Israel has uprooted 800,000 olive trees since 1967. Olive trees represent peace and Palestinians connection to the land  
*Energy: 98% of Israel’s electricity production comes from fossil fuels, and Palestinians are given an average of 12 hours per day to use it. Israelis are given unlimited access. Palestinians have turned to solar panels to create their own electricity. Panels have been targeted by Israel's bombing. Moreover, the Israeli military seizes solar panels sent by humanitarian aid groups for Palestinian communities, even while it has passed progressive laws requiring the installation of solar panels on all new buildings.
*Waste: Israel routinely dumps its waste in occupied Palestine. Palestinians burn plastic waste for income, contributing to the increasing levels of cancer among Palestinians.
*Funding from the West: Countries in the West support Israel's occupation by purchasing weapons and other goods from Israel, and selling weapons to Israel. Between 2018-2022, Canada imported $132 million dollars worth of weapons from Israel. Canadian companies such as Canada's big banks fund technology used by the Israeli military. For example, Scotia bank holds the largest foreign share of an Israeli weapons manufacturer. As of May 2024, over 30,000 Palestinians have been murdered from the war on Gaza.
*Also, see Move Beyond Coal's overview of climate and Palestine connections [https://www.movebeyondcoal.com/palestinesolidarity HERE] 
|-
| style="width: 21.7028%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000;" |  '''Military coup of Myanmar'''
| style="width: 78.2137%;" |

*[https://actionnetwork.org/groups/blood-money-campaign Blood money campaign] is a collective of Myanmar activists fighting to stop oil and gas revenues reaching the Myanmar military junta. They call for targeted sanctions of the Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE), impacting corporations like TotalEnergies, Petronas, PTTEP, and POSCO. Chevron has pulled out as a result. 
***Myanmar's military Junta enforced the Myanmar Conscription Law, forcing the peoples of Myanmar age 18-35 to serve. 2023 was the worst year for air strikes by the military on civilians in Myanmar since coup three years ago.
*In addition to military violence, Myanmar has suffered massive climate change losses, ranking as the world’s second most [https://www.germanwatch.org/en/19777 affected country] between 2000–2019.<ref>https://eastasiaforum.org/2023/11/09/conflicts-intensify-climate-change-risks-in-myanmar/</ref> 
*"An immediate consequence of the military crackdown is that [https://www.rosalux.de/en/news/id/46138/tackling-climate-change-after-the-coup key environmental activists] left the country, were arrested or went into hiding. Local civil society organizations were able to advocate and take climate action, but now face considerable security risks and resource limitations." -[https://eastasiaforum.org/2023/11/09/conflicts-intensify-climate-change-risks-in-myanmar/ Alex Lo and Shar Thae Hoy] 
|}

If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca. 
<div></div>

 [[File:Creative commons.png|300px|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/|center|frameless]]

<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>
'''[https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Militant_Wiki Back to Homepage]'''

Militarism

2024-09-10T15:24:42Z

Mediawiki: /* War and militarism are climate issues */

'''Militarism '''can be defined as:'' "The normalization of war and preparation for war, prioritizing the needs and interests of military institutions and extension of military culture and influence into everyday life such as in education, central and local government and business, charities etc." ''-[https://www.forceswatch.net/comment/what-is-militarism/ ForcesWatch]
== War and militarism are climate issues ==
Many of the examples in this table were included from the event [[Climate Justice and Imperialism: Debunking Global Systems of Oppression]].

'''Please note: the information includes in this table mainly highlights the environmental impacts of war. The enormous, horrific and multi-layered impact of war and militarism on humans who inhabit the environment cannot be understated, and is a critical part of understanding this as a climate justice issue. Some further examples to better highlight the human impact are included in the table titled 'examples from around the world.''''

'''"Money for war, can't feed the poor"''' 
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 318px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Wars are fought over oil, gas and minerals'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*'''"We're at a moment in history where the climate crisis is both in large part caused by, and is also being used as, an excuse for, and to enable, increased war and militarism... not only is foreign military intervention in a civil war over 100x more likely where there is oil and gas, but also war preparations are the leading consumer of oil and gas."''' -Rachel Small, World Beyond War <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref> 
*Western nations wage wars to secure access to fossil fuels, targeting governments that nationalize oil companies. The Middle East, which holds over half of the world’s oil reserves, has been a point of conflicts driven by imperialism and greed. 
*"In Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan initially cut off Armenians’ gas supply and then their electricity. Throughout the harsh winter, Armenians could only sporadically access hot water thanks to solar water heaters. These renewable sources threaten the power of those who profit from wars and oil, thereby weakening the economic foundations of authoritarian regimes and reducing their incentives for military aggression." -Amara Possain <ref>https://www.nationalobserver.com/2023/11/14/opinion/true-peace-and-justice-possible-if-world-transitions-clean-energy</ref>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''"Money for war, can't feed the poor"'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*The United States has one of the largest militaries in the world. The Palestinian resistance movement has exposed the hypocrisy of states like the United States, who despite funnelling billions to support Israeli's war and genocide on Gaza, claim there is 'not enough money' to fund things like affordable housing, a climate transition and forgiving student debt.
<div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer" role="button" aria-label="1 hour, 5 minutes, 45 seconds just highlight that the military budget has increased over 70% in just a few">
*The military budget in so-called Canada has increased over 70% in just a few years. '''We currently spend over 20 times on the military as the Canadian state than the federal government does on all environmental initiatives'''. - Rachel Small <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8

</ref>
***Canada is also spending more money on keeping climate migrants out than on stopping the climate crisis. "'''Canada is spending 15x more right now on the militarization of its borders than on the climate financing''' that is meant to mitigate climate change... in other words, Canada one of the countries most responsible for the climate crisis, is spending vastly more right now on arming its borders to keep migrants out that on tackling one of the crises that's forcing people to flee their homes in the first place." - Rachel Small
</div>
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 55px;" | '''Mining minerals and burning fossil fuels for war'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 55px;" |
*Not only are wars fought to extract more, but minerals extracted also circulate back into the construction of war machines.
*"The Canadian mining industry is the global leader in mining for war machines from uranium, to metals, to rare earth elements used in every single F35 fighter jet bombing Gaza." -Rachel Small <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref>
***"Every single one of those F-35s has over 900 PBS of rare earth elements. These require open pit mines on an almost unfathomable scale to extract... and '''globally 1/4 of all greenhouse gas emissions come from mining'''... the field that Canada is the global leader on." - Rachel Small <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref>
*Military emissions aren't included in federal GHG reduction targets. A low estimate of global militarism’s contribution to global fossil fuel emissions is 5.5%. This is about 2x the GHG's of non-military flights. '''If global militarism were a country, it would rank 4th in greenhouse gas emissions'''. <ref>https://worldbeyondwar.org/environment/</ref> 
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 10px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" |
'''Military violence on Indigenous land defenders '''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px;" |
*Indigenous peoples are regularly being attacked and surveilled by the Canadian and US military.
*Abroad and all around the world,''' Indigenous land defenders against oil, gas and mining in their communities are met with militarized violence inflicted by their states. The companies extracting, transporting, burning and investing in this violence are companies from the Global North'''.
*<div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer" role="button" aria-label="1 hour, 20 minutes, 34 seconds largely informed by former CIA director David Petraeus um who was the lead">C-IRG, often deployed on Indigenous land defenders, is largely informed by former CIA director David Petraeus, the lead commander for the CIA who was on the ground during Afghanistan and Iraq. He's been testing his playbook on countering insurgencies on the Wet'suwet'en. - Maya Menezes <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref> </div>
|- style="height: 175px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 175px;" | '''Weapons kill people and the planet'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 175px;" |
*Tens of millions of landminds and cluster bombs them are estimated to be on the earth. A 1993 U.S. State Department report called them “the most toxic and widespread pollution facing mankind.” 
*Land mines damage the environment in four ways: “fear of mines denies access to abundant natural resources and arable land; populations are forced to move preferentially into marginal and fragile environments in order to avoid minefields; this migration speeds depletion of biological diversity; and land-mine explosions disrupt essential soil and water processes.” - Jennifer Leaning
*Toxins from war also remain in the land, air and water. For example, between 1944 and 1970 the U.S. military dumped chemical weapons into the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. As the canisters of nerve gas and mustard gas slowly corrode and break open underwater, the toxins flow out, killing sea life and killing and injuring fishermen. <ref>https://worldbeyondwar.org/environment/</ref> 
*We don't yet know the full extent of environmental degradation from Israel's attack on Gaza. A study by Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network explained in 2014, when Israel dropped 21,000 tonnes of explosives on the Gaza strip, it caused serious soil damage and reduced agricultural productivity. 
|}

 

== Examples from around the world ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 204px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 21.7028%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''The occupation of Palestine<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/11/28/palestine-is-a-climate-justice-issue</ref> '''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 28px;" |
Israel‘s occupation and apartheid, which denies Palestinians the right to manage their land and resources, makes them more vulnerable to climate-related events. Military powers are used to enforce the apartheid.   
*Water: Gaza’s acute shortage of potable water from climate change was worsened by Israel’s restrictions on the entry of materials and fuel needed for wastewater treatment. Sewage infiltrated Gaza’s aquifer and flows untreated into Gaza’s coastal waters, damaging marine life and health. 97% of Gaza’s water is unhealthy for human consumption and contaminated water causes 1/4 of all illness in Gaza. While Palestinian villages struggle to adapt to water scarcity, Israeli settlements enjoy unlimited access to water for drinking, to irrigate crops and lawns, and for swimming pools. 640,000 settlers in the West Bank consume 6x the water of 2.9 million Palestinians.
*Food: Israel’s military prevents Palestinians from using the 20% of Gaza's arable land next to Israel’s militarized fence, and targets Gaza’s farmland with herbicides. Israel's removal of olive trees to weaken Palestinians’ connection to the land and economic self-sufficiency is greenwashed by Israel's planting of trees. Israel has uprooted 800,000 olive trees since 1967. Olive trees represent peace and Palestinians connection to the land  
*Energy: 98% of Israel’s electricity production comes from fossil fuels, and Palestinians are given an average of 12 hours per day to use it. Israelis are given unlimited access. Palestinians have turned to solar panels to create their own electricity. Panels have been targeted by Israel's bombing. Moreover, the Israeli military seizes solar panels sent by humanitarian aid groups for Palestinian communities, even while it has passed progressive laws requiring the installation of solar panels on all new buildings.
*Waste: Israel routinely dumps its waste in occupied Palestine. Palestinians burn plastic waste for income, contributing to the increasing levels of cancer among Palestinians.
*Funding from the West: Countries in the West support Israel's occupation by purchasing weapons and other goods from Israel, and selling weapons to Israel. Between 2018-2022, Canada imported $132 million dollars worth of weapons from Israel. Canadian companies such as Canada's big banks fund technology used by the Israeli military. For example, Scotia bank holds the largest foreign share of an Israeli weapons manufacturer. As of May 2024, over 30,000 Palestinians have been murdered from the war on Gaza.
*Also, see Move Beyond Coal's overview of climate and Palestine connections [https://www.movebeyondcoal.com/palestinesolidarity HERE] 
|-
| style="width: 21.7028%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000;" |  '''Military coup of Myanmar'''
| style="width: 78.2137%;" |

*[https://actionnetwork.org/groups/blood-money-campaign Blood money campaign] is a collective of Myanmar activists fighting to stop oil and gas revenues reaching the Myanmar military junta. They call for targeted sanctions of the Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE), impacting corporations like TotalEnergies, Petronas, PTTEP, and POSCO. Chevron has pulled out as a result. 
***Myanmar's military Junta enforced the Myanmar Conscription Law, forcing the peoples of Myanmar age 18-35 to serve. 2023 was the worst year for air strikes by the military on civilians in Myanmar since coup three years ago.
*In addition to military violence, Myanmar has suffered massive climate change losses, ranking as the world’s second most [https://www.germanwatch.org/en/19777 affected country] between 2000–2019.<ref>https://eastasiaforum.org/2023/11/09/conflicts-intensify-climate-change-risks-in-myanmar/</ref> 
*"An immediate consequence of the military crackdown is that [https://www.rosalux.de/en/news/id/46138/tackling-climate-change-after-the-coup key environmental activists] left the country, were arrested or went into hiding. Local civil society organizations were able to advocate and take climate action, but now face considerable security risks and resource limitations." -[https://eastasiaforum.org/2023/11/09/conflicts-intensify-climate-change-risks-in-myanmar/ Alex Lo and Shar Thae Hoy] 
|}

If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca. 
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Militarism

2024-09-10T15:23:37Z

Mediawiki: /* Examples from around the world */

'''Militarism '''can be defined as:'' "The normalization of war and preparation for war, prioritizing the needs and interests of military institutions and extension of military culture and influence into everyday life such as in education, central and local government and business, charities etc." ''-[https://www.forceswatch.net/comment/what-is-militarism/ ForcesWatch]
== War and militarism are climate issues ==
Many of the examples in this table were included from the event [[Climate Justice and Imperialism: Debunking Global Systems of Oppression]].

'''Please note: the information includes in this table mainly highlights the environmental impacts of war. The enormous, horrific and multi-layered impact of war and militarism on humans who inhabit the environment cannot be understated, and is a critical part of understanding this as a climate justice issue. Some further examples to better highlight the human impact are included in the table titled 'examples from around the world.''''

'''"Money for war, can't feed the poor"''' 
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 318px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Wars are fought over oil, gas and minerals'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*'''"We're at a moment in history where the climate crisis is both in large part caused by, and is also being used as, an excuse for, and to enable, increased war and militarism... not only is foreign military intervention in a civil war over 100x more likely where there is oil and gas, but also war preparations are the leading consumer of oil and gas."''' -Rachel Small, World Beyond War <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref> 
*Western nations wage wars to secure access to fossil fuels, targeting governments that nationalize oil companies. The Middle East, which holds over half of the world’s oil reserves, has been a point of conflicts driven by imperialism and greed. 
*"In Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan initially cut off Armenians’ gas supply and then their electricity. Throughout the harsh winter, Armenians could only sporadically access hot water thanks to solar water heaters. These renewable sources threaten the power of those who profit from wars and oil, thereby weakening the economic foundations of authoritarian regimes and reducing their incentives for military aggression." -Amara Possain <ref>https://www.nationalobserver.com/2023/11/14/opinion/true-peace-and-justice-possible-if-world-transitions-clean-energy</ref>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''"Money for war, can't feed the poor"'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*The United States has one of the largest militaries in the world. The Palestinian resistance movement has exposed the hypocrisy of states like the United States, who despite funnelling billions to support Israeli's war and genocide on Gaza, claim there is 'not enough money' to fund things like affordable housing, a climate transition and forgiving student debt.
<div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer" role="button" aria-label="1 hour, 5 minutes, 45 seconds just highlight that the military budget has increased over 70% in just a few">
*The military budget in so-called Canada has increased over 70% in just a few years. '''We currently spend over 20 times on the military as the Canadian state than the federal government does on all environmental initiatives'''. - Rachel Small <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8

</ref>
***Canada is also spending more money on keeping climate migrants out than on stopping the climate crisis. "'''Canada is spending 15x more right now on the militarization of its borders than on the climate financing''' that is meant to mitigate climate change... in other words, Canada one of the countries most responsible for the climate crisis, is spending vastly more right now on arming its borders to keep migrants out that on tackling one of the crises that's forcing people to flee their homes in the first place." - Rachel Small
</div>
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 55px;" | '''Mining minerals and burning fossil fuels for war'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 55px;" |
*Not only are wars fought to extract more, but minerals extracted also circulate back into the construction of war machines.
*"The Canadian mining industry is the global leader in mining for war machines from uranium, to metals, to rare earth elements used in every single F35 fighter jet bombing Gaza." -Rachel Small <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref>
***"Every single one of those F-35s has over 900 PBS of rare earth elements. These require open pit mines on an almost unfathomable scale to extract... and '''globally 1/4 of all greenhouse gas emissions come from mining'''... the field that Canada is the global leader on." - Rachel Small <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref>
*Military emissions aren't included in federal GHG reduction targets. A low estimate of global militarism’s contribution to global fossil fuel emissions is 5.5%. This is about 2x the GHG's of non-military flights. '''If global militarism were a country, it would rank 4th in greenhouse gas emissions'''. <ref>https://worldbeyondwar.org/environment/</ref> 
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 10px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" |
'''Military violence on Indigenous land defenders '''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px;" |
*Indigenous peoples are regularly being attacked and surveilled by the Canadian and US military.
*Abroad and all around the world,''' Indigenous land defenders against oil, gas and mining in their communities are met with militarized violence inflicted by their states. The companies extracting, transporting, burning and investing in this violence are companies from the Global North'''.
*<div class="segment style-scope ytd-transcript-segment-renderer" role="button" aria-label="1 hour, 20 minutes, 34 seconds largely informed by former CIA director David Petraeus um who was the lead">C-IRG, often deployed on Indigenous land defenders, is largely informed by former CIA director David Petraeus, the lead commander for the CIA who was on the ground during Afghanistan and Iraq. He's been testing his playbook on countering insurgencies on the Wet'suwet'en. - Maya Menezes <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KG9Orl4cn8</ref> </div>
|- style="height: 175px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 175px;" | '''Weapons kill people and the planet'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 175px;" |
*Tens of millions of landminds and cluster bombs them are estimated to be on the earth. A 1993 U.S. State Department report called them “the most toxic and widespread pollution facing mankind.” 
*Land mines damage the environment in four ways: “fear of mines denies access to abundant natural resources and arable land; populations are forced to move preferentially into marginal and fragile environments in order to avoid minefields; this migration speeds depletion of biological diversity; and land-mine explosions disrupt essential soil and water processes.” - Jennifer Leaning
*Toxins from war also remain in the land, air and water. For example, between 1944 and 1970 the U.S. military dumped chemical weapons into the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. As the canisters of nerve gas and mustard gas slowly corrode and break open underwater, the toxins flow out, killing sea life and killing and injuring fishermen. <ref>https://worldbeyondwar.org/environment/</ref> 
*We don't yet know the full extent of environmental degradation from Israel's attack on Gaza. A study by Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network explained in 2014, when Israel dropped 21,000 tonnes of explosives on the Gaza strip, it resulted in extensive soil damage and reduced agricultural productivity. 
|}

 

== Examples from around the world ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 204px; border-color: #000000;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 21.7028%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''The occupation of Palestine<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/11/28/palestine-is-a-climate-justice-issue</ref> '''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 28px;" |
Israel‘s occupation and apartheid, which denies Palestinians the right to manage their land and resources, makes them more vulnerable to climate-related events. Military powers are used to enforce the apartheid.   
*Water: Gaza’s acute shortage of potable water from climate change was worsened by Israel’s restrictions on the entry of materials and fuel needed for wastewater treatment. Sewage infiltrated Gaza’s aquifer and flows untreated into Gaza’s coastal waters, damaging marine life and health. 97% of Gaza’s water is unhealthy for human consumption and contaminated water causes 1/4 of all illness in Gaza. While Palestinian villages struggle to adapt to water scarcity, Israeli settlements enjoy unlimited access to water for drinking, to irrigate crops and lawns, and for swimming pools. 640,000 settlers in the West Bank consume 6x the water of 2.9 million Palestinians.
*Food: Israel’s military prevents Palestinians from using the 20% of Gaza's arable land next to Israel’s militarized fence, and targets Gaza’s farmland with herbicides. Israel's removal of olive trees to weaken Palestinians’ connection to the land and economic self-sufficiency is greenwashed by Israel's planting of trees. Israel has uprooted 800,000 olive trees since 1967. Olive trees represent peace and Palestinians connection to the land  
*Energy: 98% of Israel’s electricity production comes from fossil fuels, and Palestinians are given an average of 12 hours per day to use it. Israelis are given unlimited access. Palestinians have turned to solar panels to create their own electricity. Panels have been targeted by Israel's bombing. Moreover, the Israeli military seizes solar panels sent by humanitarian aid groups for Palestinian communities, even while it has passed progressive laws requiring the installation of solar panels on all new buildings.
*Waste: Israel routinely dumps its waste in occupied Palestine. Palestinians burn plastic waste for income, contributing to the increasing levels of cancer among Palestinians.
*Funding from the West: Countries in the West support Israel's occupation by purchasing weapons and other goods from Israel, and selling weapons to Israel. Between 2018-2022, Canada imported $132 million dollars worth of weapons from Israel. Canadian companies such as Canada's big banks fund technology used by the Israeli military. For example, Scotia bank holds the largest foreign share of an Israeli weapons manufacturer. As of May 2024, over 30,000 Palestinians have been murdered from the war on Gaza.
*Also, see Move Beyond Coal's overview of climate and Palestine connections [https://www.movebeyondcoal.com/palestinesolidarity HERE] 
|-
| style="width: 21.7028%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000;" |  '''Military coup of Myanmar'''
| style="width: 78.2137%;" |

*[https://actionnetwork.org/groups/blood-money-campaign Blood money campaign] is a collective of Myanmar activists fighting to stop oil and gas revenues reaching the Myanmar military junta. They call for targeted sanctions of the Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE), impacting corporations like TotalEnergies, Petronas, PTTEP, and POSCO. Chevron has pulled out as a result. 
***Myanmar's military Junta enforced the Myanmar Conscription Law, forcing the peoples of Myanmar age 18-35 to serve. 2023 was the worst year for air strikes by the military on civilians in Myanmar since coup three years ago.
*In addition to military violence, Myanmar has suffered massive climate change losses, ranking as the world’s second most [https://www.germanwatch.org/en/19777 affected country] between 2000–2019.<ref>https://eastasiaforum.org/2023/11/09/conflicts-intensify-climate-change-risks-in-myanmar/</ref> 
*"An immediate consequence of the military crackdown is that [https://www.rosalux.de/en/news/id/46138/tackling-climate-change-after-the-coup key environmental activists] left the country, were arrested or went into hiding. Local civil society organizations were able to advocate and take climate action, but now face considerable security risks and resource limitations." -[https://eastasiaforum.org/2023/11/09/conflicts-intensify-climate-change-risks-in-myanmar/ Alex Lo and Shar Thae Hoy] 
|}

If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca. 
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<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>
'''[https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Militant_Wiki Back to Homepage]'''

Class issues/labour and the climate movement

2024-09-05T19:34:36Z

Mediawiki: /* Labour, economic injustice and poverty are climate justice issues */

The ideas and knowledge shared on this page come from:

1) A discussion between these panelists held on November 2nd, 2022 that was moderated by Jacob Pirro (HUB team member)

2) An [https://www.instagram.com/reel/Cw8TOdDyjd2/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== instagram live with Lucy Everett], moderated by Sara Adams (HUB team member). Ideas coming from Lucy are highlighted throughout.

3) Gastivists collective and allies 'Spring is Coming' platform <ref>https://www.springiscoming.org/</ref>

'''Panelists '''
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"
|-
| style="width: 100%;" |
[[File:A7EF3917-5723-4034-B967-E30835BCB630 4 5005 c.jpeg|100px|left|border]]'''Hadrian Mertins-Kirkwood''' (he/him) is a Senior Fellow at the Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives (CCPA), a non-partisan, non-profit public policy think tank. His work examines the social and economic dimensions of Canada's transition to a zero-carbon economy, including the need for a just transition for working people and vulnerable communities across the country. He contributes to CCPA's ''Trade and Investment Research Project and '' Alternative Federal Budget. Hadrian holds a master's degree in political economy from Carleton University.
|}
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|-
| style="width: 100%;" | [[File:3C66102A-2F0B-4E7E-AC52-BA1C8300BBBB 4 5005 c.jpeg|100px|left|border]]'''Cynthia Calderon Gambini''' (he, iel), originally from the Quechua people of Ayacucho in Peru, is a worker at the Logements de l'Envol and a psychosocial worker at the CIUSSS de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal. He co-founded the [https://forcesavenir.qc.ca/2022Comitemulticultureletcontrelexclusion.html Multicultural and Against Exclusion Committee of Cégep Marie-Victorin]and continues to be involved in his community, notably through the creation of an Aboriginal space. Within his commitment, he has campaigned for several social causes including climate justice, migration justice, the rights of parents who are students, indigenous struggles as well as the rights of queer people.
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"
|-
| style="width: 100%;" | [[File:5732B3A9-3A8C-461C-A522-CC8F1310279A.jpeg|100px|left|middle|border]]'''Jérémie Lamarche '''(he/him) is a community organizer at RAPSIM, the Support Network for Single and Homeless People in Montreal. The Network defends the rights of people who are homeless or at risk of being homeless and brings together 104 community organizations dealing with issues of social housing, day and evening centres, street resources, food aid and socio-professional integration. During his studies in social work, Jérémie campaigned with the movement for climate justice as well as for the salary of internships.
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 51px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 100%; height: 51px;" |
'''Suzanne MacNeil '''(she/her) is a long-time labor activist based in Kjipuktuk, Unceded Mi'kmaq Territory, also known as Halifax, Nova Scotia. She is currently advocating with ''Justice for Workers Nova Scotia ''for a $20 minimum wage and labor standards reforms. Suzanne has held a number of leadership positions, including past chair of the Cape Breton and Halifax-Dartmouth District Labor Councils and as a union training facilitator.
|}

'''Instagram live speaker'''
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 28px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 100%; height: 28px;" |
'''Lucy Everett '''(she/her) is a Red River Métis and mixed European settler labour and union organizer based in Vancouver BC.
|}

 

'''Spring is coming resources'''

Gastivists collective is a "small team of motivated people, active in a variety of climate and oppression-related struggles in several different countries." <ref>https://www.gastivists.org/</ref> They developed the Spring is Coming campaign to address the systems of oppression that created the cost of living/economic crisis and the climate crisis with cohesive messaging.

{{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3c5VtaS9e4&t=102s|alignment=left}}

 
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

== Defining class and the distinction between classes ==
''Panelists were asked about definitions related to [[class]]:''
*There is a belief by some in so-called Canada that we are a classless or largely middle [[class]] society.
**The working class is diversified... does the middle [[class]] exists? '''W''''''ho can survive and flourish without selling their labor in exchange for a salary'''?
*Social class cannot be reduced to the proletariat/bourgeoisie binary. '''Homeless people '''exist, do not sell their labor and are not privileged people.
 

== Labour, economic injustice and poverty are climate justice issues ==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 278px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 74px;" |
'''Income and inflation don't just disappear/appear: our money is redistributed to the ultra-rich, who drive the climate crisis'''
| style="height: 74px; width: 78.2137%;" |
*The International Energy Agency estimates that '''fossil fuel costs alone are responsible for 90% of current inflation costs, with gas alone accounting for half. <ref>https://www.iea.org/topics/global-energy-crisis</ref> '''Governments increase interest rates to combat this. When energy costs (and temperatures) rise, the cost of everything else rises.
*"At a time when consumer energy bills have sky-rocketed by [https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20221031-1 double-digit percentages], it amounts to a '''major redistribution of wealth from citizens to corporations'''." -Pascoe Sabido, EUObserver <ref>https://euobserver.com/opinion/156456</ref>
*Fossil fuel CEO's profits doubled from 2021-2022 <ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/28/business/energy-environment/exxon-chevron-profit-biden.html</ref> , while energy prices rose faster than they have in 40 years. <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oT4s6SL8enI</ref>
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''Poverty increases vulnerability to the climate crisis'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.2137%;" |
*The climate crisis has a very significant impact on marginalized (BIPOC, disabled, trans, queer etc) people; the groups that also are the least responsible for the climate crisis, and also who are most vulnerable to poverty.
*Poor neighborhoods and communities tend to receive less climate adaptation efforts from their local and national governments. (I.e. studies have shown that areas affected by poverty and high social vulnerability are more likely to be abandoned in the context of sea level rising). <ref>Martinich, J., Neumann, J., Ludwig, L., & Jantarasami, L. (2013). Risks of sea level rise to disadvantaged communities in the United States. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 18, 169-185.</ref>
*Government climate initiatives are also often inaccessible to those living in poverty. For example, the liberal's promise of rebates on electric cars is not accessible if you can't afford to purchase one in the first place. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/canada-electric-cars-2035-1.6085540</ref>  
*Poverty increases vulnerability to extreme temperatures. For example, for those who are housed, while there are minimum temperature requirements for rentals there are not maximum requirements. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2052614211712</ref> This increases vulnerability to heat-related health effects. For those who are unhoused, both extreme heat and extreme cold put lives at risk. 
*Those without access to vehicles or the funds to pay are vulnerable to being left behind when disaster strikes, as was evident in the 2023 wildfires when thousands of folks without housing and/or living in poverty in Yellowknife were left vulnerable. They were the last to be evacuated. <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CwD7q9UPKhO/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==</ref>
|- style="height: 36px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 36px;" | '''Climate migrants are at risk of poor jobs and poverty'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 36px;" |
*Extreme weather events and massive resource extraction are increasing the migration of people seeking to survive. Climate migrants have less employment options in their new city, and are at a high risk of poverty, houselessness and food insecurity. <ref>Ahsan, R. (2019). Climate-induced migration: Impacts on social structures and justice in Bangladesh. South Asia Research, 39(2), 184-201.</ref> 
|- style="height: 12px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 12px;" |
'''There can be no climate justice without addressing immediate survival needs'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 12px;" |
*The climate crisis is often experienced less immediately than other daily challenges, particularly among people in precarious situations. They must struggle on a daily basis to meet their basic needs (food security, housing, etc.) Collective experiences of oppression cause a person to have less time/energy to worry about the climate crisis.
*2022 saw open protests over food and fuel prices in half the world’s countries, including where the climate crisis presents high vulnerability. <ref>https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/surging-food-prices-fuel-protests-across-developing-world-2022-05-18/</ref>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" |
'''These crises are rooted in the same systems of oppression'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 23px;" |
*Our exploitative economic system was built on, and continues to be powered by, fossil fuels.
*Fossil fuel companies are given handouts of public money and tax incentives that are not offered to the working class majority. The same goes for billionaires in other industries. E.g. The EU gives 56 billion euros in subsidies to the fossil fuel industry each year. <ref>https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/fossil-fuel-subsidies-face-tighter-eu-scrutiny-2022-01-31/</ref> This is compared to the 17.5 billion euros the EU gives to support climate impacted European regions through their Just Transition Fund. <ref>https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/channel/sd-pedro-marques-explains-just-transition-fund</ref>   
*Taxing corporate profits to fund public infrastructure and loss and damage would address these intersecting crises. 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''Wealthy industries control decision makers'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 51px;" |
*Oil and gas lobbyists and other lobbyists from wealthy industries have access to government decision-making, including in International bodies. This is why critical decisions on tax, energy infrastructure, and regulation put industry above the interests of millions of people at risk of poverty. <ref>https://corporateeurope.org/en/2022/11/how-gas-lobby-fuelling-cost-living-crisis</ref>
***The President of COP 28 (the UN climate conference) is an fossil fuel executive, and more fossil fuel lobbyists registered for COP 27 than any other single delegation. <ref>https://www.globalwitness.org/en/press-releases/over-100-more-fossil-fuel-lobbyists-last-year-flooding-crucial-cop-climate-talks/#:~:text=The%20analysis%20finds%20that%20oil,compared%20to%20176%20last%20year</ref>
*Public money is often used to fund fossil fuel infrastructure, the profits of which are not circulated back to the public.
|-
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''The Global South is less able to mitigate and adapt to the climate crisis due to the debt crisis caused by the Global North'''
| style="width: 78.2137%;" | 
*Economic disparities exist between countries; some are better off by their domination over others. This means that there are disparities in the capacities of countries to prioritize the climate crisis and to respond to it by building the right infrastructure and building the resilience of communities.
*See our definitions page on the [[Global South]] for more.
|-
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Work in climate action can be precarious'''
| style="width: 78.2137%;" |
*Many people working in non-governmental organizations and climate researcher do not receive a living wage.
*Jobs in a renewable, regenerative economy would not be temporary, as is the case for many jobs in the fossil fuel industry. 
|}
Our main goal should not be to unite the working class and the environmentalists, but above all to show the '''links between the two realities.'''

== Talking about class issues within the climate movement ==
{| class="wikitable" style="height: 275px; width: 1643px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="height: 51px; width: 160.266px;" | '''Limited scope of critique''' 
| style="height: 51px; width: 1456.73px;" | The critique of the capitalist class in the climate movement rarely strays from the critique of fossil fuel companies. There is a relative lack of familiarity and discomfort in doing this.
*COVID was a wake up call for class consciousness; whose labour is necessary for society to function? It’s working class people. This was an opportunity for leveraging critique that the labour movement took advantage of.
|- style="height: 138px;"
| style="height: 138px; width: 160.266px;" | '''Jobs in the fossil industry''' 
| style="height: 138px; width: 1456.73px;" | Communities dependent on fossil fuels are worried about not being considered in a transition. They fear losing their jobs, the way they support their families.
*The ''Green New Deal includes those affected by a transition in the plan.''
The government should be held accountable, not the people.
*A carbon tax is accepted by the fossil industry because it does not threaten the power of the industry.
|- style="height: 86px;"
| style="height: 86px; width: 160.266px;" | '''Solidarity''' 
| style="height: 86px; width: 1456.73px;" | There must be solidarity between labour/union struggles and struggles for climate justice.
<li>Solidarity is a strategic necessity. It's only through cross-sector solidarity that enough working class power will be built, and have a shot at changing our capitalist reality. Growth of the labour movement is inevitable. This isn't necessarily the case for the climate movement.</li>
*We must fight against [https://fr.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Imp%C3%A9rialisme#L%27extractivisme%2C_forme_d%27imp%C3%A9rialisme extractivism] without blaming the individuals who work in these industries.
*It will be necessary collectively to remodel the means of production to find an alternative way of living.
|}

== How do we build a more just future? ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 215.672px;" | '''Empower impacted voices'''
| style="width: 1436.33px;" | In the public policy community and in decision-making spaces, several consultations have been initiated. They lack mechanisms to bring marginalized voices to the table. Many policies focus on solutions for the wealthy without considering the working class (e.g. rebates for home upgrades and electric cars).
|-
| style="width: 215.672px;" | '''Make spaces more '''[https://fr.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Rendre_le_militantisme_plus_accessible accessible]''' '''
| style="width: 1436.33px;" | The climate justice movement should make its spaces accessible to those most in need. For example, by offering free food and babysitting services at events, meetings and actions.
|-
| style="width: 215.672px;" | '''Building solidarity between movements '''
| style="width: 1436.33px;" |
Social change comes from people confronting corporations and demanding change; not from governments themselves or international conferences. We must unite social struggles and counter the discourse of "us vs. them". <li>Most of us don’t work in environmental jobs. Most of us work on the side. If you don’t work at a union job, look at organizing your workplace. This is key to building worker’s solidarity towards climate justice.</li>
See the page on the [[convergence of struggles]] for more.
|-
| style="width: 215.672px;" | '''Union support'''
| style="width: 1436.33px;" | Unions in so-called Canada are mostly aligned with climate movements on the issue of the transition away from fossil fuels. This transition has government support and a social protection system for workers in transition.
*Public sector unions can be reached out to outside of strike moments. This is less likely for private sector unions, but still, see how you can support them. Ask them how you can support their struggles. This will create space for other conversations to occur, but you have to build relationships first before bringing in your own concerns.
*Show up to picket lines to show solidarity. These are intersectional issues.
|}

== What the climate movement can learn from the labour movement ==
{| class="wikitable" style="height: 538px; width: 1540px;"
|- style="height: 287px;"
| style="width: 246.656px; height: 287px;" | '''Building coalitions and working with people we don't agree with, rather than driving people further right'''
| style="width: 1267.34px; height: 287px;" | ”If I had to pick one thing that the climate movement can learn from labour, and should learn from labour, it’s this.”
<li>The climate movement understands this at a theoretical level, but is struggling to put this into practice.</li>
<li>You have to be able to organize with people who hold different opinions than you. You have to be able to defend them even when they have opinions that make you deeply uncomfortable. We need to have conversations about these disagreements, but this needs to be internal.</li>
<li>In practice, people aren’t working with those who have ‘problematic’ views. There's a line for keeping people safe, and not excluding people we disagree with. </li>
<li>Withholding social community is violence, and it’s unproductive. There are people who haven’t had the opportunity to learn; it’s elitist to exclude these people from our spaces.</li>
<li>The reality of the world we live in, is that there are people who have problematic views on gender, race, immigrants etc. We need to struggle with these ideas in a way that doesn’t drive people further right, including pushing people in the middle away. They see us as exclusionary.</li>
Suggested read for more on this: [https://www.akpress.org/we-will-not-cancel-us.html We will not cancel us by Adrienne Maree Brown.]
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="height: 82px; width: 246.656px;" | '''Leave space for reflection spend time on building solidarity''' 
| style="height: 82px; width: 1267.34px;" | We have to think long term by choosing our battles, making strategic compromises and balancing patience and urgency.
*Righteous fascists are very adept at manipulating fears and perpetuating damaging discourse. Countering these narratives and fighting for justice will require solidarity.
|- style="height: 123px;"
| style="width: 246.656px; height: 123px;" | '''Focusing energy on the right targets, and on supporting people to learn, rather than cancelling them'''
| style="width: 1267.34px; height: 123px;" | 
*We should call in people who are being harmful, and ensure it's in a loving way. Don’t shun them from our circles. This work is very important for allies, so it’s not just marginalized people doing this. It’s harder when you’re directly facing violence. Being aggressive pushes people further right.
*The climate movement is quite elitist. Shaming people for individual things like driving a car, using individual use plastic etc is so harmful. You have no idea if people need those for disability reasons, for affordability etc. We need to focus our efforts on the right targets.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 246.656px;" | '''Make sure our message meets people's needs''' 
| style="height: 46px; width: 1267.34px;" | The only way our message will reach people is if it meets their needs; there are people who do not feel seen or heard by the movement for climate justice.
*People get righteously angry about how no one else is doing anything. E.g. why does no one care to show up to meetings, why don’t people care about this? But people don’t have time to come to meetings. People are struggling to put food on the table. Maybe what we’re doing isn’t relevant to them. We aren’t fighting the fights that matter to people. We need to frame our message in a way that includes their needs.
|}

If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
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<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

'''[https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Militant_Wiki Back to Homepage]'''

Class issues/labour and the climate movement

2024-09-05T19:30:50Z

Mediawiki: /* Labour, economic injustice and poverty are climate justice issues */

The ideas and knowledge shared on this page come from:

1) A discussion between these panelists held on November 2nd, 2022 that was moderated by Jacob Pirro (HUB team member)

2) An [https://www.instagram.com/reel/Cw8TOdDyjd2/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== instagram live with Lucy Everett], moderated by Sara Adams (HUB team member). Ideas coming from Lucy are highlighted throughout.

3) Gastivists collective and allies 'Spring is Coming' platform <ref>https://www.springiscoming.org/</ref>

'''Panelists '''
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"
|-
| style="width: 100%;" |
[[File:A7EF3917-5723-4034-B967-E30835BCB630 4 5005 c.jpeg|100px|left|border]]'''Hadrian Mertins-Kirkwood''' (he/him) is a Senior Fellow at the Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives (CCPA), a non-partisan, non-profit public policy think tank. His work examines the social and economic dimensions of Canada's transition to a zero-carbon economy, including the need for a just transition for working people and vulnerable communities across the country. He contributes to CCPA's ''Trade and Investment Research Project and '' Alternative Federal Budget. Hadrian holds a master's degree in political economy from Carleton University.
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"
|-
| style="width: 100%;" | [[File:3C66102A-2F0B-4E7E-AC52-BA1C8300BBBB 4 5005 c.jpeg|100px|left|border]]'''Cynthia Calderon Gambini''' (he, iel), originally from the Quechua people of Ayacucho in Peru, is a worker at the Logements de l'Envol and a psychosocial worker at the CIUSSS de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal. He co-founded the [https://forcesavenir.qc.ca/2022Comitemulticultureletcontrelexclusion.html Multicultural and Against Exclusion Committee of Cégep Marie-Victorin]and continues to be involved in his community, notably through the creation of an Aboriginal space. Within his commitment, he has campaigned for several social causes including climate justice, migration justice, the rights of parents who are students, indigenous struggles as well as the rights of queer people.
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"
|-
| style="width: 100%;" | [[File:5732B3A9-3A8C-461C-A522-CC8F1310279A.jpeg|100px|left|middle|border]]'''Jérémie Lamarche '''(he/him) is a community organizer at RAPSIM, the Support Network for Single and Homeless People in Montreal. The Network defends the rights of people who are homeless or at risk of being homeless and brings together 104 community organizations dealing with issues of social housing, day and evening centres, street resources, food aid and socio-professional integration. During his studies in social work, Jérémie campaigned with the movement for climate justice as well as for the salary of internships.
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 51px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 100%; height: 51px;" |
'''Suzanne MacNeil '''(she/her) is a long-time labor activist based in Kjipuktuk, Unceded Mi'kmaq Territory, also known as Halifax, Nova Scotia. She is currently advocating with ''Justice for Workers Nova Scotia ''for a $20 minimum wage and labor standards reforms. Suzanne has held a number of leadership positions, including past chair of the Cape Breton and Halifax-Dartmouth District Labor Councils and as a union training facilitator.
|}

'''Instagram live speaker'''
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 28px;"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 100%; height: 28px;" |
'''Lucy Everett '''(she/her) is a Red River Métis and mixed European settler labour and union organizer based in Vancouver BC.
|}

 

'''Spring is coming resources'''

Gastivists collective is a "small team of motivated people, active in a variety of climate and oppression-related struggles in several different countries." <ref>https://www.gastivists.org/</ref> They developed the Spring is Coming campaign to address the systems of oppression that created the cost of living/economic crisis and the climate crisis with cohesive messaging.

{{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3c5VtaS9e4&t=102s|alignment=left}}

 
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

== Defining class and the distinction between classes ==
''Panelists were asked about definitions related to [[class]]:''
*There is a belief by some in so-called Canada that we are a classless or largely middle [[class]] society.
**The working class is diversified... does the middle [[class]] exists? '''W''''''ho can survive and flourish without selling their labor in exchange for a salary'''?
*Social class cannot be reduced to the proletariat/bourgeoisie binary. '''Homeless people '''exist, do not sell their labor and are not privileged people.
 

== Labour, economic injustice and poverty are climate justice issues ==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 278px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 74px;" |
'''Income and inflation don't just disappear/appear: our money is redistributed to the ultra-rich'''
| style="height: 74px; width: 78.2137%;" |
*The International Energy Agency estimates that '''fossil fuel costs alone are responsible for 90% of current inflation costs, with gas alone accounting for half. <ref>https://www.iea.org/topics/global-energy-crisis</ref> '''Governments increase interest rates to combat this. When energy costs (and temperatures) rise, the cost of everything else rises.
*"At a time when consumer energy bills have sky-rocketed by [https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20221031-1 double-digit percentages], it amounts to a '''major redistribution of wealth from citizens to corporations'''." -Pascoe Sabido, EUObserver <ref>https://euobserver.com/opinion/156456</ref>
*Fossil fuel CEO's profits doubled from 2021-2022 <ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/28/business/energy-environment/exxon-chevron-profit-biden.html</ref> , while energy prices rose faster than they have in 40 years. <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oT4s6SL8enI</ref>
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''Poverty increases vulnerability to the climate crisis'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.2137%;" |
*The climate crisis has a very significant impact on marginalized (BIPOC, disabled, trans, queer etc) people; the groups that also are the least responsible for the climate crisis, and also who are most vulnerable to poverty.
*Poor neighborhoods and communities tend to receive less climate adaptation efforts from their local and national governments. (I.e. studies have shown that areas affected by poverty and high social vulnerability are more likely to be abandoned in the context of sea level rising). <ref>Martinich, J., Neumann, J., Ludwig, L., & Jantarasami, L. (2013). Risks of sea level rise to disadvantaged communities in the United States. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 18, 169-185.</ref>
*Government climate initiatives are also often inaccessible to those living in poverty. For example, the liberal's promise of rebates on electric cars is not accessible if you can't afford to purchase one in the first place. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/canada-electric-cars-2035-1.6085540</ref>  
*Poverty increases vulnerability to extreme temperatures. For example, for those who are housed, while there are minimum temperature requirements for rentals there are not maximum requirements. <ref>https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2052614211712</ref> This increases vulnerability to heat-related health effects. For those who are unhoused, both extreme heat and extreme cold put lives at risk. 
*Those without access to vehicles or the funds to pay are vulnerable to being left behind when disaster strikes, as was evident in the 2023 wildfires when thousands of folks without housing and/or living in poverty in Yellowknife were left vulnerable. They were the last to be evacuated. <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CwD7q9UPKhO/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==</ref>
|- style="height: 36px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 36px;" | '''Climate migrants are at risk of poor jobs and poverty'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 36px;" |
*Extreme weather events and massive resource extraction are increasing the migration of people seeking to survive. Climate migrants have less employment options in their new city, and are at a high risk of poverty, houselessness and food insecurity. <ref>Ahsan, R. (2019). Climate-induced migration: Impacts on social structures and justice in Bangladesh. South Asia Research, 39(2), 184-201.</ref> 
|- style="height: 12px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 12px;" |
'''There can be no climate justice without addressing immediate survival needs'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 12px;" |
*The climate crisis is often experienced less immediately than other daily challenges, particularly among people in precarious situations. They must struggle on a daily basis to meet their basic needs (food security, housing, etc.) Collective experiences of oppression cause a person to have less time/energy to worry about the climate crisis.
*2022 saw open protests over food and fuel prices in half the world’s countries, including where the climate crisis presents high vulnerability. <ref>https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/surging-food-prices-fuel-protests-across-developing-world-2022-05-18/</ref>
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" |
'''These crises are rooted in the same systems of oppression'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 23px;" |
*Our exploitative economic system was built on, and continues to be powered by, fossil fuels.
*Fossil fuel companies are given handouts of public money and tax incentives that are not offered to the working class majority. The same goes for billionaires in other industries. E.g. The EU gives 56 billion euros in subsidies to the fossil fuel industry each year. <ref>https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/fossil-fuel-subsidies-face-tighter-eu-scrutiny-2022-01-31/</ref> This is compared to the 17.5 billion euros the EU gives to support climate impacted European regions through their Just Transition Fund. <ref>https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/channel/sd-pedro-marques-explains-just-transition-fund</ref>   
*Taxing corporate profits to fund public infrastructure and loss and damage would address these intersecting crises. 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''Wealthy industries control decision makers'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 51px;" |
*Oil and gas lobbyists and other lobbyists from wealthy industries have access to government decision-making, including in International bodies. This is why critical decisions on tax, energy infrastructure, and regulation put industry above the interests of millions of people at risk of poverty. <ref>https://corporateeurope.org/en/2022/11/how-gas-lobby-fuelling-cost-living-crisis</ref>
***The President of COP 28 (the UN climate conference) is an fossil fuel executive, and more fossil fuel lobbyists registered for COP 27 than any other single delegation. <ref>https://www.globalwitness.org/en/press-releases/over-100-more-fossil-fuel-lobbyists-last-year-flooding-crucial-cop-climate-talks/#:~:text=The%20analysis%20finds%20that%20oil,compared%20to%20176%20last%20year</ref>
*Public money is often used to fund fossil fuel infrastructure, the profits of which are not circulated back to the public.
|-
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''The Global South is less able to mitigate and adapt to the climate crisis due to the debt crisis caused by the Global North'''
| style="width: 78.2137%;" | 
*Economic disparities exist between countries; some are better off by their domination over others. This means that there are disparities in the capacities of countries to prioritize the climate crisis and to respond to it by building the right infrastructure and building the resilience of communities.
*See our definitions page on the [[Global South]] for more.
|-
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" | '''Work in climate action can be precarious'''
| style="width: 78.2137%;" |
*Many people working in non-governmental organizations and climate researcher do not receive a living wage.
*Jobs in a renewable, regenerative economy would not be temporary, as is the case for many jobs in the fossil fuel industry. 
|}
Our main goal should not be to unite the working class and the environmentalists, but above all to show the '''links between the two realities.'''

== Talking about class issues within the climate movement ==
{| class="wikitable" style="height: 275px; width: 1643px;"
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="height: 51px; width: 160.266px;" | '''Limited scope of critique''' 
| style="height: 51px; width: 1456.73px;" | The critique of the capitalist class in the climate movement rarely strays from the critique of fossil fuel companies. There is a relative lack of familiarity and discomfort in doing this.
*COVID was a wake up call for class consciousness; whose labour is necessary for society to function? It’s working class people. This was an opportunity for leveraging critique that the labour movement took advantage of.
|- style="height: 138px;"
| style="height: 138px; width: 160.266px;" | '''Jobs in the fossil industry''' 
| style="height: 138px; width: 1456.73px;" | Communities dependent on fossil fuels are worried about not being considered in a transition. They fear losing their jobs, the way they support their families.
*The ''Green New Deal includes those affected by a transition in the plan.''
The government should be held accountable, not the people.
*A carbon tax is accepted by the fossil industry because it does not threaten the power of the industry.
|- style="height: 86px;"
| style="height: 86px; width: 160.266px;" | '''Solidarity''' 
| style="height: 86px; width: 1456.73px;" | There must be solidarity between labour/union struggles and struggles for climate justice.
<li>Solidarity is a strategic necessity. It's only through cross-sector solidarity that enough working class power will be built, and have a shot at changing our capitalist reality. Growth of the labour movement is inevitable. This isn't necessarily the case for the climate movement.</li>
*We must fight against [https://fr.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Imp%C3%A9rialisme#L%27extractivisme%2C_forme_d%27imp%C3%A9rialisme extractivism] without blaming the individuals who work in these industries.
*It will be necessary collectively to remodel the means of production to find an alternative way of living.
|}

== How do we build a more just future? ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 215.672px;" | '''Empower impacted voices'''
| style="width: 1436.33px;" | In the public policy community and in decision-making spaces, several consultations have been initiated. They lack mechanisms to bring marginalized voices to the table. Many policies focus on solutions for the wealthy without considering the working class (e.g. rebates for home upgrades and electric cars).
|-
| style="width: 215.672px;" | '''Make spaces more '''[https://fr.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Rendre_le_militantisme_plus_accessible accessible]''' '''
| style="width: 1436.33px;" | The climate justice movement should make its spaces accessible to those most in need. For example, by offering free food and babysitting services at events, meetings and actions.
|-
| style="width: 215.672px;" | '''Building solidarity between movements '''
| style="width: 1436.33px;" |
Social change comes from people confronting corporations and demanding change; not from governments themselves or international conferences. We must unite social struggles and counter the discourse of "us vs. them". <li>Most of us don’t work in environmental jobs. Most of us work on the side. If you don’t work at a union job, look at organizing your workplace. This is key to building worker’s solidarity towards climate justice.</li>
See the page on the [[convergence of struggles]] for more.
|-
| style="width: 215.672px;" | '''Union support'''
| style="width: 1436.33px;" | Unions in so-called Canada are mostly aligned with climate movements on the issue of the transition away from fossil fuels. This transition has government support and a social protection system for workers in transition.
*Public sector unions can be reached out to outside of strike moments. This is less likely for private sector unions, but still, see how you can support them. Ask them how you can support their struggles. This will create space for other conversations to occur, but you have to build relationships first before bringing in your own concerns.
*Show up to picket lines to show solidarity. These are intersectional issues.
|}

== What the climate movement can learn from the labour movement ==
{| class="wikitable" style="height: 538px; width: 1540px;"
|- style="height: 287px;"
| style="width: 246.656px; height: 287px;" | '''Building coalitions and working with people we don't agree with, rather than driving people further right'''
| style="width: 1267.34px; height: 287px;" | ”If I had to pick one thing that the climate movement can learn from labour, and should learn from labour, it’s this.”
<li>The climate movement understands this at a theoretical level, but is struggling to put this into practice.</li>
<li>You have to be able to organize with people who hold different opinions than you. You have to be able to defend them even when they have opinions that make you deeply uncomfortable. We need to have conversations about these disagreements, but this needs to be internal.</li>
<li>In practice, people aren’t working with those who have ‘problematic’ views. There's a line for keeping people safe, and not excluding people we disagree with. </li>
<li>Withholding social community is violence, and it’s unproductive. There are people who haven’t had the opportunity to learn; it’s elitist to exclude these people from our spaces.</li>
<li>The reality of the world we live in, is that there are people who have problematic views on gender, race, immigrants etc. We need to struggle with these ideas in a way that doesn’t drive people further right, including pushing people in the middle away. They see us as exclusionary.</li>
Suggested read for more on this: [https://www.akpress.org/we-will-not-cancel-us.html We will not cancel us by Adrienne Maree Brown.]
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="height: 82px; width: 246.656px;" | '''Leave space for reflection spend time on building solidarity''' 
| style="height: 82px; width: 1267.34px;" | We have to think long term by choosing our battles, making strategic compromises and balancing patience and urgency.
*Righteous fascists are very adept at manipulating fears and perpetuating damaging discourse. Countering these narratives and fighting for justice will require solidarity.
|- style="height: 123px;"
| style="width: 246.656px; height: 123px;" | '''Focusing energy on the right targets, and on supporting people to learn, rather than cancelling them'''
| style="width: 1267.34px; height: 123px;" | 
*We should call in people who are being harmful, and ensure it's in a loving way. Don’t shun them from our circles. This work is very important for allies, so it’s not just marginalized people doing this. It’s harder when you’re directly facing violence. Being aggressive pushes people further right.
*The climate movement is quite elitist. Shaming people for individual things like driving a car, using individual use plastic etc is so harmful. You have no idea if people need those for disability reasons, for affordability etc. We need to focus our efforts on the right targets.
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="height: 46px; width: 246.656px;" | '''Make sure our message meets people's needs''' 
| style="height: 46px; width: 1267.34px;" | The only way our message will reach people is if it meets their needs; there are people who do not feel seen or heard by the movement for climate justice.
*People get righteously angry about how no one else is doing anything. E.g. why does no one care to show up to meetings, why don’t people care about this? But people don’t have time to come to meetings. People are struggling to put food on the table. Maybe what we’re doing isn’t relevant to them. We aren’t fighting the fights that matter to people. We need to frame our message in a way that includes their needs.
|}

If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
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<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

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Building cultures of care

2024-08-22T18:51:15Z

Mediawiki: /* 2. Use a support and accommodations wheel to identify where support is needed/can be given */

This page was created to support activists in building towards cultures of care in their groups. Activist burnout continues to be a major problem in movement spaces, leading to increased internal conflict, decreased retention and ineffective efforts, among other issues. This page is a work in progress that will be added to over time. The information included comes from existing organizer databases and resources by movement thinkers, plus thoughts from participants in our care 101 workshop. This page also includes thoughts shared during our self and community care learning circle, and navigating turnover in student groups learning circle. Included are _______________

= Identifying and advocating needs =

Understanding your own care needs is important for your wellbeing, health and to limit distress. However, this is hard if you've suppressed, downplayed or ignored your needs! The following steps to identifying and advocating needs come from "The Neurodivergent-Friendly Workbook of DBT skills" by Sonny Jane Wise, @[https://www.instagram.com/livedexperienceeducator/?hl=en livedexperienceeducator]. 

'''''Suggestion: do this 3 step activity as a team! It's a great way to proactively surface needs, where support can come from, and what support looks like.'''''

=== 1. Brainstorm your regular (daily to once a month) needs ===

There are 4 main categories to start with (add your own as you see fit!)

'''''a) Physical '''''(taking medication, getting enough sleep, having breaks, drinking enough water, stretching)

'''''b) Emotional '''''(therapy, expressing boundaries, words of affirmation, engaging in interests)

'''''c) Social '''''(time with friends, time alone, boundaries)

'''''d) Sensory '''''(sensory breaks, avoiding busy places, sunglasses/headphones, stimming)
 
 

It's important to get curious, and build an understanding of which needs:
*you can accommodate yourself
*you're building skills to help address yourself
*fluctuate, and
*require external and/or community support
 
Step 2 can help begin these reflections.

=== 2. Use a support and accommodations wheel to identify where support is needed/can be given ===

It's one thing to list our needs. It's another to understand where we can support ourselves vs where we need support. This wheel can be used to identify the areas of your life where you can provide support, and the areas where you need to receive it.

The categories in the wheel are:

a) '''''Sleep''''' (falling asleep, staying asleep, sleep schedules)

b) '''''Work/study '''''(due dates, flexibility, instructions)

c) '''''Communication''''' (phone calls, appointments, non-verbal)

d) '''''Daily living '''''(cleaning, organization, hygiene)

e) '''''Sensory '''''(home, noise, light, clothing)

f)''''' Finances''''' (cost of aids, debt, impulsivity)

g) '''''Eating/cooking''''' (sensory/dietary, executive function, shopping)

h) '''''Relationships''''' (social norms, stigma/oppression, boundaries, communication)
 
 

Here is an example of a completed wheel:[[File:20240110 121431.jpg|500x500px|center|border]]

Draw a small circle, and surround it with 5 increasingly larger circles. Divide the circles into 8 'pie slices', and fill in each category based on where you need the most support.
*1/5 filled in = I have significant trouble in this area of life
*5/5 filled in = nailing this area of life

Categories that scored lower (i.e. 1-2) are areas where you need regular support/accommodations. *Typically the lower the score, the more likely it is that these needs cannot be met yourself.

Categories that scored in the middle (i.e. 2-4) are areas where you need occasional support/accommodations.

Categories that scored higher (4-5) are areas where you can provide support.

Suggestions on how to use these reflections:
*Have each team member share back at least 1 area that they scored lower in (you don't need to disclose scores if you don't want to), and 1 they scored higher in. Share, based on these, how support can be provided, and an example of an accommodation/support that would help.
*Identifying strengths and support areas is a stepping stone for building a 'care web.' E.g. "I'm really good at cleaning, and I struggle with eating enough. I can take on cleaning up the meeting space when we're all done. Can someone else take on bringing snacks?"

=== 3. Advocating needs ===

The following are prompts for advocating your needs proactively (or in the moment, if applicable). *Note: not all needs are appropriately met by teammates. Consider who else in your circle is best to respond (e.g. a friend, partner, caregiver, family member, professional etc).

a)''''' "I need your help when"''''' E.g. "a protest gets really packed. It's distressing for me." E.g. "I forget my fidget tool at home."

b) '''''"I will ask for help by"''''' E.g. "seeking you out as my safe person. I may go non-verbal from the overwhelm. You can ask me to type out instructions." E.g. "Asking at the top of the meeting, so I can focus better throughout." 

c)''''' "You can help me by"''''' E.g. "linking arms with me and moving to a less packed spot to engage in the action. When overwhelmed it can be hard to do this myself." "Providing me with a pen, or something to fidget with."

d) '''''"I would like to hear"''''' E.g. "an affirmation that your proud and thankful I sought your support. I feel guilty about this sometimes." E.g. "from others who would benefit from a pen or something to help focus. It makes me feel less alone!"
 

 
=== What about when needs conflict? ===
[Paraphrased] We can't meet everyone's needs equally. Access needs conflict. Part of organizing a space is being flexible. Go to disabled folks; ask the person impacted by it. An example of conflicting access needs would be in online spaces. We at the partnership work in a multi-model language space; english, spanish and ESL. There are so many different access needs. We figured out how to operate well by talking to people in the community. It's about building these relationships and moving forward together. And there's no such thing as perfection. -Priya Penner, [https://disasterstrategies.org/ Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies], as part of our disability justice is climate justice live.

'''Thoughts and examples from HUB team members:'''
*This is to be expected! While it can be frustrating, '''these can also be reframed into opportunities to problem solve together, collaboratively, as a team'''. 
*This does NOT give you permission to police what someone considers necessary for these to apply, however... '''it can help to understand access needs as a requirement to show up at all, with as little distress/pain/fatigue as possible, and in a way that is healthy for that individual.'''

Let's refer to some scenarios for examples.
 
 '''Scenario 1:'''

-Person A is overstimulated by bright lights. This is best accommodated with dim lighting. They often accommodate themselves with sunglasses, but it's not an ideal solution.

-Person B falls asleep when lights aren't bright enough.

The team could:
*Prioritize person A's need entirely, asking person B to accommodate themselves with a fidget toy to stay awake.
*Prioritize person B's need entirely, asking person A to accommodate themselves with sunglasses.
*Look for a possible compromise. Can we dim the lights on half of the room, and have people sit where the lighting is best for them? Can we take 'light breaks' and do parts of the meeting in bright light, and parts in dim light?
Person B has a need relevant to showing up at all, and person A has a need relevant to showing up with as little distress/pain/fatigue as possible. A compromise is best here.

'''Scenario 2:'''

-Person A cannot attend meetings because the meeting room is not wheelchair accessible.

-Person B cannot attend meetings because they live too far away.

-Person C would like all attendees in-person because it supports relationship building.

The team could:
*Reduce the frequency of meetings and/or adjust the frequency of in-person vs online meetings.
*Move meetings online or to a public space, until the team can secure funds for a meeting space that meets physical accessibility requirements, OR pressures the building to prioritize these changes.
*Person C can take the lead on finding a ride for person C to attend in-person.
In this scenario, it's important to recognize the difference in the needs stated. Person A and B cannot physically attend meetings. There are also several other reasons people may not be able to attend in person ([https://drdevonprice.substack.com/p/the-magic-of-meeting-in-person see the following article by Devon Price for more]). Person C prefers in-person relationship building; it could be argued this feels healthier in their relationship building. '''While still a valid need, priority should go to towards equitable opportunities to show up at all. '''Once these basic needs are met, then we can focus on creating equitable opportunities for relationship building (e.g. can the virtual joiners and physical joiners have separate, dedicated social time to connect?)

= Knowledge from the HUB's care 101 workshop =

Participants in our care 101 workshop were asked "Have you ever left, or thought about leaving, the climate movement for a period of time? Why?" They shared the following...
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 331px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 110px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 110px;" | '''Disconnection from other systems of oppression'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 110px;" |
*''Other struggles take priority (e.g. job loss, family emergencies, caretaking with limited support and capacity, etc).''
*''Other injustice takes priority and isn't addressed through climate involvement (e.g. police violence, poverty etc).''
*''Climate movement can feel depoliticized/disconnected from other social struggles''
|- style="height: 18px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 18px;" | '''Poor or lack of conflict engagement'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 18px;" |
*''Lack of conflict resolution processes/engagement''
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000; text-align: left;" | '''Anti-oppressive structures/practices not in place'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*''More privileged perspectives holding more/all space''
*''Whiteness of climate spaces''
*''Lack of COVID precautions and/or care for meeting accessibility needs''
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 51px;" | '''Not enough rest/joy in organizing'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 51px;" |
*''A never-ending sense of urgency = limited experiences of rest/care/free time''
*''Burnout'' 
*''Feeling disconnected socially from team members''
|- style="height: 42px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 42px;" | '''Feelings of hopelessness and ineffectiveness'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 42px;" |
*''Lack of clarity on what focus/tactics to take''
*''Hopelessness''
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 28px;" | '''Lack of appreciation'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 28px;" |
*''Imposter syndrome/efforts not acknowledged or appreciated''
|}
Slowing down to make space for reflection, checking in and meeting needs creates space that can be used to surface, and help address, many of the challenges listed above.

 

===Our Care workshop discusses building 6 key care practices into your team===

'''1. Check-ins, adjusting and holding space for needs that arise'''''''''

'''2. Encouraging self care as political warfare'''

One of the most prominent uses today of the term “self care” is for the purposes of increasing one’s capacity as a productive worker or shopper. But the concept of self care originates from the civil rights movement. As Audre Lorde put it, “Caring for myself is not self-indulgence, it is self-preservation, and that is an act of political warfare.”'''3. Challenging colonial time'''
When British colonies landed on Turtle Island, they viewed Indigenous societies as being ʻtime-lessʼ for not using time 'productively' based on British standards. Today, the legacy colonialism left remains. Time for rest, being on the land, and health-related activities are not prioritized as valuable or productive.
[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iVh0axJCxpI94q0K7golYL_LT3qRwSDQ/view Larissa Crawford] suggests exploring what a seasonal work-cycle would look like, by beginning with asking your teams ʻhow does our demand, health, and energy change with the seasons?ʼ It could also be beneficial to include connecting with the land as part of our work as activists. 

'''4. Reflecting, appreciating and feedback'''
*Start telling your teammates during meetings things you appreciate about their contributions!
*Encouraging positive feedback can be done using prompts such as “what did we do well together, and what’s something we could improve next time?” Both of these examples involve taking the time to reflect. See [https://commonslibrary.org/giving-and-receiving-feedback-2/ this resource for more].
*Holding space for reflection to help create space for moments of appreciation, and when needed, redirection.
'''5. Reflect on care webs'''

See [[care web]] for more.

'''6. Make space for joy!'''

See below for ideas shared by participants!

== Workshop participants shared thoughts on... ==

=== Why we should prioritize care ===

Workshop participants discussed the following:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 222px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 52px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 52px;" | '''Care is central to climate justice'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 52px;" |
We are impacted by, and/or concerned for, the violence being inflicted on people/the planet. Centring care in a society that centres violence is transformative.

''A better world is possible and it will be built on interdependence.''
|- style="height: 18px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 18px;" | '''To strengthen our communities'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 18px;" |
''Caring for ourselves helps us show up to care for our community.''
*We want everyone to access our collective fight, rather than leaving those most impacted behind
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000; text-align: left;" |
'''To exhibit the values we’re striving for and challenge oppressive ideas on care'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.6311%;" |
''Those of us who grew up in a western, Eurocentric, neoliberal culture have become averse to forms of care and have to re-learn to care for ourselves and each other, while we learn to live how other cultures have always known and are trying to sprout anew in the cracks of the current system.''

''Important to note that care is seen as something women do in colonial, patriarchal culture so is its often devalued. ''''Care work needs to be decolonized.''
|- style="height: 42px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 42px;" | '''To foster generative conflict, reflection and problem solving'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; background-color: #ffffff; height: 42px;" |
''Having a code of ethics, and practices including a conflict resolution strategy can sometimes be a helpful reference to guide through conflict/wobbly stuff. '' ''Introducing this can be helpful in itself because it recognizes that conflict/differences can happen and it's okay, it can be worked through.''

Consider: Do we demand a certain amount of time and labour from marginalized voices? Do we slow down to address things and make sure everyone who wants to move with us can?
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 28px;" | '''To surface and utilize our emotions effectively'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; background-color: #ffffff; height: 28px;" |
*We are holding challenging feelings regularly in this work!
|}

'''If you're not moving at the pace of your 'slowest' members, it can burn out your movement. While you don't need to address everyone's every concern, there needs to be general collective alignment and a sense that effort is made to meet everyone's basic needs. Members should feel they can participate equally and that they are valued.'''

=== The co-option of care ===

Workshop participants shared the following:
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 297px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 10px; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217);" |
'''Care work is devalued'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 10px;" |
''As someone who is providing care on a daily basis, I honestly dread when people ask me what I “do”'' 
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 55px;" | '''Connection to the land'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 55px;" |
''Disconnection from the land and sky and water is how colonialism weakens us. When we return to a relationship with the land, we can heal more easily. Parks and large trees and grassy boulevards are usually part of privilege and wealth in our society. Yet, access to nature and wild places is integral to a life of collective care.'' ''When I think of community care, I also think of caring for animals, trees, rivers, lands, etc. and being cared by them.'' 
|- style="height: 43px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 43px;" |
'''Individual care keeps us separate '''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 43px;" |
''Care being commodified and professionalized. This separates individuals from each other.''
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" |
'''Spiritual and religious teachings'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 53px;" |
''I think this also includes the cooptation of spiritual and cultural practices that come from Indigenous nations. They're marketed under capitalism.''''Teachings about forgiveness and kindness have been co-opted into narratives of obedience and silence. ''
|}
'''Intervention ideas to further these discussions in groups:'''

*"I started a book club at the ENGO where I work with “Care Work: Dreaming Disability Justice” by Leah Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha so folks could do some unlearning/relearning on their own and come together to brainstorm how we can integrate it collectively in our workplace."
*"If anybody’s interested, Shake Up The Establishment also just launched a Climate Dreaming Journal/book based on the importance of rest, recovery and resistance. I see a lot of parallels between this workshop and the book, which you can learn more here: https://www.shakeuptheestab.org/journal"
*"[https://www.peopleshub.org/about People's hub ] has some great offerings."

 
=== Ideas for engaging in joy as a team ===

'''Participants shared the following ideas:'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 191px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 52px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 52px;" | '''Connect with nature!'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 52px;" |
*''If you can have a fire outside that's a great winter activity'' 
*''A friend and I routinely go to the ocean after meetings - the sound, smell is soothing and we have the most generative conversations sitting by the ocean''
*''Seasonally appropriate hangs: - park hang - tobogganing in winter - hikes '' ''-etc''
|- style="height: 18px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 18px;" | '''Eat!'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 18px;" |
*''Going for food together after actions''
*''Sharing food! Potlucks are the best 😄''
|- style="height: 48px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); height: 48px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left;" |
'''Play!'''
| style="height: 48px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*''We've been doing board game nights every 1-2 months, so that theres time to just hang out and build friendships with each other outside of actions''
*''There’s online board games website my friends and I used during lockdown, they might prove nice for organizing groups as well''
|- style="height: 42px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 42px;" | '''Make/groove to music! '''
| style="width: 78.6311%; background-color: #ffffff; height: 42px;" |
*''Drum and sing and make music together!'' 
*''Karaoke or dance out''
|- style="height: 31px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 31px;" | '''Show up for one another!'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 31px;" |
*''Showing up to cheer on individual members’ personal projects (eg: if they perform somewhere, sharing about it and going to see their performance)''
|}

= Knowledge from learning circles =

== Self and community care learning circle ==

Participants in the learning circle were asked, "think of a person in your life who makes you feel comfortable sharing how you feel or raising a concern, idea, or question. What are some of the ways this person creates that feeling of care and comfort?" They responded with the following, which can be used to help group leaders to encourage a culture of care in their team:
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 151px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 67px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 67px;" | '''Encouraging showing up imperfectly; a prerequisite to learn and grow'''
| style="height: 67px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*''Permission to make mistakes and be curious'' 
*''Understanding that everyone joins the fight/cause/movement at a different time and we may not all be at the same point in our learning''
*''Living by “I trust you are doing your best, as am I”''
*''Acknowledging that we are both learning and share interest in caring ''
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 10px;" |
'''Listening to understand, rather than to respond'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px; background-color: #ffffff;" |
*''Really listening (or careful reading) and reflecting back how I feel without reacting''
*''Leaning in, listening and asking questions''
*''Avoiding defensiveness/reactiveness''
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 46px;" |
'''Prioritize finding common ground/understanding'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px; background-color: #ffffff;" |
*''Genuine understanding from shared perspective''
*''Feeling heard, even when disagreeing'' 
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 10px;" |
'''Role modelling vulnerability'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px;" |
*''Compassion for real emotions''
*''Role modelling vulnerability to increase feelings of safety for others to be vulnerable.''
*''They lead by example: not just someone who “you can go to for anything” but also voices their concerns for things, vocalizes how they’re doing, ''
|- style="height: 18px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 18px;" | '''Devoting time'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 18px;" |
*''Spending a lot of time together (takes me a long time to feel close with new people)''
|}
Participants were asked to share their thoughts on care in the context of the pandemic. They shared the following:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 194px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 52px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 52px;" | '''Care more relevant than ever '''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 52px;" |
''Lots of organizations didn't have care practices pre-pandemic; this was exacerbated by the pandemic.''
|- style="height: 18px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 18px;" | '''Safety practices vary'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 18px;" |
''Safety practices like masking etc. for events has been less and less present.''''Scale of safety measures for events is often based off of size & the nature of the event.''
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000; text-align: left;" |
'''People feel excluded'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.6311%;" |
''Difficulties created by people acting like COVID is over when it’s not (ex. Propaganda, medical “advice”).''

''Challenging joining local groups during pandemic (difficulties navigating existing dynamics as a newcomer, especially a COVID safe one).''
|- style="height: 42px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 42px;" | '''Balancing priorities is difficult'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; background-color: #ffffff; height: 42px;" |
''There are pros & cons of virtual vs in person meetings (purpose, vibe, logistics).''
|}

== Navigating turnover learning circle ==
When asked about incorporating more social and fun activities to build relationships, students who participated in [https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Navigating_turnover_in_student_groups learning circle ] suggested…
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 286px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 67px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 67px;" | '''Social events'''
| style="height: 67px; width: 80.3024%;" |
''As someone who started a group during the '''pandemic''', in my experience it was important to designate someone or a group to '''organizing social events.''' When people stopped coming to online social events, we included '''social time in the online meetings'''. People were demotivated from the online time, so we had to include it in the meetings''
*''Have a different theme for each meeting (hat, pijamas...)''
*''Use interactive online tools to share thoughts''
|- style="height: 10px;"
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'''Check ins'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" |
''Extended time for '''check-ins''' and '''check-outs '''with fun questions like “what plant do you feel like?”'' 
|- style="height: 46px;"
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'''Thoughtful of time'''
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''Not exceeding meeting '''times''' so as not to exhaust people''
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'''Holding space for emotions'''
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''Connect through discussing '''emotions''' like shared frustrations and joys''
|- style="height: 28px;"
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'''Holding 'easy' actions'''
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''Holding actions without the pressure of going bigger, larger. Hold small actions and''' focus on the relationships''' that actions deepen.''

'' For example, an easy activity to organize is a banner drop with picture taking. The point is to gather people.''
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 74px;" | '''Escalation of relationship building tactics'''
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''Escalation of '''relationship building tactics''': start by planning things like an email campaign or phone zap (no relationship building), then something like an open letter campaign, distributed and signed (opportunity to build relationships), and then organize a demonstration.''
|}

If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca. [[File:Creative commons.png|300px|link=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/|center|frameless]]

<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

'''[https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Militant_Wiki Back to Homepage]'''

Making your activism accessible

2024-08-22T15:36:20Z

Mediawiki: /* Developing a process for meeting access needs */

'''Purpose:''' This page was created to support activists in making their spaces more accessible, that is, to ensure everyone's needs to access movement spaces are met so more people can contribute to the climate movement in whatever way they can! Several of the topics found in this guide are based on questions asked by activists in the HUB's community.

'''This guide includes:''' definitions of accessibility, understanding why disability justice is climate justice, considerations for accessible event, action planning, communication and content sharing, considerations for creating an accessible culture and other suggestions related to creating a space that is accessible to everyone who wants to contribute to the movement for climate justice.
 
 
'''Learning objectives:'''

*Equip grassroots groups with strategies to meet the access needs of participants, make their messaging accessible to all folks, and increase engagement and involvement in their activism and organizing spaces.
*Learn from the lived experiences of people with access needs.
*(Bonus) Discuss new ideas to add to the roundup of practices currently listed in the guide

'''Where does the knowledge come from?''' The information included comes from existing organizer databases and resources and knowledge by movement thinkers. We've included knowledge from; blogs written by people living with accessibility needs, resources provided by staff at the [https://www.peopleshub.org/ People's Hub], an instagram live with Priya Penner from '''[https://disasterstrategies.org/priya-penner-bio/ the Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies]''' and other organizers living with disabilities. However, note that each personal experience is distinct, thus we encourage further insight from different positionalities to share further ideas on how this page can be expanded upon and improved.

'''Accompanying activity suggestions:'''
*Individual or group read-through using our '''apply your understanding questions at the end of this guide'''. Go through them as a team.
*Trying to model the good practices in the guide and running an action plan workshop for the group based on them. Goal is to come up with plan, timeline and bottom-liners to implement some of the ideas in the guide
*Checking back in after a couple months’ worth of testing the ideas in the guide in real life and doing a rundown of what worked well and what didn’t as a group
*Allow group members, using some of the scenarios in the guide, to speak to resonance and hear what new ideas and considerations are shared
= Defining accessibility =
''"Universal accessibility is the character of a product, process, service, information or environment which, with a view to fairness and an inclusive approach, allows anyone to carry out activities independently and to obtain equivalent results."'' - Groupe DÉFI Accessibilité (GDA) <ref>Groupe DEFI Accessibilite (GDA) - Research report for associations in Montreal - Universal Accessibility and contributing designs (version 5.3), Langevin, Rocque, Chalghoumi & Ghorayeb, University of Montreal</ref> & [https://exaequo.net/ Ex Aequo]

[https://exaequo.net/ Ex Aequo] distinguish accessibility from adaptation:
"''Adaptation would consist of changes made in order to accommodate people in relation to “an environment, a communication, a program, or an already existing service. We adapt when we build a subway with only stairs, then add elevators several years later. We make it universally accessible when we provide access ramps to the buses."''

== Why is [[Accessibility]] Critical to Movement Spaces? ==

[https://accessculture.wordpress.com/2012/07/03/hello-world/ Access Culture] expands on definitions of accessibility, explaining:

''"For people who live on the margins, who have to fight to prove their existence, who are excluded from movements, who are subject to abuse in the form of isolation, having access to spaces means having access to community, to connection, to existence. When we make spaces accessible, when we build movements based on inclusion, we recognize that each person has an intrinsic value, that our existence is beautiful and necessary. Creating accessible spaces is about recognizing that connection is necessary, that community is necessary, that our culture is built on the myth of separation, the lie of disconnection. We must move from independence to interdependence in order to transform society."'' 

 

'''Accessibility matters for the following reasons:'''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 513px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 110px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 110px;" | '''1. Collective liberation: we all win when we oppose ableism'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 110px;" |
*'''Disabled people are oppressed by the''' '''same systems of power we are fighting across movements. '''[[Ableism]] denies people with a physical or mental impairment opportunities to care for themselves. It is deeply rooted in capitalism, colonialism and white supremacy.  
*<div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="eoqjo-0-0">'''Disability justice is anti-capitalist'''. It opposed the push for productivity, extraction and commodifying our bodies for labour and building wealth. </div>
|- style="height: 18px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 18px;" | '''2. Not actively unlearning and practicing = replicating oppression'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 18px;" |
*'''We want to fight marginalization, not contribute to it.''' Within movement spaces, we must actively work to unlearn behaviours that reinforce oppression to fight against it. This includes practicing an access culture and challenging internalized [[ableism]], racism, homophobia etc. 
***Internalized [[ableism]] prompts: do we reward some people over others because they can contribute more time and effort? Do we favour their voices over those who have to care for their health, need to work a second job, have caretaking responsibilities etc.?
***'''Access goes beyond disability.''' There's a reason primarily white folks are accessing climate activist spaces. 
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 74px;" | '''3. Prioritizing and leadership of marginalized people'''
| style="height: 74px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*'''The needs of those who do not benefit from our current oppressive systems must be prioritized as decision makers '''for a just world that prioritizes people and the planet.
*<div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="41hsc-0-0">'''Those most affected by forms of oppression are best suited to define how we can operate our society more equitably'''. Disabled, black, brown, trans etc. people live through some of the most challenging consequences of capitalism and the climate crisis. </div>
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000; text-align: left;" | '''4. Meeting everyone’s needs = more people power'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*'''On a strategic note: We will not mobilize the mass we need without considering disability justice, access needs and building cultures of care that actively challenge internalized oppression'''.
***If people do not see their '''immediate survival needs''' being prioritized by your campaign, '''they will not want to join.'''
***Otherwise, those who would be interested in organizing may be '''unable to join, or continue''', if their access and care needs are not considered. 
*'''Putting the planning in today means greater and sustained participation tomorrow. '''We are all likely to experience chronic or acute disability or access needs in our lives, whether from old age, stress, illness or an accident.  
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 51px;" | '''5. Organizers burn out when opposing ableism isn't prioritized'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 51px;" |
*'''Non-disabled organizers are impacted by [[ableism]] too'''. Oppressive systems have their own way of defining what value and care mean, and who is deserving, and when. 
***'''Internalized [[ableism]] uses productivity and sameness to define our worth'''. Doing too much to achieve too much can lead to burnout; a major problem in movement spaces. 
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/upcoming-show Disabled queer and trans communities of colour]''' have already been preparing for the survival of their communities''' '''through disasters.''' They teach each other skills in resilience-based, care-based organizing to strategically create the changes that we need for our futures. These skills are necessary for other organizers to learn from. <ref>https://www.yesmagazine.org/opinion/2019/07/31/climate-change-queer-disabled-organizers</ref>
*Learning from other multiply marginalized people, I've found amazing community. There is so much love, support and sustainability in these relationships. I wouldn't be here in the ways I am without these friends, because they've supported me when I needed support or solutions. Turning to my disabled friends and comrades is one of the best ways to get something done. Finding that community to sustain yourself and co-conspire with you, and recognize what you're going through, is key.
|}
As described by [https://www.peopleshub.org/people/aerik-woodams Aerik Woodams ] at [https://www.peopleshub.org/ People's Hub], individual access is often framed as extra work; that there are 'more important things to address'. Disabled and otherwise marginalized people ask us to do things differently. This might feel like work at first, but these efforts benefit all of us by giving us more strength, understanding and tools to build a better world. 

'' ''
=== A note on what 'counts' as activism ===

First and foremost, taking care of one's disabled body is radical activism. As described by Audre Lorde, caring for bodies that do not fit the ‘favoured’ white, male, cisgender, able-bodied ‘ideal’ set by western, capitalist, individualist norms, is political. <ref>https://www.mentalhealthtoday.co.uk/blog/awareness/why-acknowledging-and-celebrating-the-black-feminist-origins-of-self-care-is-essential</ref>

There can be a tendency in movement spaces to debate what the 'best' way to take action is. Many disabled people (and also non-disabled people) must factor in things such as energy levels, physical ability, transportation, scheduling requirements (e.g. medication, appointments etc) when thinking about how they'll participate in activism. '''There are many things we can do to support these needs at our events and action as outlined in this guide.''' '''And, we should recognize, value and encourage the diversity of ways one can meaningfully contribute to grassroots movements.''' And, that our movements are not successful without them!
 
 
The following examples are two personal accounts from people with different disabled experiences on finding their role in organizing spaces:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 120px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 110px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 110px;" | '''Priya Penner, Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies <ref>https://disasterstrategies.org/</ref> '''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 110px;" |
[Paraphrased] To do physical activism, you need a lot of people to support you in the background to ensure you're successful. I started with a grassroots organization, trying to figure out where my place was in this movement. Within that journey I was part of different subcommittees. I was part of the media committee, and these people are so important, but quickly realized to be successful in this role you need to take a step back and see what's happening, call the media and put in the hard work of calling 20, 50 etc outlets. I realized the importance of that, and did not enjoy that part nearly as much. I feel most comfortable being directly in the action. 
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 10px;" | '''Kenzie Harris, Global Grassroots Support Network <ref>https://blueprintsfc.org/</ref> '''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 10px;" |
I experienced a severe burnout and, from it, developed chronic health issues and new access needs. This meant the very fast-paced and demanding organizing I was participating in was no longer accessible to me (I tried, and my health suffered for it). I now have to consider things like... will I be able to seek accommodations for my, now heightened, sensory needs at this meeting/event/action? Will I have enough time after to recover, so that I'll have the energy and manageable pain to do daily living activities in the following days? I've learned to appreciate the other meaningful ways I can contribute, that aren't as taxing on my body/brain, more often. I feel best in an educator role, translating information for popular education and outreach purposes. I enjoy making knowledge more accessible for people to engage with. For other autistics, you may find [https://drdevonprice.substack.com/p/burning-it-all-down-without-burning the following article by Devon Price] useful in finding ways to work with, not against, your disability in movement spaces.
|}

= Disability Justice is Climate Justice =

Sometimes approaches to climate can reinforce [[ableism]], and this is represented by the term eco-ableism. See our page on [[ableism]] for examples of eco-ableism

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 364px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''1. Natural disasters disproportionately harm disabled people'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 28px;" |
*'''Structural barriers become a matter of life or death during disaster.''' 
*[Paraphrased] '''People with disabilities are 2-4x more likely to die during disasters.''' <ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/sfrost/2020/07/06/deadly-discrimination/?sh=39051e92b93b</ref> Why is that? One of the things you learn is we are forgotten. We aren't part of planning conversations, disaster preparedness. We aren't talking about what happens when the best laid plans go wrong. We aren't part of the conversation in planning for disasters. So when we talk about climate, we see again that we're forgotten.''' People with disabilities aren't mentioned in plans at all.''' Countries are neglecting their obligations to fulfill the rights of disabled folks in response to the climate crisis. When we look at smaller conversations about planning for disaster, plus the larger conversations about climate justice, we aren't included.
*[Paraphrased] As a multiply marginalized person, we don't get invitations to join conversations. The fact that the Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies exists says a lot, that things are changing, but we have to keep pushing.
 
Specific examples include:
*"Some members of the disability community are especially '''vulnerable to extreme heat''' events due to increased sensitivity to keeping our body temperatures cool enough." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''Natural disaster can cut electricity''', "which is especially problematic because so many disabled people need electricity-powered medical equipment to survive." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''Droughts and flooding cause food and water insecurity'''. "Because of other social factors like the [https://disablepoverty.org/what-is-disable-poverty/ disproportionate number of disabled people who are caught in an endless poverty cycle], the disability community is especially vulnerable during these shortages." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''Disabled people may be unable to evacuate''' from disaster and/or '''may lose "critical mobility and accessibility devices''' (wheelchairs, scooters, walkers, canes, hearing aids, communication devices)." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*Post-disaster, "the prospect of '''rebuilding a home that had been built around an individual disabilit'''y can also be daunting and expensive ― particularly considering disabled workers typically [http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/07/27/7-facts-about-americans-with-disabilities/ earn significantly less] than their able-bodied counterparts." -[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/in-natural-disasters-a-disability-can-be-a-death-sentence_n_5c1ba22ee4b0407e9077eb58?guccounter=1 Jenavieve Hatch for Huffington Post]
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 74px;" |
'''2. Disabled people are marginalized and are equally deserving of liberation'''
| style="height: 74px; width: 78.2137%;" |
*'''80% of disabled people live in the Global South''', regions most impacted by the climate crisis and exploitation. <ref>https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/resources/factsheet-on-persons-with-disabilities.html</ref>
*"From homeless encampments to local jail cells, the social, political, and economic disparities among disabled queer and trans people of colour put our communities at the '''frontlines of ecological disaster'''.” -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Patty Berne]
*Disabled people are not 'hoarding resources' or 'draining the system', two phrases often used to demonize disabled people for collecting disability benefits. The ultra-rich benefit from blaming disabled bodies, while they continue to benefit from the system.
|- style="height: 178px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 178px;" | '''3. Systems of oppression are intersectional and best addressed by leadership of the most impacted'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 178px;" |
*[Paraphrased] You can't separate identities from a person. We can't separate these systems of oppression. We recognize none of us are free unless we're all free. '''Disability justice provides a framework for creating inclusive resistance movements that support other movements by resisting these intersecting systems of oppression.''' It's not like we can say 'I'm only going to fight ableism' and ignore white supremacy. They're all connected. It's not going to be climate justice if we don't prioritize the needs of the most impacted.''' '''Some of the most marginalized folks are multiply marginalized disabled folks. We know we have to prioritize their leadership. This is one key way to effectively resist. '''Disabled folks know what it's like to resist these systems, and our solutions are pretty bad-ass. We are some of the best problem solvers because we have to go through it day in and day out.'''
*'''Disability justice is migrant justice.''' "[https://wid.org/2018/09/26/climate-related-migration/ Climate change is accelerating forced migration] at a time when disabled people find it increasingly difficult to cross borders — not simply because of the physical demands, but also because of political opposition." -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser]
*** Disabled people may be unable to enter countries because their diagnosis or condition is considered 'burdensome'. -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser]
*** Migrants may struggle to access the services they need (health services and long-term medical, financial, and social support). -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''The oppressive conditions we’re living in can be disabling''' themselves. For example...
***'''Chronic stress can be disabling'''. Neurodivergent people (ADHD, dyslexia, autism, anxiety) are [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13575279.2022.2149471 more likely than neurotypical people] to experience physical health problems. 
***'''Racism can be disabling''' (e.g. [https://twitter.com/Imani_Barbarin/status/1648781887781912579?t=gxCK45M3QQOiWgEjjHpUHg&s=19 Ralph Yarl], a 16-year-old black child, experienced a brain injury after being shot by a racist white man). 
***'''Colonialism can be disabling''' (e.g. Aamijiwnaang First Nation has been impacted by settler colonialism, capitalism and environmental racism. Over 60 petrochemical facilities can be found within a 25 km2 area. Community members face high rates of cancer, respiratory illness and reproductive health issues). <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>
***'''Living in poverty can be disabling.''' It significantly increases the likelihood of developing chronic or acute health problems (e.g. limited access to healthy foods, shelter, clean air and water, chronic stress etc). <ref>https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/poverty-health.html#:~:text=Poverty%20affects%20health%20by%20limiting,an%20individual's%20standard%20of%20living.</ref>
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''4. Environmental racism and natural disasters cause disabilities'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.2137%;" |
*"If we ask ourselves why Black and brown communities have higher rates of asthma, we also must look at where they live." -[https://ssir.org/articles/entry/climate_change_environmental_activism_and_disability Daphne Frias] for Stanford Social Innovation Review.
*Injuries obtained living through a natural disaster (e.g. earthquakes, hurricanes etc) or from being exposed to toxic chemicals (e.g. Mercury, see [[environmental racism]]) may cause acute or chronic disability.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" |
'''5. Eco-ableism reinforces oppression'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 51px;" |
*"Prioritizing personal ownership of environmental impacts over corporate responsibility fuels [[ableism]] and discrimination toward people with disabilities."-[https://ssir.org/articles/entry/climate_change_environmental_activism_and_disability Daphne Frias]
**See our eco-ableism section of [[ableism]] for examples. 
**Disability is one of the first forgotten or first attacked experiences when discussing climate accountability or solutions. It's important to recognize disabled people caring for their needs are not to blame for the climate crisis. '''True accountability lies in those hoarding resources and wealth (the ultra rich).''' 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" |
'''6. There can be no climate justice without addressing immediate survival needs'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 23px;" |
*"'''Disabled people are so busy just surviving.''' We have to self advocate all the time for access to employment, education, benefits or healthcare. It means unless there is a flood at my door I’m not thinking about the climate so much. We need to get people out of poverty because you can’t do anything about the climate if you are completely ostracised from participating in regular life.” -[https://twitter.com/PaulineCastres Pauline Castres] 
*"When issues like discrimination, access to adequate healthcare, unemployment, and poverty are among our top concerns, climate change tends to be an afterthought. When we are fighting for basic human rights and equality, how do we have time to think about climate change? '''Being concerned about and fighting for climate justice is a privilege.'''" -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''7. 'Survival of the fittest' is an oppressive mindset'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 51px;" |
*'''Accepting the loss of some lives to the climate crisis as 'inevitable' is oppressive.''' "We aren't just talking about physical vulnerability; [[ableism]], racism, class inequality and other forms of oppression work together to compound and intensify risk." -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser] 
*'''Access to wealth makes it easier to evacuate, and white supremacy translates "into the political clout and communal resources that make climate disruptions more survivable in the first place''' — better infrastructure, [https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf less exposure to environmental hazards] and more robust public assistance during and after crisis." -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser]
*'''We all deserve to have our needs met on a planet that has enough resources, but that are hoarded by a minority. '''Capitalism describes disabled individuals as a drain on our resources. In contrast, it is capitalism that drains us, and drains the earth's resources. 
|}

Advice from [https://disasterstrategies.org/priya-penner-bio/ Priya Penner at the Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies] on how to prioritize disability justice in your movement spaces: 
[Paraphrased] Reach out to the most impacted folks. Let them lead; listen and take a step back. For folks that want to work in coalition with disability justice activists, let them lead, listen to what they need and work with them, not for them. You need to recognize who is missing from your table, your spaces, as climate justice activists. Disability justice activists have so much to teach folks, just as climate justice activists do. It's a mutual relationship. Prioritize access. Meeting access needs often requires a lot of money. But, if you do have money, ask what you're prioritizing. Are interpreters more important, or markers and posters? We will show up if we know we are wanted. Are you opening that door?

=== Watch/listen ===

See the following video by Climate Atlas of Canada for a quick overview of how disability justice intersects with climate justice:

{{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4G7wLlI7N6E|alignment=center}}

= Holding Accessible Events and Meetings =

== Meeting Attendees Needs <ref>https://collectifau.ca/</ref> <ref>https://www.sinsinvalid.org/blog/access-suggestions-for-a-public-event</ref> ==

Disability and able-bodies exist on a spectrum. Most of us have experience with [[ableism]] and the pressures of capitalism, and/or experience being excluded by other systems of oppression that limit our access. We invite you to''' reflect on how making a space accessible goes beyond ensuring people can physically access a space''', '''but also that they can show up as fully as others in the room'''. If helpful, we suggest checking out our wiki on [https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/How_can_we_incorporate_space_watchers_and_holders_into_our_groups_without_veering_into_policing%3F incorporating space watchers and holders] for further considerations.

'''Quick tips:'''
*Pause frequently during events and meetings to ask if anyone has any access needs that need to be addressed!
*UK Mutual Aid has an [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit?usp=sharing example of an accessibility checklist] that you can use as a blueprint to creating a checklist for your team.
*'''Consider creating an '''[https://tangledarts.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/cta-access-guide-spreads-digital.pdf access guide ] that can be distributed for your meetings/events. Once you have a template down, you can swap out specific details as needed! *See the example below of an access guide made for a HUB event!

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 1372px;"
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Childcare'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 57px;" |
*Consider where people can access with and leave '''strollers'''.
*Provide babysitting if possible!
|- style="height: 185px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 185px;" | '''Wheelchair accessibility'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 185px;" |
*A person in a wheelchair should be able to move around in all the rooms and access a toilet.
'''Doors '''must be 800mm minimum. The dimensions of a '''toilet''' cubicle must be 1500 x 1500mm minimum. 
*All '''paths''' must be obstacle-free and have a clear width of at least 920 mm.
*Check if the place is under '''construction or renovation''', which could make the space temporarily inaccessible.
*The '''entrance''' must be a single level or equipped with an access ramp. It must be at least 800 mm wide.
*'''Snow '''will always make accessibility more difficult for folks with limited mobility. [https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Making_your_activism_accessible#cite_note-3 [3]]
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Food and water'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*'''Water '''is especially important during long events or on hot days.
*Plan '''meals''' that respect dietary restrictions. 
*Provide '''snacks''' during long or hot days!
*If you're selling food, provide''' free or low-cost options'''.
*Share the''' ingredients lists'''
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" | '''Accessibility support'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 53px;" |
*Designate '''support persons''' for those in need as requests arise.
*Identify them with something such as an''' armband or shirt.'''
*Including '''descriptive language '''can paint a picture of what others see and provide richer context for those with vision trouble.
|- style="height: 79px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 79px;" | '''Transportation'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 79px;" |
*Choose a place that is accessible by '''public transport '''and that is close to toilets and shelter from the sun or the rain.
*Have people wait at these places to accompany people with reduced mobility while they wait for transport.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" | '''Ways to participate'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*If the event cannot be universally accessible, offer other '''ways to participate''', such as actions that can be done remotely.
*'''Livesteaming '''is great for those who can't attend in person.
*Plan an activity with''' several components''' to promote the involvement of people with reduced mobility.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''Timing and barriers to participation'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Be transparent about the '''schedule''' for the event. Let participants know the''' destination(s) and duration''' ahead of time. 
*Be transparent about '''barriers to participation''' and mobility!
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 76px;" | '''Language'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 76px;" |
*Are speakers using '''word choices that most people will know?'''
*Are '''interpreters '''available for community members who use a language other than English? What about those with visual or auditory impairments?
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" | '''Timing'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*Do not hold your '''event too early in the day, or too late.''' Some disabilities/situations that limit people from attending early morning/late evenings.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''Allergies and sensitivities'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Ask participants not to wear '''scented products. ''' 
*Fluorescent '''lighting '''can make spaces inaccessible to some people. 
*Having a few pairs of '''earplugs''' can be helpful at events with noise, and/or suggest attendees bring some ahead of time.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" | '''Photography'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 53px;" |
*Always ask before using''' flash photography.'''
*Encourage attendees to avoid taking photos of faces without asking for consent from those in the photo.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Bathrooms'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Are they '''accessible and safe''' for everyone (such as transgender people) to use?
|- style="height: 458px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 458px;" | '''Neurodivergent and/or introverted inclusion''' 
 
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 458px;" |
'''Neurodivergent:''' describes how developmental disorders are normal variations in the brain. <ref> https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/features/what-is-neurodiversity</ref> The neurodiverse umbrella <ref> https://instagram.com/p/CYBl-miPcCL/</ref> includes but is not limited to ADHD, dyslexia, autism, and other learning disabilities. Many people also include mental illnesses under the umbrella of neurodiversity, such as  anxiety, bipolar, PTSD, schizophrenia etc.

'''Introversion:''' Susan Cain describes that where people who are extroverted are stimulated by their environment and absorb energy by interacting with others, introverted people recharge when they are alone and feel overwhelmed by prolonged social interactions and stimulations from their environment.

Meeting neurodivergent and introverted needs:
*'''Written schedule/plans: '''Outline event plans ahead of time''' '''and/or throughout the event if possible. An awareness of time can be particularly helpful. For example, some people take time-sensitive medication, need to leave by a certain time etc.
*'''Breaks/slower periods: '''This can help avoid overstimulation and help people refocus.
*'''Quiet/low stimulation space access:''' The space should not include fluorescent light, and should be calm with no pressure to socialize.
*'''Moments of pause / introspection: '''Before starting discussions on a topic that people have not had time to think about, allowing some quiet time to think and write down your thoughts helps more people feel comfortable discussing participate in discussions. 
*'''Stimulation: '''When planning activities and get-togethers, keep in mind that we are trying to avoid both overstimulation for the most introverted people and loss of interest for the most extroverted people. Try to balance the types of activities included in your event/action to avoid overstimulating the most introverted people and losing the interest of the most extroverted people. For example, an event that exclusively involves networking will probably exclusively include extroverts! Space out activities that take a lot of social energy. 
*'''Tools to support sensory needs: '''If you're able to have a few sets of ear plugs, cheap pairs of sunglasses and a few fidget toys handy, this can really help neurodivergents who struggle to remember these! "I've brought a few fidget toys to meetings before, and within minutes people (often who haven't indicated they're neurodivergent) pick them up, and I can tell they're able to pay attention and remain grounded better!" -Kenzie Harris, Global Grassroots Support Network <ref>https://blueprintsfc.org/</ref>
*For further information on meeting neurodivergent needs, see [https://rootedinrights.org/how-to-make-your-virtual-meetings-and-events-accessible-to-the-disability-community/ this resource by Rooted in Rights.]
|- style="height: 104px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 104px;" | '''BIPOC inclusion <ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit</ref> '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 104px;" |
*Publicize the organization's [[anti-racism]]''' position '''and how the organization will deal with a situation of racism.
*Have '''staff available that are Black, Indigenous and Persons of colour''' in case of a person's concerns, insecurity or distress
*Do not publicize the event with images of BIPOC people unless they occupy an important place within the event itself (e.g. in terms of resources allocated, people invited, partner groups, staff etc).
|- style="height: 77px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 77px;" | '''Gender identity inclusion <ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit</ref> '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 77px;" |
*Have staff with '''different gender identities available''' for people’s concerns, insecurity or distress. 
*Ask people to write or say their '''pronouns.''' 
*Have''' gender-neutral toilets and identify them as such'''. Don’t use illustrations or gendered vocabulary.
|- style="height: 77px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 77px;" | '''Low-income inclusion <ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit</ref> '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 77px;" |
*The most accessible option is to''' offer things for free'''; voluntary contributions are another option, but it’s better to avoid putting people in these situations.
*Consider whether '''internet access''' is necessary for participation.
*Provide''' adapted vocabulary''' or accompanying documents.
|}

=== Example access guide ===

[[File:Screen Shot 2023-08-04 at 11.22.58 AM.png|500x500px|left|border]][[File:Screen Shot 2023-08-04 at 11.23.11 AM.png|500x500px|none|border]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|}

== Pandemic Safety Measures ==

If you do not have safety measures in place during a pandemic, higher-risk individuals in particular are unlikely to attend your event.  It also sends the message that people at high-risk of becoming very ill are disposable. Safety measures prevent people from becoming seriously ill, [https://www.healthline.com/health-news/a-mild-covid-19-case-may-still-r long-term disability] and death.
[https://theconversation.com/profiles/thomas-a-russo-1085429 Thomas A. Russo], professor of Infectious disease at the University of Buffalo, suggests that safety measures to put in place when planning an in-person event include:

*Advertising that attendees '''wear masks '''for the duration of the event, even for events held outdoors. Have extra masks available for those who come without one, ideally N95 or KN95’s which are one of the best available options to protect against COVID-19.
*Have a few volunteers who can provide '''hand sanitizer '''every so often, and especially before distributing food if this is included in your event.
*State that those who are feeling ill, have come in contact with someone who has tested positive OR have come in contact with someone who has tested negative but is showing symptoms of illness, '''should not attend'''. 
*Encourage attendees to keep their''' distance '''from one another as often as possible. 
[https://www.instagram.com/peoplescdc/ The People’s CDC ] has further recommendations for planning safe gatherings during a pandemic:

*Provide universal''' pre and post event testing'''.
*Stay in''' small, consistent groups'''.
*Perform contact '''tracing'''.
*Ensure the meeting space has adequate '''ventilation and air quality''' (open windows/doors, ensure HVAC systems are functional, use HEPA filters if possible).
*Perform high filtration '''universal masking'''. Provide certified N95/KN94 masks if possible.
*Provide a place for folks to '''eat outside'''.
*'''Reduce high-risk activities''' 5 days prior to the event (i.e. unmasked, indoor activities outside of the household) 
*Gather '''outdoors when possible'''. The risk of catching an airborne virus from an outdoor gathering is lower than from an indoor one. There is still a risk of contracting a virus, especially at crowded protests or gatherings.

== Suggestions for Virtual Events <ref>https://rootedinrights.org/how-to-make-your-virtual-meetings-and-events-accessible-to-the-disability-community/</ref> ==
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 299px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 67px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 67px;" | '''Internet access'''
| style="height: 67px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Can people '''attend without an account on that platform? '''(i.e., Facebook Live, Instagram Live/Stories, YouTube). 
*If you’re hosting an event over video conferencing software (i.e. Zoom, Google Hangouts, or GoToMeeting); offer a''' '''dial-in by phone option.
*For people with limited or no access to internet at home. Be willing to share information offline too.
*Create a '''tip sheet for online platforms with directions. '''The tip sheet can include information, step-by-step, about how to use the platform(s).
*For more, see this [https://bighack.org/best-videoconferencing-apps-and-software-for-accessibility/ resource on video conferencing software for accessibility.]
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
Invite and '''include disabled people '''and their needs
| style="height: 23px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Include disabled people as speakers.
*Share what you are '''planning to do to increase event access'''.
*Budget to provide '''closed captioning, sign language interpretation and other language''' interpretation. 
Live descriptions, captions and good audio are key for live streamed events.
*Make sure the service you’re using to host is '''compatible with assistive technology''', for example screen readers, and that it allows for computer-based listening/speaking and 'phone-based listening/speaking.
*Make sure your events are accessible to [https://www.assistiveware.com/learn-aac/7-ways-to-include-aac-users-in-conversation augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)] users. This requires offering''' multiple ways to participate''', answer questions, submit questions, and interact.
*Have an''' accessibility point person''' who can assist with access issues and technology concerns. Mention how to reach them at the beginning of your event.
*Wear a headset when presenting to improve''' '''audio quality, and try to have speakers limit background noise. It's helpful for speakers to state their name each time they speak for those with '''hearing impairments''' and the accuracy of the technology they rely on.
*Describe''' '''live scenarios and any images, read any text that appears on screen, and describe gestures for those with '''visual impairments'''. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 46px;" |
Share the''' format of the event and how long it plans to run''' 
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px;" |
*Check out the following resource on [https://inclusivedesignprinciples.org/ inclusive design principles] for the '''content of your event.'''
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 10px;" |
Provide any written or visual '''materials ahead of time.''' 
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px;" |
*Use an [https://aoda.ca/what-are-accessible-formats/ accessible file format]
*Consider providing a '''glossary of terms''' that will be used during the event.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" |
Allow attendees to '''send questions and comments in advance. '''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 28px;" |
*Allow attendees to send questions and comments in advance. You can also share if attendees will have an opportunity to ask questions during the event.
*Make it possible for people anonymously, or with their name and RSVP attached, to '''make access need requests.'''
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 74px;" | Build time for '''reflection/breaks''' into your event, as well as time for questions.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 74px;" |
 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | Offer channels to provide''' feedback '''about the event
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 51px;" |
*I.e. including accessibility, to help you prepare to plan the next one.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|}

== Suggestions for Hybrid and Virtual Meetings ==

Virtual and hybrid virtual/in person meetings require stable '''internet connections, access to hardware''' (i.e. cell phones and computers) and some '''technology literacy.''' 
If you’re working with participants who don’t have access to the internet or hardware, these tips may be hard to implement. However, there are other tools and techniques you can use such as conference call services, message groups, photos of call lists, etc. that can be used. The following are tips for holding hybrid (in-person and virtual) meetings, and general meeting tips.

[https://blueprintsfc.org/ Blueprints for Change] offers an extensive guide filled with [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1q73LK9AiOlvrA59BfBTf6U2YFD_r-3AM1n49-01Gez0/edit# tips on hosting effective hybrid meetings]. The following compiles some of the tips found in their hosting virtual/hybrid meetings guide, and from the write up developed by [https://www.trainingforchange.org/training_tools/facilitating-hybrid-groups-online/ Training for Change].

=== Considerations for Planning a Hybrid Meeting ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 319px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Things you'll need''' to do this successfully 
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*'''Internet connectivity.''' There are workarounds for lower bandwidth connections, such as the phone-in options built into platforms such as Zoom, but the drawback is a lack of visual contact. 
*Internet connection of phone-in options for''' participants '''(otherwise call-in teleconference numbers are usually available)
Those who join a meeting using their '''phone do not have the same functions available''' as those using a desktop. Consider sending important links ahead of the meeting, or in your workspace during, so people on the phone can access them.
*A '''platform to stream '''the meeting (i.e. zoom, google meets etc).
*'''Tech literacy''' (provide tools and norms, such as via sharing visuals with your attendees, ahead of time so they can learn on their own)
*Use a '''shared document '''for notetaking. Offline versions of meeting documents allows those joining by phone to participate better.  
|- style="height: 240px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 240px;" | '''Prepare ahead of time'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 240px;" |
*Schedule group meetings at least '''2-3 days ahead of time'''. This helps members to arrange for schedules, care-taking, quiet space, tech, etc.  
*Have '''plugs and power cords '''set up ahead of time so in-person attendees can plug in as needed without interrupting the meeting. Attendees joining virtually will also want to ensure they have adequate power for the duration of the meeting.
*Instruct in-person attendees to '''bring their computers/phones and dial into the virtual meeting''' platform (such as Zoom) so that all attendees, regardless of what space they’re in, can see everyone. If your meeting has a cluster of people together and only 1-2 people in the virtual space it may not be appropriate for every attendee to be at a computer. You’ll want to''' prep and think ahead about in-room camera and microphone placement and position''' chairs, easels and more in spots that can be seen and heard by the people on camera.
*Use '''one central mic to pick up everyone’s voices in the room, or pass a microphone around the room.''' Or, everyone in the room can '''unmute while they talk and re-mute when they’re done''' to avoid mic feedback. Encourage virtual attendees to have headphones handy that they can use. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 46px;" |
'''Roles you might consider when hosting hybrid meetings'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px;" |
-Lead facilitator

-Co-facilitator(s)

-Bridge facilitator; to bridge the digital and IRL spaces and who can support the IRL facilitator to make sure the digital folks are supported. This person could also be assigned to keep track of participants who have asked for a speaking turn so that both in person and digital voices are included.

-Visuals, Slides & Notes lead 

-Tech lead; to manage your session slides, doing things like screen sharing, watching the chat box, setting up and doing sound checks at the beginning of your session, and troubleshooting if problems come up along the way.

-Vibes & Energizers lead 

-Stack keeper (monitor order of speakers, chat and Q&A functions)

-Buddies for virtual participants (for hybrid meetings)
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 10px;" |
Plan for shifts in '''power dynamics''', because some people are in groups vs others are on their own.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px;" |
*How many people are connecting individually versus in groups? How many different groups are connected? Do any of the groups connecting together already have some power (i.e. circles of established friendships)?
*Consider...
-People connecting in groups may have an easier time connecting with others in the same room.  

-People connecting on their own may have an easier time connecting with others who also connected on their own.

-Those who connected the same way as the facilitator may have an easier time communicating with the facilitator. 

-When you use the chat box, those on their own device have easier access to participate.

-When people are in a room together, those controlling the screen, who are on camera and/or closer to the microphone are advantaged.
:: 
|}

=== Preparing Participants Before the Meeting ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 299px; background-color: #ffffff;"
|- style="height: 67px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 67px;" | '''Provide and seek information '''
| style="height: 67px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Check out [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ukHcdhT8J7EySVIWaz-zBI7JDD4YEnHfygBfhnbwJQk/edit this example prep email] provided by Blueprints for Change, which demonstrated some of the''' information that could be helpful to provide pre-meeting''' to make participants comfortable and prepared.
Information to provide/seek to prepare participants include:
*'''Context regarding the main agenda items''' before the meeting. For example, what is the main purpose of the meeting? What are the meeting goals? Also include approximate time allotment for each item.
*Provide items you want participants to '''review ahead of time''' so folks can reflect before the meeting. 
*'''Input and feedback''' from all who will be participating to add agenda items and confirm whether the meeting goals address their needs. 
*Ask participants to share if they will need translation, interpretation, or any other''' accommodations.''' Provide at least a few days for participants to inform you about their needs.
*Mention if you will be '''recording ahead of time''' so folks can raise concerns if they have them.
*Remind people to '''download needed software and/or sort out their audio''' in the invite email sent in advance.
*Ask folks to''' set up in advance''' of the call.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
Offer a''' training''' on how to use the platform
| style="height: 23px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Offer an''' advance prep meeting to train and support '''some folks who could use your support to join and engage in the meeting. [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1jYwFO1YF0RPpl3tt7bpFj05G_DqI0_TRWXp8XZbulPg/edit#slide=id.g714145baa4_0_57 These slides] have some information on how to engage in a zoom meeting that might be helpful. Make the meeting purpose and outcomes explicit for your attendees and help them understand the flow of the meeting.
|}

=== Holding the Hybrid/Virtual Meetings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 69px; background-color: #ffffff;"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
Start with''' introductions and a check-in'''.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
Let folks introduce themselves, their pronouns and make time for relationship building by letting people share how they are doing or something about them.
*For example, check-in questions related to care might be "what colour best describes how you're feeling today?" Or, "If you're comfortable, share one high and one low from your week so far!" 
*You can also hold more fun get-to-know one another check-in's to lighten the mood of the meeting, such as "tell us about a book or tv show you engaged with recently that you'd recommend!" Or, "what is your favourite houseplant?" 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
Try to take '''notes and video recordings '''for those who can't attend.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*Name it early that you are recording and allow folks to opt out, by getting off video, or managing their participation.
*Plans to record should also be mentioned before the meeting so concerns can be addressed. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
Provide a person or place where attendees can seek '''support'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*In the case they feel disrespected or have needs that aren't being met during the meeting.
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
It might be relevant to share '''participation guidelines '''and/or the group's mission statement to ground the group before beginning.
| style="width: 80.3024%;" |
Examples of participation guidelines, inspired by Aspiration Tech [21] , might include... 
::-Please focus on listening, not only on what you are hearing. 
::-Wherever possible, please refrain from multitasking on email or social media. 
::-Please use simple, accessible language. Please avoid jargon and acronyms.
::-When you speak, please try to make one point or a few brief points and then let others speak. 
::-Help us be mindful of the schedule and stay on time. Please support us in moving the dialog forward. 
::-Please indicate you want to speak by raising your hand on video; if you are not able to use or raise your hand, please feel free to speak up, but please try not to interrupt others. 
::-Stay muted when you are not speaking. 
::-Please be mindful of background noise and join the call from a quiet location if you can. Parents and caregivers are certainly exempt, but muting still applies.
::: 
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" | Get participants to''' engage with one another'''!
| style="width: 80.3024%;" |
*If all attendees are virtual in a “room” together encourage people who are not experiencing sensory or personal needs to''' turn their camera on.''' This helps to foster community and share non-verbal cues.''' ''' 
*In a hybrid meeting environment '''people who are on screen should be assigned a buddy who is in the physical room. '''Their buddy regularly checks in with them and makes sure they can see and hear at all times. If you only have 1-2 people in the virtual space you may also want to have a direct line open between the virtual participants and the facilitator through text. 
*Encourage folks to''' come off mute at the beginning''' for introductions and check ins. This sets the tone for engagement throughout the meeting. '''Check the chat regularly''' for participation from folks who are less comfortable speaking up, and read ideas out loud. 
*Share '''visuals in the online space''', not in the room. I.e. leaving ideas in an online doc, rather than on chart paper. This includes note-taking on a shared online document!
*Encourage new members to contribute ideas using '''strategies that avoid calling them out '''if they aren't comfortable speaking yet, such as using an interactive powerpoint or allowing them to leave ideas in the chat that can be read out by the facilitator.
*Invite your attendees to regularly '''evaluate your meeting''', share feedback and suggest tips to make your meeting work for you and your attendees.
 
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" | Use a '''circle up tool''' to keep participation equal
| style="width: 80.3024%;" | 1. Put all participants around one big virtual circle. 

2. Mark a little check next to someone whenever they speak. You can also use a star or other symbol to track when each person shares during a specific activity. Have one person assigned to do this, and to let the facilitator know who deserves speaking time. See the example from [https://www.trainingforchange.org/training_tools/facilitating-hybrid-groups-online/ Training for Change]
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" | Be mindful of participants who '''may not be able to see or hear '''or otherwise fully participate in virtual meetings.
| style="width: 80.3024%;" | *If an attendee is blind, you should use more '''descriptive language''' that paints a picture of what others are seeing and provides richer context.
*Some people use '''screen readers '''to access information. In this case, make sure your presentation has image descriptions and refrain from using images/GIFs with flashing lights as they can cause seizures, headaches, and migraines.
*If an attendee is deaf or hard of hearing, make sure you're using a platform that supports real-time '''closed captioning'''.
|}

=== Closing Meetings ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
*Hold a '''check out question''', but try to keep it simple. For example, "what's one word you would use to describe how you're feeling after today's meeting?" Or, "share a compliment about 1 attendee present at today's meeting!"
*Send the '''notes and a meeting summary '''afterwards. Share the main items that were achieved, any major decisions or action items and a meeting recording if relevant.
*Provide a channel for '''follow up '''questions, suggestions or comments.
|}

== Creating Accessible Group Cultures ==

The following section drew from the writings of:  
*Liz Kessler, a person who describes themselves as disabled and who is involved in struggles for justice <ref>https://data.over-blog-kiwi.com/1/85/65/14/20180525/ob_91a56c_milieu-militant-inclusif-neurodivergen.pdf</ref> 
*Lee, a disabled, queer, trans and autistic activist. <ref>https://accessculture.wordpress.com/2012/07/06/how-to-be-an-ally-to-disabled-neurodiverse-folks-in-activist-academic-communities/</ref> 
*Kenzie Harris, queer, disabled activist (and former HUB librarian)


'''Suggestions for fostering accessible group cultures:'''

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 390px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''LEARN ABOUT ABLEISM'''
| style="height: 76px;" |
*Many groups make the mistake of leaving personal development to individuals. Why not hold one another accountable to this unlearning/learning? Hold a book club, assign readings/listens, start a group chat on resources you found helpful etc. 
'''Please don't make the mistake of thinking that because you don't bully disabled people, you have not internalized ableism... we all have, disabled or not!'''
*Many spaces don't move beyond asking 'does anyone have any access needs'? No one will raise their needs if they can't even identify them! See [[building cultures of care]] for an exercise on identifying and advocating your needs.
*Learning about different disabilities can also help to broaden people's perspectives on what makes for an 'appropriate' access need (internalized ableism often convinces us to dismiss some as illegitimate, which replicates harm). 
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 10px;" | '''Set practices for working with different abilities and limits '''
| style="height: 10px;" |

*Check with people on what they need to be able to pause and ground themselves, and/or move forward.
*Last-minute disengagement related to personal conditions or situations is common!
*Value various forms of knowledge, i.e. other than academic knowledge (e.g. lived experience). 
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''There should be various levels of engagement within your organization'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 76px;" |
*Meetings should never be mandatory, and there should be multiple 'levels' for involvement for varying capacities. Some people just want to help out; they don't care to be part of decision making. Make sure there's opportunities for this, and that they're easy to find!
*Do not set standards for how hard, or how much, work should be completed. Workflow norms are tailored to some identities more than others.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Incorporate regular discussions about personal and group boundaries'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*This allows each person to give their consent actively and enthusiastically, and promotes respect for these limits.
*It can be helpful to intentionally carve out time or have practices in place to check on how people with varying capacities and abilities are managing. For example, have some general check in/reflection time every 3rd meeting.
*Short term limits encourage long term sustainability.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" |
'''Plan break times'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 28px;" |
*Do not have meetings or tasks to complete during breaks. Commit the entire team to taking a break so no one feels excluded or singled out.
*When a person takes a break from activism, access to the support and social contact of the activist community encourages resilience.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 53px;" | '''Focus on content, rather than how something is said'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 53px;" |
*Some people express ideas or comments using emotion, rather than using statements such as "I feel..." and "I think...". No matter how emotional the person is when sharing their ideas, what they have to say is of equal importance.
*Some people have trouble with eye contact, or need to fidget to maintain focus during a discussion. Focus on what they're sharing, not how they're sharing!
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 46px;" | '''Uplift intersectional perspectives'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px;" |
*Intersectional perspectives are those of people who experience more than one social identity limiting their accessibility to spaces.
*The people who are most often 'front and center' in our communities, and in our spaces, enjoy white privilege, attractiveness (or body) privilege, able-bodied privilege, and class. Have honest conversations about this in your group regularly.
|- style="height: 78px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 78px;" | '''Avoid and challenge ableist language'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 78px;" |
*See the [https://www.accessible-social.com/copy-and-formatting/ableism-and-language following list of words] from accessible social (e.g. crazy, stupid, lame)
|}


Finally, accept that''' building accessible group cultures is a process. '''There is no set finish line. We have to stay tuned and pay attention to the people around us.

== Developing a process for meeting access needs ==

Having a process in place can ensure consistency between group members, and reassurance and clarity for the person who raised a need. Notice this process highlight a few necessities to consider when addressing access; transparency, flexibility, capacity, accountability and gratitude. 

The following is an example of a process written by former HUB librarian Kenzie, who is disabled, for the [https://blueprintsfc.org/ Global Grassroots Support Network]:
 
 
''We are accountable to continuing to develop this process. We know as it evolves, there will be things we've missed. We value any guidance and reworking that is possible within your capacity. ''

''TELL US''

*''Please message ____ or email ____ with your access need. Alternatively, you can email ______. Please include ideas for the best possible interventions if you have some.''

''PROPOSAL AND CREATIVE PROCESS''

*''____ will contact you with an approximate length of time required to adequately address your need, and ask if this is acceptable.''
*''Depending on the complexity of the need compared to the GGSN's current offerings, ____ will propose 'checkpoints', to keep the GGSN accountable and keep you informed on where progress on meeting your need is at. This process is highly flexible depending on your needs and availability.''
*''If at any point we run into limitations (capacity, budget etc), we will transparently explain these, and workshop solutions with you.''

''CHECK-IN''

*''The new solution will be added to our list of ongoing access practices. ____ will check in on how it has been working for you, and to see if anything needs to be adjusted or whether any new needs have come up.''

''FOLLOW UP''

*''____ will say a big 'thank you' for your time, capacity, and emotional toll of your labour. They will ask permission to modify the GGSN's existing resources on accessibility to reflect your knowledge and help others outside of the organization benefit too!''

= Accessibility in Media and Materials =
There are many things to consider when it comes to accessible communication. It is important to ensure our written material is easy to read, easy to understand, and make it easy to find the information you need and use the first time you read it.

== General Guidelines for Accessible Written Materials <ref> https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/</ref> <ref>https://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/advice/employers/creating-a-dyslexia-friendly-workplace/dyslexia-friendly-style-guide</ref> <ref>https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/</ref> ==
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 376px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Order, bolding and font'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 23px;" |
*Put the most important information at the '''beginning, bolded''', and include background information (when necessary) toward the end. 
*Use '''bolding''' over underlining or italics.
*'''Use sans serif fonts''', such as Arial and Comic Sans, as letters can appear less crowded. Alternatives include Verdana, Tahoma, Century Gothic, Trebuchet, Calibri, Open Sans. 
*Font size should be at least '''12-14 point'''.
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 55px;" | '''Avoid jargon, abbreviations and technical terms'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 55px;" |
*Keep your language '''as simple as possible''' (e.g. disseminate vs 'send', in accordance with vs 'by'). See more examples of [https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/words/use-simple-words-phrases/ simplifying your language here.]
*If you are targeting the general public, a rule of thumb is to''' aim for an 8th grade reading level''' or lower. Check out [https://hemingwayapp.com/ the following resource] which can be used to reduce the reading level of your writing.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 109px;" |
'''Use as few words as possible'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 109px;" |
*Limit paragraphs/written sections to''' 3-8 lines''', 5 being a happy medium.
*Reduce '''wordy phrases''' like "a number of" to "some", and "in order to" to "to".
*Remove ''''filler' words '''such as descriptive words that do not add to your main idea.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" |
'''Break up the text''' 
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 53px;" |
*Break up written text with blank space, '''tables''', '''lists, '''images or other ways of formatting.
*'''Blank space''' draws the eyes better to key written ideas.
*'''Images '''can help to illustrate text and keep it engaging.
*Add''' headings '''if they'll help break information up further
*'''Line spacing of 1.5''' is preferable. Use left-alignment.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" |
'''Use gender-neutral language'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 28px;" |
*Avoid creating '''binaries''' such as "ladies and gentleman", "he/she said..." etc.
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 80px;" | '''Use accessible colour choices'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 80px;" |
*Choose '''contrasting colours.''' You can review your chosen colours to check if they '''meet colour blind requirements '''[https://app.contrast-finder.org/ using this resource.] Try not to use colours that are too bright as these can also be hard on the eyes and make reading difficult. 
*Use '''single colour backgrounds. '''Pale or pastel backgrounds rather than stark white can be easier to read.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Web access'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 28px;" | 
*When a document is published online, make an '''HTML version''' available (the only universal format currently)
*Use the [https://wave.webaim.org/ WAVE] tool to''' test the accessibility of a website.''' Ensure that the options displayed with the mouse can also be displayed using only a keyboard.
|}

== Writing Image Descriptions ''' <ref> https://antimonarchy.tumblr.com/post/635980711208386560/how-to-create-image-descriptions</ref> ''' ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Most important elements to describe:
*The '''people and animals '''in an image.
*The''' background or setting''' of an image.
*The''' context '''of an image. For example, an image description of a congested highway would describe the packed cars.
*The '''colours''' of an image (don’t overdo it... a simple ‘light blue’ will do). 
Basic process for writing a description:

*Describe what the '''content''' is (e.g. a photo, educational graphic etc).
*Describe the '''Object-Action-Context'''. 
*Provide d'''etails'''. For example, the clothing and the position that people in an image are in. 
*If the '''background''' is a simple colour, include it in the first sentence of the description. However if it is more complicated, such as a river winding through a dense forest, include that at the end of the description after describing the important elements.
::::::::
|}

== Accessible Audio and Video <ref>https://www.accessible-social.com/</ref> ==

'''Add subtitles/captions'''
*Check out [https://www.accessible-social.com/ Accessible Social]'s [https://www.accessible-social.com/audio-and-video/captions step-by-step guide for adding captions/subtitles] to videos!

'''Audio descriptions'''
*An audio description is a form of narration to support blind and low vision users.
*If audio descriptions are not available, written descriptions can be used. They are typically presented as written text that can be reviewed along with the video.[https://twitter.com/TheWheelOfTime/status/1475858812221280258?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1475858818533707779%7Ctwgr%5E27ef3ba67322e5f1a982a4ed4c2e7531526a69ff%7Ctwcon%5Es2_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessible-social.com%2Faudio-and-video%2Fvideo-descriptions See this example] presenting the trailer for The Wheel of Time.  
*An option for making videos with audio descriptions to create two versions of your video, one with an audio description integrated with the rest of your video’s audio and one without. Below is an example of an audio description.
{{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7j4_aP8dWA&t=11s|alignment=center}}

 
= Apply your understanding =
We suggest taking a couple/few meetings to go through this, to get the most out of your reflections!
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 333px;"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; height: 19px; background-color: rgb(187, 145, 183);" | '''Reflecting on why this matters to us'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" |
*Why is accessibility something that we want to prioritize?
*Is accessibility as a value expressed in our organization's mission/vision/principles? If not, how can this be improved?
|- style="height: 72px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: rgb(187, 145, 183); height: 72px;" | '''Reflecting on our own practices that might hinder accessibility'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 72px;" |
*Thinking critically... what are some of the practices or 'norms' in how we operate as a team (e.g. group culture) that might replicate internalized capitalism/ableism?
*What are some of the practices we hope to embody to challenge these norms?
|- style="height: 86px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: #bb91b7; height: 86px;" | '''Reflecting on barriers/resources to making our organizing group more accessible'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: #ffffff; height: 86px;" |
*What are examples of current barriers to our meetings being accessible? What resources could we deploy to improve this?
*What are examples of current barriers to our events/actions being accessible? What resources could we deploy to improve this?
*What are examples of current barriers to our outreach/education materials being accessible? What resources could we deploy to improve this?
|- style="height: 71px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: rgb(187, 145, 183); height: 71px;" | '''Reflecting on bringing disability justice into our climate justice campaigns'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 71px;" |
*What messages about how disability justice is climate justice most resonates based on our current campaigns?
*How might we incorporate disability justice in our framing and strategy?
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: #bb91b7; height: 57px;" | '''Closing reflections'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: #ffffff; height: 57px;" |
*What questions are we left with?
*What are our next steps? What's the action plan to make these reflections most useful?
|}

= Further resources =

'''Organizations'''
*[https://www.peopleshub.org/trainings-and-offerings People's hub ] offers trainings on creating culture of access, and also a peer support space for people with chronic illness/disability to meet online.
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/ Sins invalid] offers numerous resources in various forms.
*[https://www.djno.ca/ Disability Justice Network of Ontario]: DJNO has an abolitionist Prison Project that’s working to highlight the experiences of people who’re disabled, racialized and are currently/have been incarcerated. 
*[https://cilt.ca/ Centre for Independent Living in Toronto] (CILT): CILT partnered with No More Silence to offer zoom meetings with Indigenous community members who experience challenges & barriers when attempting to access cultural and ceremonial spaces to develop guidelines to increase the accessibility of these spaces.
*[https://barrierfreesaskatchewan.org/ Barrier Free Saskatchewan]-"Non-partisan coalition from the provincial community of individuals and organizations of and for persons with disabilities, Saskatchewan citizens, organizations, and companies"
*[https://www.thedisabilitycollective.com/ The Disability Collective]-Fully disability-led performing arts organization in Toronto
*[https://tangledarts.org/ Tangled Art & Disability]-Supports "Disabled, d/Deaf, chronically ill, neurodiverse, k/crip, Mad, sick & spoonie artists; to cultivate Disability Arts in Canadaz' 
'''Written'''
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/news-1/2022/7/7/disability-justice-is-climate-justice Disability Justice is Climate Justice] (Sins Invalid)-Article and ASL video
*[https://greenisthenewblack.com/disability-rights-is-a-climate-justice-issue-heres-why/ Disability Rights is a Climate Justice Issue. Here’s Why] (Leanne McNulty)-Article
*[https://www.yesmagazine.org/opinion/2019/07/31/climate-change-queer-disabled-organizers To Survive Climate Catastrophe, Look to Queer & Disabled Folks] (YES! Magazine)-Article
*[https://wid.org/rights-disabilities-disasters-resources/ The Rights of People with Disabilities in Disasters & Public Health Emergencies] (World Institute of Disability)- List of resources
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/blog/10-principles-of-disability-justice 10 Principles of Disability Justice] (Sins Invalid)-Article
*[https://briarpatchmagazine.com/issues/view/september-october-2022 Briarpatch’s Disability Justice Issue]-Magazine
*[https://monitormag.ca/articles/access-after-covid-19-how-disability-culture-can-transform-life-and-work/ Access after COVID-19: How disability culture can transform life and work] (The Monitor)-Article
*[https://www.djno.ca/history-of-disability-justice-right The history of disability rights and justice in Canada] (DJNO)
'''Video'''
*[https://rootedinrights.org/video/therighttoberescued/ The right to be rescued by Rooted in Rights]-Tells the stories of people with disabilities affected by Hurricane Katrina. Includes a discussion guide and emergency preparedness resources.
'''Audio'''

*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast Sins Invalid offers 3 podcast episodes] on the intersections of climate and disability.
***[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast/2020/10/16/episode-1-foundations-of-climate-justice-and-disability-justice Episode 1: We Love Like Barnacles]
***[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast/2020/10/16/episode-2-enviromental-racism-climate-justice-and-disability-justice Episode 2: Crip Resilience is Nature's Brilliance]
***[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast/2020/10/16/episode-3-resisting-the-medical-industial-complex Episode 3: Planetary Whistle Blowers]

 
If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
 
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<div style="text-align:center;">This work is licensed under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License].</div>

'''[https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Militant_Wiki Back to Homepage]'''

Making your activism accessible

2024-08-22T15:36:11Z

Mediawiki: /* Developing a process for meeting access needs */

'''Purpose:''' This page was created to support activists in making their spaces more accessible, that is, to ensure everyone's needs to access movement spaces are met so more people can contribute to the climate movement in whatever way they can! Several of the topics found in this guide are based on questions asked by activists in the HUB's community.

'''This guide includes:''' definitions of accessibility, understanding why disability justice is climate justice, considerations for accessible event, action planning, communication and content sharing, considerations for creating an accessible culture and other suggestions related to creating a space that is accessible to everyone who wants to contribute to the movement for climate justice.
 
 
'''Learning objectives:'''

*Equip grassroots groups with strategies to meet the access needs of participants, make their messaging accessible to all folks, and increase engagement and involvement in their activism and organizing spaces.
*Learn from the lived experiences of people with access needs.
*(Bonus) Discuss new ideas to add to the roundup of practices currently listed in the guide

'''Where does the knowledge come from?''' The information included comes from existing organizer databases and resources and knowledge by movement thinkers. We've included knowledge from; blogs written by people living with accessibility needs, resources provided by staff at the [https://www.peopleshub.org/ People's Hub], an instagram live with Priya Penner from '''[https://disasterstrategies.org/priya-penner-bio/ the Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies]''' and other organizers living with disabilities. However, note that each personal experience is distinct, thus we encourage further insight from different positionalities to share further ideas on how this page can be expanded upon and improved.

'''Accompanying activity suggestions:'''
*Individual or group read-through using our '''apply your understanding questions at the end of this guide'''. Go through them as a team.
*Trying to model the good practices in the guide and running an action plan workshop for the group based on them. Goal is to come up with plan, timeline and bottom-liners to implement some of the ideas in the guide
*Checking back in after a couple months’ worth of testing the ideas in the guide in real life and doing a rundown of what worked well and what didn’t as a group
*Allow group members, using some of the scenarios in the guide, to speak to resonance and hear what new ideas and considerations are shared
= Defining accessibility =
''"Universal accessibility is the character of a product, process, service, information or environment which, with a view to fairness and an inclusive approach, allows anyone to carry out activities independently and to obtain equivalent results."'' - Groupe DÉFI Accessibilité (GDA) <ref>Groupe DEFI Accessibilite (GDA) - Research report for associations in Montreal - Universal Accessibility and contributing designs (version 5.3), Langevin, Rocque, Chalghoumi & Ghorayeb, University of Montreal</ref> & [https://exaequo.net/ Ex Aequo]

[https://exaequo.net/ Ex Aequo] distinguish accessibility from adaptation:
"''Adaptation would consist of changes made in order to accommodate people in relation to “an environment, a communication, a program, or an already existing service. We adapt when we build a subway with only stairs, then add elevators several years later. We make it universally accessible when we provide access ramps to the buses."''

== Why is [[Accessibility]] Critical to Movement Spaces? ==

[https://accessculture.wordpress.com/2012/07/03/hello-world/ Access Culture] expands on definitions of accessibility, explaining:

''"For people who live on the margins, who have to fight to prove their existence, who are excluded from movements, who are subject to abuse in the form of isolation, having access to spaces means having access to community, to connection, to existence. When we make spaces accessible, when we build movements based on inclusion, we recognize that each person has an intrinsic value, that our existence is beautiful and necessary. Creating accessible spaces is about recognizing that connection is necessary, that community is necessary, that our culture is built on the myth of separation, the lie of disconnection. We must move from independence to interdependence in order to transform society."'' 

 

'''Accessibility matters for the following reasons:'''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 513px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 110px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 110px;" | '''1. Collective liberation: we all win when we oppose ableism'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 110px;" |
*'''Disabled people are oppressed by the''' '''same systems of power we are fighting across movements. '''[[Ableism]] denies people with a physical or mental impairment opportunities to care for themselves. It is deeply rooted in capitalism, colonialism and white supremacy.  
*<div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="eoqjo-0-0">'''Disability justice is anti-capitalist'''. It opposed the push for productivity, extraction and commodifying our bodies for labour and building wealth. </div>
|- style="height: 18px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 18px;" | '''2. Not actively unlearning and practicing = replicating oppression'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 18px;" |
*'''We want to fight marginalization, not contribute to it.''' Within movement spaces, we must actively work to unlearn behaviours that reinforce oppression to fight against it. This includes practicing an access culture and challenging internalized [[ableism]], racism, homophobia etc. 
***Internalized [[ableism]] prompts: do we reward some people over others because they can contribute more time and effort? Do we favour their voices over those who have to care for their health, need to work a second job, have caretaking responsibilities etc.?
***'''Access goes beyond disability.''' There's a reason primarily white folks are accessing climate activist spaces. 
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 74px;" | '''3. Prioritizing and leadership of marginalized people'''
| style="height: 74px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*'''The needs of those who do not benefit from our current oppressive systems must be prioritized as decision makers '''for a just world that prioritizes people and the planet.
*<div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="41hsc-0-0">'''Those most affected by forms of oppression are best suited to define how we can operate our society more equitably'''. Disabled, black, brown, trans etc. people live through some of the most challenging consequences of capitalism and the climate crisis. </div>
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000; text-align: left;" | '''4. Meeting everyone’s needs = more people power'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.6311%;" |
*'''On a strategic note: We will not mobilize the mass we need without considering disability justice, access needs and building cultures of care that actively challenge internalized oppression'''.
***If people do not see their '''immediate survival needs''' being prioritized by your campaign, '''they will not want to join.'''
***Otherwise, those who would be interested in organizing may be '''unable to join, or continue''', if their access and care needs are not considered. 
*'''Putting the planning in today means greater and sustained participation tomorrow. '''We are all likely to experience chronic or acute disability or access needs in our lives, whether from old age, stress, illness or an accident.  
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 51px;" | '''5. Organizers burn out when opposing ableism isn't prioritized'''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 51px;" |
*'''Non-disabled organizers are impacted by [[ableism]] too'''. Oppressive systems have their own way of defining what value and care mean, and who is deserving, and when. 
***'''Internalized [[ableism]] uses productivity and sameness to define our worth'''. Doing too much to achieve too much can lead to burnout; a major problem in movement spaces. 
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/upcoming-show Disabled queer and trans communities of colour]''' have already been preparing for the survival of their communities''' '''through disasters.''' They teach each other skills in resilience-based, care-based organizing to strategically create the changes that we need for our futures. These skills are necessary for other organizers to learn from. <ref>https://www.yesmagazine.org/opinion/2019/07/31/climate-change-queer-disabled-organizers</ref>
*Learning from other multiply marginalized people, I've found amazing community. There is so much love, support and sustainability in these relationships. I wouldn't be here in the ways I am without these friends, because they've supported me when I needed support or solutions. Turning to my disabled friends and comrades is one of the best ways to get something done. Finding that community to sustain yourself and co-conspire with you, and recognize what you're going through, is key.
|}
As described by [https://www.peopleshub.org/people/aerik-woodams Aerik Woodams ] at [https://www.peopleshub.org/ People's Hub], individual access is often framed as extra work; that there are 'more important things to address'. Disabled and otherwise marginalized people ask us to do things differently. This might feel like work at first, but these efforts benefit all of us by giving us more strength, understanding and tools to build a better world. 

'' ''
=== A note on what 'counts' as activism ===

First and foremost, taking care of one's disabled body is radical activism. As described by Audre Lorde, caring for bodies that do not fit the ‘favoured’ white, male, cisgender, able-bodied ‘ideal’ set by western, capitalist, individualist norms, is political. <ref>https://www.mentalhealthtoday.co.uk/blog/awareness/why-acknowledging-and-celebrating-the-black-feminist-origins-of-self-care-is-essential</ref>

There can be a tendency in movement spaces to debate what the 'best' way to take action is. Many disabled people (and also non-disabled people) must factor in things such as energy levels, physical ability, transportation, scheduling requirements (e.g. medication, appointments etc) when thinking about how they'll participate in activism. '''There are many things we can do to support these needs at our events and action as outlined in this guide.''' '''And, we should recognize, value and encourage the diversity of ways one can meaningfully contribute to grassroots movements.''' And, that our movements are not successful without them!
 
 
The following examples are two personal accounts from people with different disabled experiences on finding their role in organizing spaces:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 120px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 110px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 110px;" | '''Priya Penner, Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies <ref>https://disasterstrategies.org/</ref> '''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 110px;" |
[Paraphrased] To do physical activism, you need a lot of people to support you in the background to ensure you're successful. I started with a grassroots organization, trying to figure out where my place was in this movement. Within that journey I was part of different subcommittees. I was part of the media committee, and these people are so important, but quickly realized to be successful in this role you need to take a step back and see what's happening, call the media and put in the hard work of calling 20, 50 etc outlets. I realized the importance of that, and did not enjoy that part nearly as much. I feel most comfortable being directly in the action. 
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 21.3321%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 10px;" | '''Kenzie Harris, Global Grassroots Support Network <ref>https://blueprintsfc.org/</ref> '''
| style="width: 78.6311%; height: 10px;" |
I experienced a severe burnout and, from it, developed chronic health issues and new access needs. This meant the very fast-paced and demanding organizing I was participating in was no longer accessible to me (I tried, and my health suffered for it). I now have to consider things like... will I be able to seek accommodations for my, now heightened, sensory needs at this meeting/event/action? Will I have enough time after to recover, so that I'll have the energy and manageable pain to do daily living activities in the following days? I've learned to appreciate the other meaningful ways I can contribute, that aren't as taxing on my body/brain, more often. I feel best in an educator role, translating information for popular education and outreach purposes. I enjoy making knowledge more accessible for people to engage with. For other autistics, you may find [https://drdevonprice.substack.com/p/burning-it-all-down-without-burning the following article by Devon Price] useful in finding ways to work with, not against, your disability in movement spaces.
|}

= Disability Justice is Climate Justice =

Sometimes approaches to climate can reinforce [[ableism]], and this is represented by the term eco-ableism. See our page on [[ableism]] for examples of eco-ableism

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 364px; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 28px;" | '''1. Natural disasters disproportionately harm disabled people'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 28px;" |
*'''Structural barriers become a matter of life or death during disaster.''' 
*[Paraphrased] '''People with disabilities are 2-4x more likely to die during disasters.''' <ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/sfrost/2020/07/06/deadly-discrimination/?sh=39051e92b93b</ref> Why is that? One of the things you learn is we are forgotten. We aren't part of planning conversations, disaster preparedness. We aren't talking about what happens when the best laid plans go wrong. We aren't part of the conversation in planning for disasters. So when we talk about climate, we see again that we're forgotten.''' People with disabilities aren't mentioned in plans at all.''' Countries are neglecting their obligations to fulfill the rights of disabled folks in response to the climate crisis. When we look at smaller conversations about planning for disaster, plus the larger conversations about climate justice, we aren't included.
*[Paraphrased] As a multiply marginalized person, we don't get invitations to join conversations. The fact that the Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies exists says a lot, that things are changing, but we have to keep pushing.
 
Specific examples include:
*"Some members of the disability community are especially '''vulnerable to extreme heat''' events due to increased sensitivity to keeping our body temperatures cool enough." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''Natural disaster can cut electricity''', "which is especially problematic because so many disabled people need electricity-powered medical equipment to survive." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''Droughts and flooding cause food and water insecurity'''. "Because of other social factors like the [https://disablepoverty.org/what-is-disable-poverty/ disproportionate number of disabled people who are caught in an endless poverty cycle], the disability community is especially vulnerable during these shortages." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''Disabled people may be unable to evacuate''' from disaster and/or '''may lose "critical mobility and accessibility devices''' (wheelchairs, scooters, walkers, canes, hearing aids, communication devices)." -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*Post-disaster, "the prospect of '''rebuilding a home that had been built around an individual disabilit'''y can also be daunting and expensive ― particularly considering disabled workers typically [http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/07/27/7-facts-about-americans-with-disabilities/ earn significantly less] than their able-bodied counterparts." -[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/in-natural-disasters-a-disability-can-be-a-death-sentence_n_5c1ba22ee4b0407e9077eb58?guccounter=1 Jenavieve Hatch for Huffington Post]
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 74px;" |
'''2. Disabled people are marginalized and are equally deserving of liberation'''
| style="height: 74px; width: 78.2137%;" |
*'''80% of disabled people live in the Global South''', regions most impacted by the climate crisis and exploitation. <ref>https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/resources/factsheet-on-persons-with-disabilities.html</ref>
*"From homeless encampments to local jail cells, the social, political, and economic disparities among disabled queer and trans people of colour put our communities at the '''frontlines of ecological disaster'''.” -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Patty Berne]
*Disabled people are not 'hoarding resources' or 'draining the system', two phrases often used to demonize disabled people for collecting disability benefits. The ultra-rich benefit from blaming disabled bodies, while they continue to benefit from the system.
|- style="height: 178px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: rgb(197, 31, 132); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; height: 178px;" | '''3. Systems of oppression are intersectional and best addressed by leadership of the most impacted'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 178px;" |
*[Paraphrased] You can't separate identities from a person. We can't separate these systems of oppression. We recognize none of us are free unless we're all free. '''Disability justice provides a framework for creating inclusive resistance movements that support other movements by resisting these intersecting systems of oppression.''' It's not like we can say 'I'm only going to fight ableism' and ignore white supremacy. They're all connected. It's not going to be climate justice if we don't prioritize the needs of the most impacted.''' '''Some of the most marginalized folks are multiply marginalized disabled folks. We know we have to prioritize their leadership. This is one key way to effectively resist. '''Disabled folks know what it's like to resist these systems, and our solutions are pretty bad-ass. We are some of the best problem solvers because we have to go through it day in and day out.'''
*'''Disability justice is migrant justice.''' "[https://wid.org/2018/09/26/climate-related-migration/ Climate change is accelerating forced migration] at a time when disabled people find it increasingly difficult to cross borders — not simply because of the physical demands, but also because of political opposition." -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser]
*** Disabled people may be unable to enter countries because their diagnosis or condition is considered 'burdensome'. -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser]
*** Migrants may struggle to access the services they need (health services and long-term medical, financial, and social support). -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
*'''The oppressive conditions we’re living in can be disabling''' themselves. For example...
***'''Chronic stress can be disabling'''. Neurodivergent people (ADHD, dyslexia, autism, anxiety) are [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13575279.2022.2149471 more likely than neurotypical people] to experience physical health problems. 
***'''Racism can be disabling''' (e.g. [https://twitter.com/Imani_Barbarin/status/1648781887781912579?t=gxCK45M3QQOiWgEjjHpUHg&s=19 Ralph Yarl], a 16-year-old black child, experienced a brain injury after being shot by a racist white man). 
***'''Colonialism can be disabling''' (e.g. Aamijiwnaang First Nation has been impacted by settler colonialism, capitalism and environmental racism. Over 60 petrochemical facilities can be found within a 25 km2 area. Community members face high rates of cancer, respiratory illness and reproductive health issues). <ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-racism-in-canada#</ref>
***'''Living in poverty can be disabling.''' It significantly increases the likelihood of developing chronic or acute health problems (e.g. limited access to healthy foods, shelter, clean air and water, chronic stress etc). <ref>https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/poverty-health.html#:~:text=Poverty%20affects%20health%20by%20limiting,an%20individual's%20standard%20of%20living.</ref>
|- style="height: 82px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; height: 82px; border-color: #000000;" |
'''4. Environmental racism and natural disasters cause disabilities'''
| style="height: 82px; width: 78.2137%;" |
*"If we ask ourselves why Black and brown communities have higher rates of asthma, we also must look at where they live." -[https://ssir.org/articles/entry/climate_change_environmental_activism_and_disability Daphne Frias] for Stanford Social Innovation Review.
*Injuries obtained living through a natural disaster (e.g. earthquakes, hurricanes etc) or from being exposed to toxic chemicals (e.g. Mercury, see [[environmental racism]]) may cause acute or chronic disability.
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" |
'''5. Eco-ableism reinforces oppression'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 51px;" |
*"Prioritizing personal ownership of environmental impacts over corporate responsibility fuels [[ableism]] and discrimination toward people with disabilities."-[https://ssir.org/articles/entry/climate_change_environmental_activism_and_disability Daphne Frias]
**See our eco-ableism section of [[ableism]] for examples. 
**Disability is one of the first forgotten or first attacked experiences when discussing climate accountability or solutions. It's important to recognize disabled people caring for their needs are not to blame for the climate crisis. '''True accountability lies in those hoarding resources and wealth (the ultra rich).''' 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 23px;" |
'''6. There can be no climate justice without addressing immediate survival needs'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 23px;" |
*"'''Disabled people are so busy just surviving.''' We have to self advocate all the time for access to employment, education, benefits or healthcare. It means unless there is a flood at my door I’m not thinking about the climate so much. We need to get people out of poverty because you can’t do anything about the climate if you are completely ostracised from participating in regular life.” -[https://twitter.com/PaulineCastres Pauline Castres] 
*"When issues like discrimination, access to adequate healthcare, unemployment, and poverty are among our top concerns, climate change tends to be an afterthought. When we are fighting for basic human rights and equality, how do we have time to think about climate change? '''Being concerned about and fighting for climate justice is a privilege.'''" -[https://rootedinrights.org/its-time-to-recognize-climate-change-as-a-disability-rights-issue/ Tiffany Yu]
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 21.7495%; background-color: #c51f84; border-color: #000000; height: 51px;" | '''7. 'Survival of the fittest' is an oppressive mindset'''
| style="width: 78.2137%; height: 51px;" |
*'''Accepting the loss of some lives to the climate crisis as 'inevitable' is oppressive.''' "We aren't just talking about physical vulnerability; [[ableism]], racism, class inequality and other forms of oppression work together to compound and intensify risk." -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser] 
*'''Access to wealth makes it easier to evacuate, and white supremacy translates "into the political clout and communal resources that make climate disruptions more survivable in the first place''' — better infrastructure, [https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf less exposure to environmental hazards] and more robust public assistance during and after crisis." -[https://truthout.org/articles/disabled-people-cannot-be-expected-losses-in-the-climate-crisis/ Julia Watts Belser]
*'''We all deserve to have our needs met on a planet that has enough resources, but that are hoarded by a minority. '''Capitalism describes disabled individuals as a drain on our resources. In contrast, it is capitalism that drains us, and drains the earth's resources. 
|}

Advice from [https://disasterstrategies.org/priya-penner-bio/ Priya Penner at the Partnership for Inclusive Disaster Strategies] on how to prioritize disability justice in your movement spaces: 
[Paraphrased] Reach out to the most impacted folks. Let them lead; listen and take a step back. For folks that want to work in coalition with disability justice activists, let them lead, listen to what they need and work with them, not for them. You need to recognize who is missing from your table, your spaces, as climate justice activists. Disability justice activists have so much to teach folks, just as climate justice activists do. It's a mutual relationship. Prioritize access. Meeting access needs often requires a lot of money. But, if you do have money, ask what you're prioritizing. Are interpreters more important, or markers and posters? We will show up if we know we are wanted. Are you opening that door?

=== Watch/listen ===

See the following video by Climate Atlas of Canada for a quick overview of how disability justice intersects with climate justice:

{{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4G7wLlI7N6E|alignment=center}}

= Holding Accessible Events and Meetings =

== Meeting Attendees Needs <ref>https://collectifau.ca/</ref> <ref>https://www.sinsinvalid.org/blog/access-suggestions-for-a-public-event</ref> ==

Disability and able-bodies exist on a spectrum. Most of us have experience with [[ableism]] and the pressures of capitalism, and/or experience being excluded by other systems of oppression that limit our access. We invite you to''' reflect on how making a space accessible goes beyond ensuring people can physically access a space''', '''but also that they can show up as fully as others in the room'''. If helpful, we suggest checking out our wiki on [https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/How_can_we_incorporate_space_watchers_and_holders_into_our_groups_without_veering_into_policing%3F incorporating space watchers and holders] for further considerations.

'''Quick tips:'''
*Pause frequently during events and meetings to ask if anyone has any access needs that need to be addressed!
*UK Mutual Aid has an [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit?usp=sharing example of an accessibility checklist] that you can use as a blueprint to creating a checklist for your team.
*'''Consider creating an '''[https://tangledarts.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/cta-access-guide-spreads-digital.pdf access guide ] that can be distributed for your meetings/events. Once you have a template down, you can swap out specific details as needed! *See the example below of an access guide made for a HUB event!

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 14.4px; width: 100%; height: 1372px;"
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 57px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Childcare'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 57px;" |
*Consider where people can access with and leave '''strollers'''.
*Provide babysitting if possible!
|- style="height: 185px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 185px;" | '''Wheelchair accessibility'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 185px;" |
*A person in a wheelchair should be able to move around in all the rooms and access a toilet.
'''Doors '''must be 800mm minimum. The dimensions of a '''toilet''' cubicle must be 1500 x 1500mm minimum. 
*All '''paths''' must be obstacle-free and have a clear width of at least 920 mm.
*Check if the place is under '''construction or renovation''', which could make the space temporarily inaccessible.
*The '''entrance''' must be a single level or equipped with an access ramp. It must be at least 800 mm wide.
*'''Snow '''will always make accessibility more difficult for folks with limited mobility. [https://en.wiki.lehub.ca/index.php/Making_your_activism_accessible#cite_note-3 [3]]
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" | '''Food and water'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*'''Water '''is especially important during long events or on hot days.
*Plan '''meals''' that respect dietary restrictions. 
*Provide '''snacks''' during long or hot days!
*If you're selling food, provide''' free or low-cost options'''.
*Share the''' ingredients lists'''
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" | '''Accessibility support'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 53px;" |
*Designate '''support persons''' for those in need as requests arise.
*Identify them with something such as an''' armband or shirt.'''
*Including '''descriptive language '''can paint a picture of what others see and provide richer context for those with vision trouble.
|- style="height: 79px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 79px;" | '''Transportation'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 79px;" |
*Choose a place that is accessible by '''public transport '''and that is close to toilets and shelter from the sun or the rain.
*Have people wait at these places to accompany people with reduced mobility while they wait for transport.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" | '''Ways to participate'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*If the event cannot be universally accessible, offer other '''ways to participate''', such as actions that can be done remotely.
*'''Livesteaming '''is great for those who can't attend in person.
*Plan an activity with''' several components''' to promote the involvement of people with reduced mobility.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''Timing and barriers to participation'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Be transparent about the '''schedule''' for the event. Let participants know the''' destination(s) and duration''' ahead of time. 
*Be transparent about '''barriers to participation''' and mobility!
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 76px;" | '''Language'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 76px;" |
*Are speakers using '''word choices that most people will know?'''
*Are '''interpreters '''available for community members who use a language other than English? What about those with visual or auditory impairments?
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" | '''Timing'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 23px;" |
*Do not hold your '''event too early in the day, or too late.''' Some disabilities/situations that limit people from attending early morning/late evenings.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" | '''Allergies and sensitivities'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Ask participants not to wear '''scented products. ''' 
*Fluorescent '''lighting '''can make spaces inaccessible to some people. 
*Having a few pairs of '''earplugs''' can be helpful at events with noise, and/or suggest attendees bring some ahead of time.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" | '''Photography'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 53px;" |
*Always ask before using''' flash photography.'''
*Encourage attendees to avoid taking photos of faces without asking for consent from those in the photo.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Bathrooms'''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 28px;" |
*Are they '''accessible and safe''' for everyone (such as transgender people) to use?
|- style="height: 458px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 458px;" | '''Neurodivergent and/or introverted inclusion''' 
 
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 458px;" |
'''Neurodivergent:''' describes how developmental disorders are normal variations in the brain. <ref> https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/features/what-is-neurodiversity</ref> The neurodiverse umbrella <ref> https://instagram.com/p/CYBl-miPcCL/</ref> includes but is not limited to ADHD, dyslexia, autism, and other learning disabilities. Many people also include mental illnesses under the umbrella of neurodiversity, such as  anxiety, bipolar, PTSD, schizophrenia etc.

'''Introversion:''' Susan Cain describes that where people who are extroverted are stimulated by their environment and absorb energy by interacting with others, introverted people recharge when they are alone and feel overwhelmed by prolonged social interactions and stimulations from their environment.

Meeting neurodivergent and introverted needs:
*'''Written schedule/plans: '''Outline event plans ahead of time''' '''and/or throughout the event if possible. An awareness of time can be particularly helpful. For example, some people take time-sensitive medication, need to leave by a certain time etc.
*'''Breaks/slower periods: '''This can help avoid overstimulation and help people refocus.
*'''Quiet/low stimulation space access:''' The space should not include fluorescent light, and should be calm with no pressure to socialize.
*'''Moments of pause / introspection: '''Before starting discussions on a topic that people have not had time to think about, allowing some quiet time to think and write down your thoughts helps more people feel comfortable discussing participate in discussions. 
*'''Stimulation: '''When planning activities and get-togethers, keep in mind that we are trying to avoid both overstimulation for the most introverted people and loss of interest for the most extroverted people. Try to balance the types of activities included in your event/action to avoid overstimulating the most introverted people and losing the interest of the most extroverted people. For example, an event that exclusively involves networking will probably exclusively include extroverts! Space out activities that take a lot of social energy. 
*'''Tools to support sensory needs: '''If you're able to have a few sets of ear plugs, cheap pairs of sunglasses and a few fidget toys handy, this can really help neurodivergents who struggle to remember these! "I've brought a few fidget toys to meetings before, and within minutes people (often who haven't indicated they're neurodivergent) pick them up, and I can tell they're able to pay attention and remain grounded better!" -Kenzie Harris, Global Grassroots Support Network <ref>https://blueprintsfc.org/</ref>
*For further information on meeting neurodivergent needs, see [https://rootedinrights.org/how-to-make-your-virtual-meetings-and-events-accessible-to-the-disability-community/ this resource by Rooted in Rights.]
|- style="height: 104px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 104px;" | '''BIPOC inclusion <ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit</ref> '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 104px;" |
*Publicize the organization's [[anti-racism]]''' position '''and how the organization will deal with a situation of racism.
*Have '''staff available that are Black, Indigenous and Persons of colour''' in case of a person's concerns, insecurity or distress
*Do not publicize the event with images of BIPOC people unless they occupy an important place within the event itself (e.g. in terms of resources allocated, people invited, partner groups, staff etc).
|- style="height: 77px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 77px;" | '''Gender identity inclusion <ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit</ref> '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 77px;" |
*Have staff with '''different gender identities available''' for people’s concerns, insecurity or distress. 
*Ask people to write or say their '''pronouns.''' 
*Have''' gender-neutral toilets and identify them as such'''. Don’t use illustrations or gendered vocabulary.
|- style="height: 77px;"
| style="width: 10.7851%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 77px;" | '''Low-income inclusion <ref>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bt6SVDG3DhqfCs0TDihFYdWK5Fc3TmsAVG4dqIZTueA/edit</ref> '''
| style="width: 55.8815%; height: 77px;" |
*The most accessible option is to''' offer things for free'''; voluntary contributions are another option, but it’s better to avoid putting people in these situations.
*Consider whether '''internet access''' is necessary for participation.
*Provide''' adapted vocabulary''' or accompanying documents.
|}

=== Example access guide ===

[[File:Screen Shot 2023-08-04 at 11.22.58 AM.png|500x500px|left|border]][[File:Screen Shot 2023-08-04 at 11.23.11 AM.png|500x500px|none|border]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|}

== Pandemic Safety Measures ==

If you do not have safety measures in place during a pandemic, higher-risk individuals in particular are unlikely to attend your event.  It also sends the message that people at high-risk of becoming very ill are disposable. Safety measures prevent people from becoming seriously ill, [https://www.healthline.com/health-news/a-mild-covid-19-case-may-still-r long-term disability] and death.
[https://theconversation.com/profiles/thomas-a-russo-1085429 Thomas A. Russo], professor of Infectious disease at the University of Buffalo, suggests that safety measures to put in place when planning an in-person event include:

*Advertising that attendees '''wear masks '''for the duration of the event, even for events held outdoors. Have extra masks available for those who come without one, ideally N95 or KN95’s which are one of the best available options to protect against COVID-19.
*Have a few volunteers who can provide '''hand sanitizer '''every so often, and especially before distributing food if this is included in your event.
*State that those who are feeling ill, have come in contact with someone who has tested positive OR have come in contact with someone who has tested negative but is showing symptoms of illness, '''should not attend'''. 
*Encourage attendees to keep their''' distance '''from one another as often as possible. 
[https://www.instagram.com/peoplescdc/ The People’s CDC ] has further recommendations for planning safe gatherings during a pandemic:

*Provide universal''' pre and post event testing'''.
*Stay in''' small, consistent groups'''.
*Perform contact '''tracing'''.
*Ensure the meeting space has adequate '''ventilation and air quality''' (open windows/doors, ensure HVAC systems are functional, use HEPA filters if possible).
*Perform high filtration '''universal masking'''. Provide certified N95/KN94 masks if possible.
*Provide a place for folks to '''eat outside'''.
*'''Reduce high-risk activities''' 5 days prior to the event (i.e. unmasked, indoor activities outside of the household) 
*Gather '''outdoors when possible'''. The risk of catching an airborne virus from an outdoor gathering is lower than from an indoor one. There is still a risk of contracting a virus, especially at crowded protests or gatherings.

== Suggestions for Virtual Events <ref>https://rootedinrights.org/how-to-make-your-virtual-meetings-and-events-accessible-to-the-disability-community/</ref> ==
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 299px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 67px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 67px;" | '''Internet access'''
| style="height: 67px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Can people '''attend without an account on that platform? '''(i.e., Facebook Live, Instagram Live/Stories, YouTube). 
*If you’re hosting an event over video conferencing software (i.e. Zoom, Google Hangouts, or GoToMeeting); offer a''' '''dial-in by phone option.
*For people with limited or no access to internet at home. Be willing to share information offline too.
*Create a '''tip sheet for online platforms with directions. '''The tip sheet can include information, step-by-step, about how to use the platform(s).
*For more, see this [https://bighack.org/best-videoconferencing-apps-and-software-for-accessibility/ resource on video conferencing software for accessibility.]
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
Invite and '''include disabled people '''and their needs
| style="height: 23px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Include disabled people as speakers.
*Share what you are '''planning to do to increase event access'''.
*Budget to provide '''closed captioning, sign language interpretation and other language''' interpretation. 
Live descriptions, captions and good audio are key for live streamed events.
*Make sure the service you’re using to host is '''compatible with assistive technology''', for example screen readers, and that it allows for computer-based listening/speaking and 'phone-based listening/speaking.
*Make sure your events are accessible to [https://www.assistiveware.com/learn-aac/7-ways-to-include-aac-users-in-conversation augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)] users. This requires offering''' multiple ways to participate''', answer questions, submit questions, and interact.
*Have an''' accessibility point person''' who can assist with access issues and technology concerns. Mention how to reach them at the beginning of your event.
*Wear a headset when presenting to improve''' '''audio quality, and try to have speakers limit background noise. It's helpful for speakers to state their name each time they speak for those with '''hearing impairments''' and the accuracy of the technology they rely on.
*Describe''' '''live scenarios and any images, read any text that appears on screen, and describe gestures for those with '''visual impairments'''. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 46px;" |
Share the''' format of the event and how long it plans to run''' 
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px;" |
*Check out the following resource on [https://inclusivedesignprinciples.org/ inclusive design principles] for the '''content of your event.'''
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 10px;" |
Provide any written or visual '''materials ahead of time.''' 
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px;" |
*Use an [https://aoda.ca/what-are-accessible-formats/ accessible file format]
*Consider providing a '''glossary of terms''' that will be used during the event.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" |
Allow attendees to '''send questions and comments in advance. '''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 28px;" |
*Allow attendees to send questions and comments in advance. You can also share if attendees will have an opportunity to ask questions during the event.
*Make it possible for people anonymously, or with their name and RSVP attached, to '''make access need requests.'''
|- style="height: 74px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 74px;" | Build time for '''reflection/breaks''' into your event, as well as time for questions.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 74px;" |
 
|- style="height: 51px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 51px;" | Offer channels to provide''' feedback '''about the event
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 51px;" |
*I.e. including accessibility, to help you prepare to plan the next one.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|}

== Suggestions for Hybrid and Virtual Meetings ==

Virtual and hybrid virtual/in person meetings require stable '''internet connections, access to hardware''' (i.e. cell phones and computers) and some '''technology literacy.''' 
If you’re working with participants who don’t have access to the internet or hardware, these tips may be hard to implement. However, there are other tools and techniques you can use such as conference call services, message groups, photos of call lists, etc. that can be used. The following are tips for holding hybrid (in-person and virtual) meetings, and general meeting tips.

[https://blueprintsfc.org/ Blueprints for Change] offers an extensive guide filled with [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1q73LK9AiOlvrA59BfBTf6U2YFD_r-3AM1n49-01Gez0/edit# tips on hosting effective hybrid meetings]. The following compiles some of the tips found in their hosting virtual/hybrid meetings guide, and from the write up developed by [https://www.trainingforchange.org/training_tools/facilitating-hybrid-groups-online/ Training for Change].

=== Considerations for Planning a Hybrid Meeting ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 319px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Things you'll need''' to do this successfully 
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*'''Internet connectivity.''' There are workarounds for lower bandwidth connections, such as the phone-in options built into platforms such as Zoom, but the drawback is a lack of visual contact. 
*Internet connection of phone-in options for''' participants '''(otherwise call-in teleconference numbers are usually available)
Those who join a meeting using their '''phone do not have the same functions available''' as those using a desktop. Consider sending important links ahead of the meeting, or in your workspace during, so people on the phone can access them.
*A '''platform to stream '''the meeting (i.e. zoom, google meets etc).
*'''Tech literacy''' (provide tools and norms, such as via sharing visuals with your attendees, ahead of time so they can learn on their own)
*Use a '''shared document '''for notetaking. Offline versions of meeting documents allows those joining by phone to participate better.  
|- style="height: 240px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 240px;" | '''Prepare ahead of time'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 240px;" |
*Schedule group meetings at least '''2-3 days ahead of time'''. This helps members to arrange for schedules, care-taking, quiet space, tech, etc.  
*Have '''plugs and power cords '''set up ahead of time so in-person attendees can plug in as needed without interrupting the meeting. Attendees joining virtually will also want to ensure they have adequate power for the duration of the meeting.
*Instruct in-person attendees to '''bring their computers/phones and dial into the virtual meeting''' platform (such as Zoom) so that all attendees, regardless of what space they’re in, can see everyone. If your meeting has a cluster of people together and only 1-2 people in the virtual space it may not be appropriate for every attendee to be at a computer. You’ll want to''' prep and think ahead about in-room camera and microphone placement and position''' chairs, easels and more in spots that can be seen and heard by the people on camera.
*Use '''one central mic to pick up everyone’s voices in the room, or pass a microphone around the room.''' Or, everyone in the room can '''unmute while they talk and re-mute when they’re done''' to avoid mic feedback. Encourage virtual attendees to have headphones handy that they can use. 
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 46px;" |
'''Roles you might consider when hosting hybrid meetings'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px;" |
-Lead facilitator

-Co-facilitator(s)

-Bridge facilitator; to bridge the digital and IRL spaces and who can support the IRL facilitator to make sure the digital folks are supported. This person could also be assigned to keep track of participants who have asked for a speaking turn so that both in person and digital voices are included.

-Visuals, Slides & Notes lead 

-Tech lead; to manage your session slides, doing things like screen sharing, watching the chat box, setting up and doing sound checks at the beginning of your session, and troubleshooting if problems come up along the way.

-Vibes & Energizers lead 

-Stack keeper (monitor order of speakers, chat and Q&A functions)

-Buddies for virtual participants (for hybrid meetings)
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 10px;" |
Plan for shifts in '''power dynamics''', because some people are in groups vs others are on their own.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 10px;" |
*How many people are connecting individually versus in groups? How many different groups are connected? Do any of the groups connecting together already have some power (i.e. circles of established friendships)?
*Consider...
-People connecting in groups may have an easier time connecting with others in the same room.  

-People connecting on their own may have an easier time connecting with others who also connected on their own.

-Those who connected the same way as the facilitator may have an easier time communicating with the facilitator. 

-When you use the chat box, those on their own device have easier access to participate.

-When people are in a room together, those controlling the screen, who are on camera and/or closer to the microphone are advantaged.
:: 
|}

=== Preparing Participants Before the Meeting ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 299px; background-color: #ffffff;"
|- style="height: 67px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 67px;" | '''Provide and seek information '''
| style="height: 67px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Check out [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ukHcdhT8J7EySVIWaz-zBI7JDD4YEnHfygBfhnbwJQk/edit this example prep email] provided by Blueprints for Change, which demonstrated some of the''' information that could be helpful to provide pre-meeting''' to make participants comfortable and prepared.
Information to provide/seek to prepare participants include:
*'''Context regarding the main agenda items''' before the meeting. For example, what is the main purpose of the meeting? What are the meeting goals? Also include approximate time allotment for each item.
*Provide items you want participants to '''review ahead of time''' so folks can reflect before the meeting. 
*'''Input and feedback''' from all who will be participating to add agenda items and confirm whether the meeting goals address their needs. 
*Ask participants to share if they will need translation, interpretation, or any other''' accommodations.''' Provide at least a few days for participants to inform you about their needs.
*Mention if you will be '''recording ahead of time''' so folks can raise concerns if they have them.
*Remind people to '''download needed software and/or sort out their audio''' in the invite email sent in advance.
*Ask folks to''' set up in advance''' of the call.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
Offer a''' training''' on how to use the platform
| style="height: 23px; width: 80.3024%;" |
*Offer an''' advance prep meeting to train and support '''some folks who could use your support to join and engage in the meeting. [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1jYwFO1YF0RPpl3tt7bpFj05G_DqI0_TRWXp8XZbulPg/edit#slide=id.g714145baa4_0_57 These slides] have some information on how to engage in a zoom meeting that might be helpful. Make the meeting purpose and outcomes explicit for your attendees and help them understand the flow of the meeting.
|}

=== Holding the Hybrid/Virtual Meetings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 69px; background-color: #ffffff;"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
Start with''' introductions and a check-in'''.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
Let folks introduce themselves, their pronouns and make time for relationship building by letting people share how they are doing or something about them.
*For example, check-in questions related to care might be "what colour best describes how you're feeling today?" Or, "If you're comfortable, share one high and one low from your week so far!" 
*You can also hold more fun get-to-know one another check-in's to lighten the mood of the meeting, such as "tell us about a book or tv show you engaged with recently that you'd recommend!" Or, "what is your favourite houseplant?" 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
Try to take '''notes and video recordings '''for those who can't attend.
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*Name it early that you are recording and allow folks to opt out, by getting off video, or managing their participation.
*Plans to record should also be mentioned before the meeting so concerns can be addressed. 
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 23px;" |
Provide a person or place where attendees can seek '''support'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*In the case they feel disrespected or have needs that aren't being met during the meeting.
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
It might be relevant to share '''participation guidelines '''and/or the group's mission statement to ground the group before beginning.
| style="width: 80.3024%;" |
Examples of participation guidelines, inspired by Aspiration Tech [21] , might include... 
::-Please focus on listening, not only on what you are hearing. 
::-Wherever possible, please refrain from multitasking on email or social media. 
::-Please use simple, accessible language. Please avoid jargon and acronyms.
::-When you speak, please try to make one point or a few brief points and then let others speak. 
::-Help us be mindful of the schedule and stay on time. Please support us in moving the dialog forward. 
::-Please indicate you want to speak by raising your hand on video; if you are not able to use or raise your hand, please feel free to speak up, but please try not to interrupt others. 
::-Stay muted when you are not speaking. 
::-Please be mindful of background noise and join the call from a quiet location if you can. Parents and caregivers are certainly exempt, but muting still applies.
::: 
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" | Get participants to''' engage with one another'''!
| style="width: 80.3024%;" |
*If all attendees are virtual in a “room” together encourage people who are not experiencing sensory or personal needs to''' turn their camera on.''' This helps to foster community and share non-verbal cues.''' ''' 
*In a hybrid meeting environment '''people who are on screen should be assigned a buddy who is in the physical room. '''Their buddy regularly checks in with them and makes sure they can see and hear at all times. If you only have 1-2 people in the virtual space you may also want to have a direct line open between the virtual participants and the facilitator through text. 
*Encourage folks to''' come off mute at the beginning''' for introductions and check ins. This sets the tone for engagement throughout the meeting. '''Check the chat regularly''' for participation from folks who are less comfortable speaking up, and read ideas out loud. 
*Share '''visuals in the online space''', not in the room. I.e. leaving ideas in an online doc, rather than on chart paper. This includes note-taking on a shared online document!
*Encourage new members to contribute ideas using '''strategies that avoid calling them out '''if they aren't comfortable speaking yet, such as using an interactive powerpoint or allowing them to leave ideas in the chat that can be read out by the facilitator.
*Invite your attendees to regularly '''evaluate your meeting''', share feedback and suggest tips to make your meeting work for you and your attendees.
 
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" | Use a '''circle up tool''' to keep participation equal
| style="width: 80.3024%;" | 1. Put all participants around one big virtual circle. 

2. Mark a little check next to someone whenever they speak. You can also use a star or other symbol to track when each person shares during a specific activity. Have one person assigned to do this, and to let the facilitator know who deserves speaking time. See the example from [https://www.trainingforchange.org/training_tools/facilitating-hybrid-groups-online/ Training for Change]
|-
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9;" | Be mindful of participants who '''may not be able to see or hear '''or otherwise fully participate in virtual meetings.
| style="width: 80.3024%;" | *If an attendee is blind, you should use more '''descriptive language''' that paints a picture of what others are seeing and provides richer context.
*Some people use '''screen readers '''to access information. In this case, make sure your presentation has image descriptions and refrain from using images/GIFs with flashing lights as they can cause seizures, headaches, and migraines.
*If an attendee is deaf or hard of hearing, make sure you're using a platform that supports real-time '''closed captioning'''.
|}

=== Closing Meetings ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
*Hold a '''check out question''', but try to keep it simple. For example, "what's one word you would use to describe how you're feeling after today's meeting?" Or, "share a compliment about 1 attendee present at today's meeting!"
*Send the '''notes and a meeting summary '''afterwards. Share the main items that were achieved, any major decisions or action items and a meeting recording if relevant.
*Provide a channel for '''follow up '''questions, suggestions or comments.
|}

== Creating Accessible Group Cultures ==

The following section drew from the writings of:  
*Liz Kessler, a person who describes themselves as disabled and who is involved in struggles for justice <ref>https://data.over-blog-kiwi.com/1/85/65/14/20180525/ob_91a56c_milieu-militant-inclusif-neurodivergen.pdf</ref> 
*Lee, a disabled, queer, trans and autistic activist. <ref>https://accessculture.wordpress.com/2012/07/06/how-to-be-an-ally-to-disabled-neurodiverse-folks-in-activist-academic-communities/</ref> 
*Kenzie Harris, queer, disabled activist (and former HUB librarian)


'''Suggestions for fostering accessible group cultures:'''

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 390px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''LEARN ABOUT ABLEISM'''
| style="height: 76px;" |
*Many groups make the mistake of leaving personal development to individuals. Why not hold one another accountable to this unlearning/learning? Hold a book club, assign readings/listens, start a group chat on resources you found helpful etc. 
'''Please don't make the mistake of thinking that because you don't bully disabled people, you have not internalized ableism... we all have, disabled or not!'''
*Many spaces don't move beyond asking 'does anyone have any access needs'? No one will raise their needs if they can't even identify them! See [[building cultures of care]] for an exercise on identifying and advocating your needs.
*Learning about different disabilities can also help to broaden people's perspectives on what makes for an 'appropriate' access need (internalized ableism often convinces us to dismiss some as illegitimate, which replicates harm). 
|- style="height: 10px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 10px;" | '''Set practices for working with different abilities and limits '''
| style="height: 10px;" |

*Check with people on what they need to be able to pause and ground themselves, and/or move forward.
*Last-minute disengagement related to personal conditions or situations is common!
*Value various forms of knowledge, i.e. other than academic knowledge (e.g. lived experience). 
|- style="height: 76px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 76px;" | '''There should be various levels of engagement within your organization'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 76px;" |
*Meetings should never be mandatory, and there should be multiple 'levels' for involvement for varying capacities. Some people just want to help out; they don't care to be part of decision making. Make sure there's opportunities for this, and that they're easy to find!
*Do not set standards for how hard, or how much, work should be completed. Workflow norms are tailored to some identities more than others.
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Incorporate regular discussions about personal and group boundaries'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 23px;" |
*This allows each person to give their consent actively and enthusiastically, and promotes respect for these limits.
*It can be helpful to intentionally carve out time or have practices in place to check on how people with varying capacities and abilities are managing. For example, have some general check in/reflection time every 3rd meeting.
*Short term limits encourage long term sustainability.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" |
'''Plan break times'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 28px;" |
*Do not have meetings or tasks to complete during breaks. Commit the entire team to taking a break so no one feels excluded or singled out.
*When a person takes a break from activism, access to the support and social contact of the activist community encourages resilience.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 53px;" | '''Focus on content, rather than how something is said'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 53px;" |
*Some people express ideas or comments using emotion, rather than using statements such as "I feel..." and "I think...". No matter how emotional the person is when sharing their ideas, what they have to say is of equal importance.
*Some people have trouble with eye contact, or need to fidget to maintain focus during a discussion. Focus on what they're sharing, not how they're sharing!
|- style="height: 46px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 46px;" | '''Uplift intersectional perspectives'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 46px;" |
*Intersectional perspectives are those of people who experience more than one social identity limiting their accessibility to spaces.
*The people who are most often 'front and center' in our communities, and in our spaces, enjoy white privilege, attractiveness (or body) privilege, able-bodied privilege, and class. Have honest conversations about this in your group regularly.
|- style="height: 78px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 78px;" | '''Avoid and challenge ableist language'''
| style="width: 80.3024%; height: 78px;" |
*See the [https://www.accessible-social.com/copy-and-formatting/ableism-and-language following list of words] from accessible social (e.g. crazy, stupid, lame)
|}


Finally, accept that''' building accessible group cultures is a process. '''There is no set finish line. We have to stay tuned and pay attention to the people around us.

== Developing a process for meeting access needs ==

Having a process in place can ensure consistency between group members, and reassurance and clarity for the person who raised a need. Notice this process highlight a few necessities to consider when addressing access; transparency, flexibility, capacity, accountability and gratitude. 

The following is an example of a process written by former HUB librarian Kenzie, who is disabled, for the [https://blueprintsfc.org/ Global Grassroots Support Network]:
 
''We are accountable to continuing to develop this process. We know as it evolves, there will be things we've missed. We value any guidance and reworking that is possible within your capacity. ''

''TELL US''

*''Please message ____ or email ____ with your access need. Alternatively, you can email ______. Please include ideas for the best possible interventions if you have some.''

''PROPOSAL AND CREATIVE PROCESS''

*''____ will contact you with an approximate length of time required to adequately address your need, and ask if this is acceptable.''
*''Depending on the complexity of the need compared to the GGSN's current offerings, ____ will propose 'checkpoints', to keep the GGSN accountable and keep you informed on where progress on meeting your need is at. This process is highly flexible depending on your needs and availability.''
*''If at any point we run into limitations (capacity, budget etc), we will transparently explain these, and workshop solutions with you.''

''CHECK-IN''

*''The new solution will be added to our list of ongoing access practices. ____ will check in on how it has been working for you, and to see if anything needs to be adjusted or whether any new needs have come up.''

''FOLLOW UP''

*''____ will say a big 'thank you' for your time, capacity, and emotional toll of your labour. They will ask permission to modify the GGSN's existing resources on accessibility to reflect your knowledge and help others outside of the organization benefit too!''

= Accessibility in Media and Materials =
There are many things to consider when it comes to accessible communication. It is important to ensure our written material is easy to read, easy to understand, and make it easy to find the information you need and use the first time you read it.

== General Guidelines for Accessible Written Materials <ref> https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/</ref> <ref>https://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/advice/employers/creating-a-dyslexia-friendly-workplace/dyslexia-friendly-style-guide</ref> <ref>https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/</ref> ==
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 376px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"
|- style="height: 23px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; height: 23px; background-color: #99e1d9;" |
'''Order, bolding and font'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 23px;" |
*Put the most important information at the '''beginning, bolded''', and include background information (when necessary) toward the end. 
*Use '''bolding''' over underlining or italics.
*'''Use sans serif fonts''', such as Arial and Comic Sans, as letters can appear less crowded. Alternatives include Verdana, Tahoma, Century Gothic, Trebuchet, Calibri, Open Sans. 
*Font size should be at least '''12-14 point'''.
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 55px;" | '''Avoid jargon, abbreviations and technical terms'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 55px;" |
*Keep your language '''as simple as possible''' (e.g. disseminate vs 'send', in accordance with vs 'by'). See more examples of [https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/words/use-simple-words-phrases/ simplifying your language here.]
*If you are targeting the general public, a rule of thumb is to''' aim for an 8th grade reading level''' or lower. Check out [https://hemingwayapp.com/ the following resource] which can be used to reduce the reading level of your writing.
|- style="height: 109px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 109px;" |
'''Use as few words as possible'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 109px;" |
*Limit paragraphs/written sections to''' 3-8 lines''', 5 being a happy medium.
*Reduce '''wordy phrases''' like "a number of" to "some", and "in order to" to "to".
*Remove ''''filler' words '''such as descriptive words that do not add to your main idea.
|- style="height: 53px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 53px;" |
'''Break up the text''' 
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 53px;" |
*Break up written text with blank space, '''tables''', '''lists, '''images or other ways of formatting.
*'''Blank space''' draws the eyes better to key written ideas.
*'''Images '''can help to illustrate text and keep it engaging.
*Add''' headings '''if they'll help break information up further
*'''Line spacing of 1.5''' is preferable. Use left-alignment.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: #99e1d9; height: 28px;" |
'''Use gender-neutral language'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 28px;" |
*Avoid creating '''binaries''' such as "ladies and gentleman", "he/she said..." etc.
|- style="height: 80px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 80px;" | '''Use accessible colour choices'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 80px;" |
*Choose '''contrasting colours.''' You can review your chosen colours to check if they '''meet colour blind requirements '''[https://app.contrast-finder.org/ using this resource.] Try not to use colours that are too bright as these can also be hard on the eyes and make reading difficult. 
*Use '''single colour backgrounds. '''Pale or pastel backgrounds rather than stark white can be easier to read.
|- style="height: 28px;"
| style="width: 19.6976%; background-color: rgb(153, 225, 217); height: 28px;" | '''Web access'''
| style="width: 80.2143%; height: 28px;" | 
*When a document is published online, make an '''HTML version''' available (the only universal format currently)
*Use the [https://wave.webaim.org/ WAVE] tool to''' test the accessibility of a website.''' Ensure that the options displayed with the mouse can also be displayed using only a keyboard.
|}

== Writing Image Descriptions ''' <ref> https://antimonarchy.tumblr.com/post/635980711208386560/how-to-create-image-descriptions</ref> ''' ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Most important elements to describe:
*The '''people and animals '''in an image.
*The''' background or setting''' of an image.
*The''' context '''of an image. For example, an image description of a congested highway would describe the packed cars.
*The '''colours''' of an image (don’t overdo it... a simple ‘light blue’ will do). 
Basic process for writing a description:

*Describe what the '''content''' is (e.g. a photo, educational graphic etc).
*Describe the '''Object-Action-Context'''. 
*Provide d'''etails'''. For example, the clothing and the position that people in an image are in. 
*If the '''background''' is a simple colour, include it in the first sentence of the description. However if it is more complicated, such as a river winding through a dense forest, include that at the end of the description after describing the important elements.
::::::::
|}

== Accessible Audio and Video <ref>https://www.accessible-social.com/</ref> ==

'''Add subtitles/captions'''
*Check out [https://www.accessible-social.com/ Accessible Social]'s [https://www.accessible-social.com/audio-and-video/captions step-by-step guide for adding captions/subtitles] to videos!

'''Audio descriptions'''
*An audio description is a form of narration to support blind and low vision users.
*If audio descriptions are not available, written descriptions can be used. They are typically presented as written text that can be reviewed along with the video.[https://twitter.com/TheWheelOfTime/status/1475858812221280258?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1475858818533707779%7Ctwgr%5E27ef3ba67322e5f1a982a4ed4c2e7531526a69ff%7Ctwcon%5Es2_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessible-social.com%2Faudio-and-video%2Fvideo-descriptions See this example] presenting the trailer for The Wheel of Time.  
*An option for making videos with audio descriptions to create two versions of your video, one with an audio description integrated with the rest of your video’s audio and one without. Below is an example of an audio description.
{{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7j4_aP8dWA&t=11s|alignment=center}}

 
= Apply your understanding =
We suggest taking a couple/few meetings to go through this, to get the most out of your reflections!
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 333px;"
|- style="height: 19px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; height: 19px; background-color: rgb(187, 145, 183);" | '''Reflecting on why this matters to us'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" |
*Why is accessibility something that we want to prioritize?
*Is accessibility as a value expressed in our organization's mission/vision/principles? If not, how can this be improved?
|- style="height: 72px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: rgb(187, 145, 183); height: 72px;" | '''Reflecting on our own practices that might hinder accessibility'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 72px;" |
*Thinking critically... what are some of the practices or 'norms' in how we operate as a team (e.g. group culture) that might replicate internalized capitalism/ableism?
*What are some of the practices we hope to embody to challenge these norms?
|- style="height: 86px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: #bb91b7; height: 86px;" | '''Reflecting on barriers/resources to making our organizing group more accessible'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: #ffffff; height: 86px;" |
*What are examples of current barriers to our meetings being accessible? What resources could we deploy to improve this?
*What are examples of current barriers to our events/actions being accessible? What resources could we deploy to improve this?
*What are examples of current barriers to our outreach/education materials being accessible? What resources could we deploy to improve this?
|- style="height: 71px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: rgb(187, 145, 183); height: 71px;" | '''Reflecting on bringing disability justice into our climate justice campaigns'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: 71px;" |
*What messages about how disability justice is climate justice most resonates based on our current campaigns?
*How might we incorporate disability justice in our framing and strategy?
|- style="height: 57px;"
| style="width: 22.4903%; background-color: #bb91b7; height: 57px;" | '''Closing reflections'''
| style="width: 77.5097%; background-color: #ffffff; height: 57px;" |
*What questions are we left with?
*What are our next steps? What's the action plan to make these reflections most useful?
|}

= Further resources =

'''Organizations'''
*[https://www.peopleshub.org/trainings-and-offerings People's hub ] offers trainings on creating culture of access, and also a peer support space for people with chronic illness/disability to meet online.
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/ Sins invalid] offers numerous resources in various forms.
*[https://www.djno.ca/ Disability Justice Network of Ontario]: DJNO has an abolitionist Prison Project that’s working to highlight the experiences of people who’re disabled, racialized and are currently/have been incarcerated. 
*[https://cilt.ca/ Centre for Independent Living in Toronto] (CILT): CILT partnered with No More Silence to offer zoom meetings with Indigenous community members who experience challenges & barriers when attempting to access cultural and ceremonial spaces to develop guidelines to increase the accessibility of these spaces.
*[https://barrierfreesaskatchewan.org/ Barrier Free Saskatchewan]-"Non-partisan coalition from the provincial community of individuals and organizations of and for persons with disabilities, Saskatchewan citizens, organizations, and companies"
*[https://www.thedisabilitycollective.com/ The Disability Collective]-Fully disability-led performing arts organization in Toronto
*[https://tangledarts.org/ Tangled Art & Disability]-Supports "Disabled, d/Deaf, chronically ill, neurodiverse, k/crip, Mad, sick & spoonie artists; to cultivate Disability Arts in Canadaz' 
'''Written'''
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/news-1/2022/7/7/disability-justice-is-climate-justice Disability Justice is Climate Justice] (Sins Invalid)-Article and ASL video
*[https://greenisthenewblack.com/disability-rights-is-a-climate-justice-issue-heres-why/ Disability Rights is a Climate Justice Issue. Here’s Why] (Leanne McNulty)-Article
*[https://www.yesmagazine.org/opinion/2019/07/31/climate-change-queer-disabled-organizers To Survive Climate Catastrophe, Look to Queer & Disabled Folks] (YES! Magazine)-Article
*[https://wid.org/rights-disabilities-disasters-resources/ The Rights of People with Disabilities in Disasters & Public Health Emergencies] (World Institute of Disability)- List of resources
*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/blog/10-principles-of-disability-justice 10 Principles of Disability Justice] (Sins Invalid)-Article
*[https://briarpatchmagazine.com/issues/view/september-october-2022 Briarpatch’s Disability Justice Issue]-Magazine
*[https://monitormag.ca/articles/access-after-covid-19-how-disability-culture-can-transform-life-and-work/ Access after COVID-19: How disability culture can transform life and work] (The Monitor)-Article
*[https://www.djno.ca/history-of-disability-justice-right The history of disability rights and justice in Canada] (DJNO)
'''Video'''
*[https://rootedinrights.org/video/therighttoberescued/ The right to be rescued by Rooted in Rights]-Tells the stories of people with disabilities affected by Hurricane Katrina. Includes a discussion guide and emergency preparedness resources.
'''Audio'''

*[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast Sins Invalid offers 3 podcast episodes] on the intersections of climate and disability.
***[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast/2020/10/16/episode-1-foundations-of-climate-justice-and-disability-justice Episode 1: We Love Like Barnacles]
***[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast/2020/10/16/episode-2-enviromental-racism-climate-justice-and-disability-justice Episode 2: Crip Resilience is Nature's Brilliance]
***[https://www.sinsinvalid.org/podcast/2020/10/16/episode-3-resisting-the-medical-industial-complex Episode 3: Planetary Whistle Blowers]

 
If you have any suggested revisions or additional resources to share related to the above content, please email them to kenzie@lehub.ca.
 
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